Improving nitrogen use efficiency and reducing nitrogen surplus through best fertilizer nitrogen management in cereal production: the case of India and China

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cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and developing country instituteen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Centeren_US
cg.contributor.affiliationPunjab Agricultural Universityen_US
cg.contributor.donorCGIAR Trust Funden_US
cg.contributor.initiativeLow-Emission Food Systemsen_US
cg.coverage.countryChinaen_US
cg.coverage.countryIndiaen_US
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2CNen_US
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2INen_US
cg.coverage.regionSouthern Asiaen_US
cg.coverage.regionEastern Asiaen_US
cg.creator.identifierTek Sapkota: 0000-0001-5311-0586en_US
cg.howPublishedFormally Publisheden_US
cg.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2022.11.006en_US
cg.isbn9780443192609en_US
cg.isijournalISI Journalen_US
cg.issn0065-2113en_US
cg.journalAdvances in Agronomyen_US
cg.placeUnited States of Americaen_US
cg.reviewStatusPeer Reviewen_US
cg.subject.actionAreaSystems Transformationen_US
cg.subject.impactAreaClimate adaptation and mitigationen_US
dc.contributor.authorSapkota, Tek Bahaduren_US
dc.contributor.authorSingh, Bijayen_US
dc.contributor.authorTakele, Robelen_US
dc.date.accessioned2023-01-20T10:06:08Zen_US
dc.date.available2023-01-20T10:06:08Zen_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/127666en_US
dc.titleImproving nitrogen use efficiency and reducing nitrogen surplus through best fertilizer nitrogen management in cereal production: the case of India and Chinaen_US
dcterms.abstractChina and India are the two top consumers of fertilizer nitrogen (N) in the world not only to provide food security to 36% of the global population living in the two countries but also due to fertilizer-related government policies being followed during the last more than 50 years. Excessive fertilizer N use is now a cause of N-related environmental pollution as well as a concern for climate change. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) at farmers' fields dictates both production of food crops as well as loss of N to the environment including efforts to curb climate change due to N2O emission. We used a gridded database on N input and N output for wheat, rice, and maize in China and India from 1961 to 2013 to synthesize the dynamics of NUE (percentage of applied N used by the crop) and surplus N (difference between total N input and N output) and in the light of relevant literature interpreted it in terms of past and future fertilizer N management scenarios and fertilizer related policies in the two countries. From 1961 to 2013, the percentage of fertilizer N in total N input in cereal crop production increased from 8–10% to 71–75% in India and from 30–37% to 80–84% in China. In both India and China, NUE has been continuously declining and in 2013 it was in the range of 20–24% (except 32% for wheat in India) due to several-fold increases in fertilizer N use and imbalanced use of fertilizer nutrients (particularly in India)—a consequence of huge subsidies provided by the governments on different fertilizer products. Estimates of maximum N output in the form of crop yield at saturating N input regimes determined from trajectories of N output as a function of total N input for 1961–2013 and 2001–13 revealed that crop and fertilizer N management for rice, wheat, and maize in India and China did not improve significantly since the Green Revolution era. As a large number of studies in India and China show that NUE can be increased by the advancement of technology front in terms of crop and fertilizer management and by reducing the fertilizer N rate without a significant reduction in the yield of crops, recommendations have been given for governments (to frame suitable policies), farmers, extension agencies, and fertilizer dealers.en_US
dcterms.accessRightsLimited Accessen_US
dcterms.bibliographicCitationSapkota, T. B., Bijay-Singh, & Takele, R. (2022). Improving nitrogen use efficiency and reducing nitrogen surplus through best fertilizer nitrogen management in cereal production: The case of India and China. In Advances in Agronomy (p. S0065211322001134). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2022.11.006en_US
dcterms.issued2023en_US
dcterms.languageenen_US
dcterms.licenseCopyrighted; all rights reserveden_US
dcterms.publisherElsevieren_US
dcterms.subjectnitrogenen_US
dcterms.subjectfood securityen_US
dcterms.subjectriceen_US
dcterms.subjectmaizeen_US
dcterms.subjectwheaten_US
dcterms.subjectfertilizersen_US
dcterms.subjectpoliciesen_US
dcterms.subjectsubsidiesen_US
dcterms.typeBook Chapteren_US

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