Reducing disease risks and improving food safety in smallholder pig value chains in Vietnam (PigRisk)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/21587

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 113

Food safety risk prioritization: Case studies from Asia
(Presentation, 2023-06-14) Hung Nguyen-Viet; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Grace, Delia
A glance into traditional pig slaughtering practices in Vietnam and opportunities for zoonotic disease prevention
(Journal Article, 2023-02-21) Ting, N.I.; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Gilbert, Jeffrey; Nguyen Thao Thi Nguyen; Lam, S.; Hung Nguyen-Viet
Introduction: African swine fever in Vietnam is contributing to existing concerns over zoonotic disease transmission from sick pigs to humans. While slaughterhouses are key sites of occupational hazards to workers and contamination of meat, the specific slaughtering practices contributing to zoonotic occupational and foodborne disease risks remain under-researched. Our objective is to identify and characterize aspects of pig slaughtering processes that contribute to such risks. Methods: We draw on qualitative observations, photos, and videos from three mobile slaughterhouses and seven abattoirs in Hung Yen, Vietnam. Results: Based on our analysis, areas likely leading to zoonotic disease risks include slaughtering procedures, personal hygiene of workers, equipment sanitation, and facility sanitation. Within the small-scale swine industry, slaughtering practices are long-standing and difficult to change. Conclusion: Our study underscores the importance of hygiene training of workers, improvements to equipment and facilities, and awareness-building activities targeting consumers to reduce the burden of zoonotic disease risks in small-scale pig slaughter settings.
Gender-focused analysis and opportunities for upgrading within Vietnam’s smallholder pig value chains
(Journal Article, 2022-08-09) Nga Nguyen Thi Duong; Hung Pham-Van; Ha Duong-Nam; Huyen Nguyen-Thi-Thu; Trung Ninh-Xuan; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Unger, Fred; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Grace, Delia
Gender influences participation in food value chains (VCs) with implications for VC upgrading. This study investigated roles as well as differences in production activities, awareness, training, and attitudes between men and women in Vietnam's smallholder pig VCs. Data were gathered from a survey of 1,014 actors in different nodes along the chain, and the results showed that both men and women participated in all nodes of the VCs. Women were mainly in charge of routine husbandry activities (e.g., preparing feed, feeding animals, and cleaning pig pens) and participated in input supply (34.7%), pig production (60.2%), pork processing (63.6%), retailing (93.1%), and home preparation and cooking (100%). Men were more often responsible for tasks requiring strength, knowledge, and skills (e.g., disease management) and had greater involvement in larger-scale farming (60–80%) and slaughtering activities (98.0%). Selling of pigs was handled by both genders, but mainly men (73–80%), especially in larger farms. Likely challenges for upgrading pig VCs include limited training for producers, low concern for occupational health risks in all nodes, and misperceptions about food safety. In general, this study found no clear evidence of perceived gender inequality in the smallholder pig VCs in lowland Vietnam. Gendered upgrading in pig VCs should focus on improving women's ability to access veterinary services and animal disease management and on educating relevant VC actors about occupational health risks.
Analysis of antimicrobial resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella collected from pork retail outlets in Vietnam using whole genome sequencing
(Journal Article, 2022-03-29) Holohan, N.; Wallat, M.; Thi Hai Yen Luu; Clark, E.; Duong Thi Quy Truong; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Hue Thi Kim Vu; Dung Van Truong; Hoang Tran Huy; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Unger, Fred; Son Thi Thanh Dang; Stabler, R.A.
Non-typhoidal salmonella (TS) remains a significant health burden worldwide. In Vietnam, pork accounts for 70% of the total meat consumed, and contamination with Salmonella is high. High levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have emerged among porcine NTS and of particular concern is the emergence of colistin resistance, a “last defense” antibioic against multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility of 69 NTS isolates collected from the pork retail outlets and slaughterhouses in Vietnam during 2014 a nd 2018/19. Phenotypic testing and whole genome sequencing was used to assess the serotype and AMR gene profiles of the 69 NTS isolates. Seventeen different serotypes were identified, of which S. enterica subsp enterica serotype Typhimurium was the most common followed by S. ser. Rissen, S. ser. London, S. ser. Anatum, and S. ser. Derby. Phenotype AMR was common with 41 (59.4%) isolates deemed MDR. MDR strains were most common in slaughterhouses (83%) and supermarkets (75%) and lowest in traditional markets (38%) and convenience stores (40%). Colistin resistance was identified in 18 strains (15 resistant, three intermediate) with mcr-1 identified in seven isolates (S. ser. Meleagridis, S. Rissen, S. Derby) and mcr-3 in two isolates (S. Typhimurium). This includes the first mcr positive S. Meleagridis to our knowledge. Surprisingly, boutique stores had high levels (60%) of MDR isolates including 5/20 isolates with mcr-1. This study demonstrates that pork from modern retail stores classed as supermarkets or boutique (with pork claiming to be high quality, traceable, environmentally friendly marketed toward higher income consumers) still contained NTS with high levels of AMR.
