CRP PIM outputs

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/97130

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 696

Who claims the rights to livestock? Gendered patterns of asset holdings in smallholder households in Uganda
(Journal Article, 2023-12-31) Hillesland, Marya; Doss, Cheryl R.; Slavchevska, Vanya; Querejeta, Martina
Although data on livestock ownership are often collected at the household level, not all household members have the same rights over the livestock. In this paper, we investigate the gendered patterns of livestock ownership in smallholder households in Uganda using a unique data set with information on ownership, management, and decision-making across different types of livestock. Drawing on the bundle of rights frameworks, the analysis demonstrates the importance of going beyond analyses of ownership to also consider these other rights. We find that people who claim to be owners may not have the management or fructus rights. People also may have these latter rights without claiming ownership. We also find discrepancies in the responses from spouses; they provide different answers regarding who owns and has the rights over livestock. This suggests patterns of asymmetric information and potentially the hiding of animals from one’s spouse.
Does increasing the availability of a nutritious food produced by a small- and medium-sized enterprise increase its consumption? Evidence from a field experiment in Kenya
(Journal Article, 2024-06) Maredia, Mywish K.; Porter, Maria; Nakasone, Eduardo; Ortega, David L.; Caputo, Vincenzina
Many development programs rely on the idea that increasing profitability of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) could increase availability of nutritious foods among low-income consumers. We designed a randomized controlled trial in which we made a specific nutritious product produced by an SME exhaustively available in low-income local markets. We find that compared to control markets, consumers in treated markets purchased and consumed more of this product and less of competing brands with added sugar and fat. However, overall consumption for the product category was not increased and there was no change in the consumption of other related but potentially less nutritious foods. Our findings suggest the need for alternative policies to increase consumption of nutritious foods.
Farmer personality and community-based extension effectiveness in Tanzania
(Journal Article, 2024-01) Farris, Jarrad; Maredia, Mywish K.; Mason, Nicole M.; Ortega, David L.
Entering the digital research age: Investigating the effectiveness of visual digital tools in agricultural research
(Journal Article, 2024-05) Kawerau, Laura; Birkenberg, Athena; Daum, Thomas; Butele, Cosmas Alfred; Birner, Regina
Agricultural studies mainly rely on quantitative research approaches. Despite growing interest in and uptake of qualitative, participatory, and visual methods due to their perceived advantages in gathering in-depth information and empowering participants, visual–digital research methods have yet to be largely applied. In our study on adaptation strategies to climate change among smallholder farmers in Uganda we compared different data collection methods, including: semi-structured interviews with manual note-taking, participatory impact diagrams, and adapted photovoice and cellphilm methodologies.
Value chain research and development: The quest for impact
(Journal Article, 2023-09) Donovan, Jason; Stoian, Dietmar
For decades, governments, donors, and practitioners have promoted market‐based development approaches (MBDA), most recently in the form of value chain development (VCD), to spur economic growth and reduce poverty. Changes in approaches have been shaped by funders, practitioners and researchers in ways that are incompletely appreciated.We address the following questions: (1) how have researchers and practitioners shaped discussions on MBDA?; and (2) how has research stimulated practice, and how has practice informed research? We hypothesize that stronger exchange between researchers and practitioners increases the relevance and impact of value chain research and development.We adopt Downs' (1972) concept of issue‐attention cycles, which posits that attention to a particular issue follows a pattern where, first, excitement builds over potential solutions; followed by disenchantment as the inherent complexity, trade‐offs, and resources required to solve it become apparent; and consequently attention moves on to a new issue. We review the literature on MBDA to see how far this framing applies.We identify five cycles of approaches to market‐based development over the last 40 or more years: (1) non‐traditional agricultural exports; (2) small and medium enterprise development; (3) value chains with a globalization perspective; (4) value chains with an agri‐business perspective; and (5) value chain development.The shaping and sequencing of these cycles reflect researchers' tendency to analyse and criticize MBDA, while providing limited guidance on workable improvements; practitioners' reluctance to engage in critical reflection on their programmes; and an institutional and funding environment that encourages new approaches.Future MBDA will benefit from stronger engagement between researchers, practitioners, and funders. Before shifting attention to new concepts and approaches, achievements and failures in previous cycles need to be scrutinized. Evidence‐based practice should extend for the length of the issue‐attention cycle; preferably it should arrest the cycling of attention. Funders can help by requiring grantees to critically reflect on past action, by providing “safe spaces” for sharing such reflections, and by engaging in joint learning with practitioners and researchers.
