Evolving policies and the roles of public and private stakeholders in wastewater and faecal-sludge management in India, China and Ghana

Murray, Ashley; Mekala, G. D.; Chen, X. 2011. Evolving policies and the roles of public and private stakeholders in wastewater and faecal-sludge management in India, China and Ghana. Water International, 36(4):491-504. (Special issue on "Wastewater use in agriculture: economics, risks and opportunities" with contributions by IWMI authors). doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.594868

In this article the authors document evolving attitudes, policies and roles of stakeholders in wastewater and faecal-sludge management in India, China and Ghana. In each country there is momentum for expanding not just access to sanitation at the household/community levels, but also for greater treatment and safe end-of-life management of human excreta. Governments are increasingly looking to engage the private sector, but models of engagement that make a compelling business case and instil confidence in cost recovery will have to emerge before the private sector takes an active role in wastewater and faecal sludge treatment in low-income countries.