Unpicking the Inter-relationships Between Off-Farm Livelihood Diversification, Household Characteristics, and Farm Management in the Rural Andes

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cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and advanced research instituteen
cg.contributor.affiliationColorado State Universityen
cg.contributor.affiliationInternational Livestock Research Instituteen
cg.contributor.affiliationWageningen University & Researchen
cg.contributor.affiliationInternational Potato Centeren
cg.contributor.affiliationGrupo Yanapaien
cg.contributor.crpRoots, Tubers and Bananasen
cg.contributor.crpLivestocken
cg.contributor.donorMcKnight Foundationen
cg.coverage.regionLatin Americaen
cg.creator.identifierMark E. Caulfield: 0000-0002-5319-9215en
cg.creator.identifierSteven J Schmidt: 0000-0002-2194-5527en
cg.creator.identifierIsrael Navarrete: 0000-0002-9779-4809en
cg.creator.identifierSteven Vanek: 0000-0002-0735-0623en
cg.creator.identifierMark van Wijk: 0000-0003-0728-8839en
cg.howPublishedFormally Publisheden
cg.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.724492en
cg.isijournalISI Journalen
cg.issn2571-581Xen
cg.journalFrontiers in Sustainable Food Systemsen
cg.reviewStatusPeer Reviewen
cg.river.basinANDESen
cg.subject.cipCLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTUREen
cg.subject.cipIMPACT ASSESSMENTen
cg.subject.cipINCLUSIVE GROWTHen
cg.volume5en
dc.contributor.authorCaulfield, Mark E.en
dc.contributor.authorHammond, Jamesen
dc.contributor.authorFonte, Steven J.en
dc.contributor.authorFlorido, M.A.en
dc.contributor.authorFuentes, W.en
dc.contributor.authorMeza, K.en
dc.contributor.authorNavarrete, I.en
dc.contributor.authorVanek, Steven J.en
dc.contributor.authorWijk, Mark T. vanen
dc.date.accessioned2021-09-14T06:07:52Zen
dc.date.available2021-09-14T06:07:52Zen
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/114958
dc.titleUnpicking the Inter-relationships Between Off-Farm Livelihood Diversification, Household Characteristics, and Farm Management in the Rural Andesen
dcterms.abstractRural households across the world are increasingly turning to off-farm sources of income to complement or replace farm income. A better understanding of these livelihood adaptations, their consequences, and the processes behind them will facilitate more effective rural development policies and projects. The objective of this research was to examine how off-farm income influences rural livelihoods, elucidate factors that determine different livelihood strategies, as well as understand how these livelihood strategies are associated with different approaches to farm management. Using data from 588 Rural Household Multi-Indicator Surveys (RHoMIS) in three rural Andean regions in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru, we identified a typology of farming household livelihood strategies, and assessed the differences among these household types with regard to household and farm level characteristics, and farm management. We found that among the household types that incorporated off-farm income into their livelihood strategies, there were significant differences in approaches to farm management. Specifically, we observed an increased use of industrialized farming techniques among one household type, a deintensification, or a stepping-out of farming activities in another household type, and a tendency toward livestock specialization in the other household type. Moreover, our findings revealed that household level characteristics (age and education level of head(s) of household, and household composition) played an important role in mediating which type of livelihood strategy the households employed. For example, “stepping-out” households generally had younger and more educated household heads. Location-specific factors such as access to markets, irrigation, and off-farm employment opportunities were also likely to be highly influential in terms of which pathways farming households adopted as their livelihood strategy. We conclude that rural development programmes and projects must be driven by the rural communities themselves taking into account this heterogeneity in household characteristics and livelihoods and engaging in the already advanced conversations around different approaches to farming and the conservation of common natural resources.en
dcterms.accessRightsOpen Accessen
dcterms.audienceScientistsen
dcterms.audienceAcademicsen
dcterms.audienceCGIARen
dcterms.audienceDevelopment Practitionersen
dcterms.audienceDonorsen
dcterms.audienceExtensionen
dcterms.available2021-08-19en
dcterms.bibliographicCitationCaulfield, M. E., Hammond, J., Fonte, S. J., Florido, M. A., Fuentes, W., Meza, K., Navarette, I., Vanek, S. J., & van Wijk, M. (2021). Unpicking the Inter-relationships Between Off-Farm Livelihood Diversification, Household Characteristics, and Farm Management in the Rural Andes. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. ISSN 2571-581X. 5. 19 p.en
dcterms.extent19 p.en
dcterms.issued2021-08-19en
dcterms.languageenen
dcterms.licenseCC-BY-4.0en
dcterms.publisherFrontiers Mediaen
dcterms.subjectrural developmenten
dcterms.subjectrural urban migrationen
dcterms.subjectlivelihood diversificationen
dcterms.subjectdeforestationen
dcterms.subjectsmallholdersen
dcterms.subjectoff-farm employmenten
dcterms.typeJournal Articleen

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