Toward sustainable water resources management in the Tunisian citrus sector: Impact of pricing policies on water resources reallocation
(Journal Article, 2022) Ajroudi, Najla Hajbi; Dhehibi, Boubaker; Lasram, Asma; Dellagi, Hatem; Frija, Aymen
This study aims to analyse Tunisian farmers’ ability to pay (ATP) in a citrus area and propose a penalising price strategy based on the block-pricing process to decrease over-irrigation without affecting farmers’ incomes. The methodology is based on the residual imputation approach to determine farmers’ ATP, a stochastic production frontier to estimate the technical efficiency to determine optimal water irrigation quantity and calculation of the price elasticity of demand for an effective penalty and the Gini index before and after penalisation to study equity improvement. A survey was carried out on a sample of 147 citrus farms in the Nabeul Governorate, Northeastern Tunisia. The technical efficiency analysis confirms that an optimal quantity of 5000 m3/ha guarantees the maximisation of yields and profits. Above this quantity, the amount of overused water could be penalised without significantly affecting farmers’ incomes. Results also reveal that water overconsumption represents 28% of available resources and the ATP varies according to technical efficiency. Therefore, the proposed penalty system could reduce water overconsumption by 44.56% without deteriorating agricultural welfare. To improve water management as well as farmers’ welfare, this study recommends an increase in the technical efficiency level of farms to optimise all production factors for any implemented pricing policy.
Pre-colonial religious institutions and development: Evidence through a military coup
(Journal Article, 2022-04-18) Malik, Adeel; Mirza, Rinchan Ali
This paper offers a novel illustration of the political economy of religion by examining the impact of religious elites on development. We compile a unique database on holy Muslim shrines across Pakistani Punjab and construct a historical panel of literacy spanning over a century (1901–2011). Using the 1977 military takeover as a universal shock that gave control over public goods to politicians, our difference-in-differences analysis shows that areas with a greater concentration of shrines experienced a substantially retarded growth in literacy after the coup. Our results suggest that the increase in average literacy rate would have been higher by 13% in the post-coup period in the absence of shrine influence. We directly address the selection concern that shrines might be situated in areas predisposed to lower literacy expansion. Finally, we argue that the coup devolved control over public goods to local politicians, and shrine elites, being more averse to education since it undermines their power, suppressed its expansion in shrine-dense areas.
Experimental games in transdisciplinary research: The potential importance of individual payments
(Journal Article, 2022-05) Bartels, Lara; Falk, Thomas; Duche, Vishwambhar; Vollan, Björn
Competition on agricultural markets and quality of smallholder supply: The role of relational contracting and input provision by traders
(Journal Article, 2024-01-01) Bulte, Erwin; Miguel, Jeremy Do Nascimento; Anissa, Banawe
Preferences for pandemic recovery policies: Perspectives of Myanmar agri‐food system participants
(Journal Article, 2022-09) Maredia, Mywish K.; Goeb, Joseph; Ortega, David L.; Synt, Nang Lun Kham; Zu, A Myint
This study assesses preferences for COVID‐19 pandemic recovery policies from four key groups representing the upstream (input retailers), farm (farmers), and downstream (millers and traders) levels of Myanmar's agri‐food‐system using the best–worst scaling (BWS) method. Our results show that nonrestrictive policies such as maintaining open international borders and allowing businesses to stay open are preferred to cash transfers and free COVID‐19 vaccination. However, there is considerable heterogeneity across groups, and group characteristics matter more than individual characteristics in shaping policy preferences. This paper highlights the need for careful consideration of diverse stakeholder perspectives in designing recovery policies.
Polycentric environmental governance to achieving SDG 16: Evidence from Southeast Asia and Eastern Africa
(Journal Article, 2022) Amaruzaman, Sacha; Do, Trong Hoan; Catacutan, Delia; Leimona, Beria; Malesu, Maimbo
Effective environmental governance is deemed essential in advancing the Sustainable Development Goals. However, environmental dimensions have no specific reference across the SDG 16 targets and indicators. In achieving SDG 16—the realization of peace, justice, and strong institution, polycentric environmental governance involving multiple actors across scales deserves thoughtful consideration. This study illustrates the potential of a polycentric approach to environmental governance in achieving SDG 16, using case studies of forest, watershed, and transboundary bushland and seascape management in Southeast Asia and Eastern Africa, namely Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Kenya–Somalia cross-border. By highlighting four key elements of polycentric governance namely, political will, legal framework, support from higher-level governance and capacity building, the case studies demonstrate that polycentric governance play a significant role in achieving three environment-relevant SDG 16 targets, yet these targets are silent about environmental governance dimensions. Since many conflicts arise from the environment and natural resources sector, we suggest that (i) polycentric environmental governance be strongly pursued to achieve SDG 16, and (ii) SDG 16 includes indicators specifically directed on polycentric environment and natural resource governance.
Access to healthy wheat and maize processed foods in Mexico city: Comparisons across socioeconomic areas and store types
(Journal Article, 2022) Fernández-Gaxiola, Ana Cecilia; Cruz-Casarrubias, Carlos; Pacheco-Miranda, Selene; Marrón-Ponce, Joaquín Alejandro; Quezada, Amado David; García-Guerra, Armando; Donovan, Jason
The contributions of processed foods to the overweight and obesity problem in Latin America are well known. Engagement with the private and public sectors on possible solutions requires deeper insights into where and how these products are sold and the related implications for diet quality. This article characterizes the diversity of wheat and maize processed foods (WMPFs) available to consumers in Mexico City. Data were gathered across nine product categories at different points of sale (supermarkets, small grocery stores, convenience stores) in high and low socioeconomic (SE) areas. We assessed WMPFs based on Nutri-Score profile, price, and health and nutrition claims. Roughly 17.4% of the WMPFs were considered healthy, of which 62.2% were pastas and breads. Availability of healthy WMPFs was scarce in most stores, particularly in convenience stores Compared to supermarkets in the low SE area, those in the high SE area exhibited greater variety in access to healthy WMPFs across all product categories. In the low SE area, healthy WMPFs were priced 16–69% lower than unhealthy WMPFs across product categories. The extensive variety of unhealthy WMPFs, the limited stock of healthy WMPFs in most retail outlets, and the confusing health and nutrition claims on packaging make it difficult for urban consumers to find and choose healthy WMPFs.
Absentee tenants and farmland transfers in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Malawi
(Journal Article, 2022-04-03) Ricker-Gilbert, Jacob; Jayne, Thomas S.; Chamberlin, Jordan
Capacities of local maize seed enterprises in Mexico: Implications for seed systems development
(Journal Article, 2022-04) Donovan, Jason; Rutsaert, Pieter; Domínguez, Ciro; Peña, Meliza
Where maize plays a critical role in food security, governments and donors have invested heavily in support of local, privately owned, often small and medium sized, maize seed enterprises (maize SMEs). Underpinning these investments are strong assumptions about maize SMEs’ capacity to produce and distribute seed to smallholders. This study assesses the capacities of 22 maize SMEs in Mexico that engaged with MasAgro—a large-scale development program initiated in 2011 that has provided maize SMEs with improved genetic material and technical assistance. Data were collected onsite from in-depth interviews with enterprise owners and managers and complemented with other primary and secondary sources. Overall, maize SMEs showed high levels of absorptive capacity for seed production, but limited signs of learning and innovation in terms of business organization and strategic seed marketing. Asset endowments varied widely among the SMEs, but generally they were lowest among the smaller enterprises, and access to business development services beyond MasAgro was practically nonexistent. Results highlighted the critical role of MasAgro in reinvigorating the portfolios of seeds produced by maize SMEs, as well as the challenges ahead for maize SMEs to scale the new technologies in a competitive market that has long been dominated by multinational seed enterprises. Among these challenges were limited investment in seed marketing, weak infrastructure for seed production, and limited experience in business management. Achieving the food security goals through maize SMEs will require making national maize seed industry development a strategic imperative.
Decent work in global food value chains: Evidence from Senegal
(Journal Article, 2022-04) Fabry, Anna; Van den Broeck, Goedele; Maertens, Miet
Institutionalizing quality declared seed in Uganda
(Journal Article, 2021) Mastenbroek, Astrid; Otim, Geoffrey; Ntare, Bonny R.
Farmer-led seed enterprises can produce good quality seed and market it. However, for them to thrive, they need a conducive policy and regulatory framework that is inclusive and less stringent than existing regulatory frameworks. One way to provide a more enabling environment for farmer-led enterprises is through the Quality Declared Seed (QDS) production and marketing system. In Uganda, this seed class is specifically introduced for farmer-led enterprises to produce and market quality assured seed of crops and varieties not served by the private sector. The class is anchored in the Ugandan National Seed Policy and its seed regulations and its operationalization plan. We identified a combination of three strategies that enabled the QDS class to be incorporated into the National Seed Policy. These were: (i) to generate evidence to demonstrate that local seed businesses (farmer groups) can produce and market quality seed; (ii) to engage stakeholders towards an inclusive seed policy; and (iii) to develop a separate QDS regulatory framework. By 2021, institutionalization has reached a critical mass. Areas of attention for full institutionalization are the decentralization of inspection services, awareness and demand creation for quality seed, increasing the number of seed producers, and solving shortages of basic seed (starting material for producing seed).
Territorial Intelligence: A collective opportunity for sustainable pastoral development and good rangeland governance in South Tunisia
(Conference Paper, 2021) Sghaier, Mariem; Frija, Aymen; Dhehibi, Boubaker; Fetoui, Mondher; Sghaier, Mongi
Pastoralism is still considered an important economic and cultural aspect of the life of the Tunisian communities practicing agropastoral faming in South Tunisia. Our research on fundamental rangeland governance aspects showed that questions on “how to sustain rangelands and enhance their governance” and “how to develop pastoral areas” are highly interlinked. A research was carried out explore these linkages based on the “territorial intelligence - TI” concept. We particularly aim to explore the opportunities to apply the TI (as reflected by more efficient pastoral development investments) as a wider framework to enhance rangeland governance through more efficient pastoral development actions and investments. A mixed methodology has been used combining both social network analysis and “prospective system” method. To this end, results show that the lack of communication between the main economic actors involved in the management of collective pastoral areas, the ominance of the local authorities on pastoral development program design, and the weak autonomy of community based organizations (CBO’s) are the main challenge factors which could enhance harmony between rangeland governance and pastoral development.
Enabling change in forest tenure: Policy and law for gender equality: Training handbook
(Training Material, 2021) Jhaveri, Nayna J.
This training handbook accompanies the publication, Forest tenure pathways to gender equality: A practitioner’s guide. The approximately six-hour course develops a compelling strategic approach and action plan for gender-responsive forest tenure reform. Part of this process involves carrying out a policy and legal gap analysis of forest tenure regulatory frameworks. This work is aligned with step two of the three-step change pathway for gender equality in the Practitioner’s guide: Strategize. The content of the handbook and its handouts are illustrative and can be tailored to different training requirements. For example, if the course is used for government staff or members of a non-governmental organization, the content and exercises can be adjusted to suit the knowledge background and interests of participants.
Key constraints and opportunities for pastoral development projects engineering and rangeland governance in South Tunisia
(Conference Paper, 2021) Frija, Aymen; Sghaier, Mariem; Sghaier, Mongi; Dhehibi, Boubaker; Fetoui, Mondher
Pastoral development projects engineering in Tunisia has encountered several problems due to the complexity of rangeland resources, territories, societies, and institutional settings. The aim of this paper is to depict some of the current constraints and opportunities faced by three pastoral investment project management units (PMU) in South Tunisia, while characterizing the wider impact of these projects on rangeland governance. We assessed three pastoral development projects in South Tunisia to appreciate their compliance with principle of enhanced development projects engineering including: i) relevance and coherence of the project; ii) effectiveness; iii) efficiency of implementation; and iv) impact orientation and sustainability. The data was gathered using an online questionnaire and focus group discussions with leaders of the three project PMUs. Results emerging from this research show that it is highly important to include infrastructure investments of the projects into a broader perspective of pastoral economic and territorial development. It is further important for pastoral development projects to invest in building enhanced social capital, networks and norms. The impact of the later investments will not be immediate but contributes to building long term resilience and sustainability.
Is there responsible gendered governance of forest tenure? Getting a clear picture: Training handbook
(Training Material, 2021) Jhaveri, Nayna J.
Enabling change in forest tenure: Policy and law for gender equality: Training handbook

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