Food safety assessment and interventions in selected pork value chains (Traditional slaughterhouse and retails - exotic pigs)
(Presentation, 2020-12-17) Sinh Dang-Xuan; Unger, Fred
CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health Program (A4NH II) (2017-21)
(Presentation, 2020-12-17) Hung Nguyen-Viet
Why food safety matters to Africa: Making the case for policy action
(Presentation, 2020-11) Jaffee, S.; Henson, S.; Grace, Delia; Ambrosio, M.; Berthe, F.
Managing sustainable One Health teams: Lessons from case studies on pork safety in Laos and Vietnam
(Poster, 2020-10) Unger, Fred; Phuc Pham Duc; Pham Van Hung; Putthana, V.; Huyen Le Thi Thanh; Vu Thi Nga; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Grace, Delia; Hung Nguyen-Viet
Efficacy of mycotoxin binder on aflatoxin M1 and Mazzican on total bacterial count in raw milk among smallholder dairy farmers in Kisumu County, Kenya
(Presentation, 2019-05-20) Anyango, G.; Mutua, Florence K.; Kagera, I.; Andang'o, P.; Grace, Delia; Lindahl, Johanna F.
Background: Worldwide, milk forms a major part of human diet especially for children and expectant mothers. However, milk in East Africa has been shown to be frequently contaminated with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and bacteria. The efficacy of NovaSil clay (NS), a mycotoxin binder, and Mazzican, a hygienic milk container, to reduce levels of aflatoxin M1 and total bacterial counts respectively were evaluated in raw milk samples collected from urban and peri urban areas of Kisumu, Kenya. Materials and methods: A baseline survey was conducted in 97 farms, and 72 raw milk samples were collected. Thirty farms identified as producing milk with AFM1 levels above 50 ppt, which is the recommended limit by EU, were randomized to either receive the intervention (including training, NS and Mazzican, n=20), or not receive intervention (control, n=10). NS was to be administered in 1-2 teaspoonful per 2 kg of concentrate feed while Maziccan was to be used during milking, milk storage and transportation to the market. Raw milk samples from trial participants were collected biweekly for three consecutive months. AFM1 metabolites were quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with a detection limit of 2 ppt. Total bacterial counts were obtained from colony counts of raw milk cultures. Results: Upon baseline testing, aflatoxin M1 levels in raw milk ranged from 0.001-151 ppt with a mean 29.40 ppt. The mean total bacteria count was 1.6×10⁷ ± 5.2×10⁷Cfu/ml. Cfu/ml ranged from 3.3×10² to 2.4×10⁸ Cfu/ml. Trial results indicate that giving 2 teaspoon of NS binder per 2 kg caused a significant statistical difference in reduction of AFM1 levels in the sampled milk, p=0.013, whereas this was not found when giving half the dose. Use of mazzicans revealed a statistical significance difference in reduction of total bacterial counts in the milk samples p<0.001. The study has 100% compliance in use of mazzican while 98% in NS use. Conclusions: Intervention effectively reduced AFM1 and bacterial counts in milk. The farmers were willing to invest in the intervention, therefore the possibility to supply farmers with NS and mazzican should be further investigated.
Mycotoxin binders: An option for safer milk in Kenya?
(Presentation, 2019-05-20) Mutua, Florence K.; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Grace, Delia
Aflatoxins are a recurring problem in Kenya, and levels exceeding the recommended limits have been documented in both human food as well as animal feeds. Consumption of products contaminated with aflatoxins can have serious health effects, including liver cancer from chronic exposure. Aflatoxins also cause problems in livestock production, with animals producing less, and there are also concerns about aflatoxins in the animal products, especially dairy products. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is found in milk from cows fed on diets contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). In order to protect milk from getting contaminated, milking cows should not be fed too high levels of aflatoxins. Binders are mixed with feed, and when ingested, sequester the toxins in the gastrointestinal tract of the animal. Bound toxins are eliminated in faeces and their bioavailability is reduced. As a result of this, the animal is protected from possible negative effects and safer milk is produced. Objective: We provide a discussion on the potential of mycotoxin binders in addressing the problem of aflatoxins in smallholder dairy systems of Kenya. Methodology: Our discussion is based on what is available in literature, visits to selected agrovet and animal feed outlets, and lessons learnt while implementing a pilot to assess binder use in the field. Results: A summary of mycotoxin binder types available in Kenya is given and a highlight of constraints to their current use is provided. We also give suggestions on what can be done to promote their use by smallholders across the country. Conclusions: Mycotoxin binders are an option for reducing aflatoxin concentration in cow milk. Sustainable marketing channels need to be explored as more research is done to characterize their effectiveness in smallholder systems.
Health and agri-food systems: Ensuring safe and fair foods for everyone
(Presentation, 2019-07-29) Hung Nguyen-Viet
Pork value chain and safety in Vietnam: From research to interventions
(Presentation, 2019-06-24) Hung Nguyen-Viet; Unger, Fred
Challenges for sustainable development of smallholder pig value chain in Vietnam
(Poster, 2019-03-27) Pham Van Hung; Nga, N.T.D.; Huyen, N.T.T.; Pho, N.V.; Thinh, N.T.; Unger, Fred; My, P.K.; Nhuan, N.H.
ILRI research on foodborne diseases and antimicrobial resistance associated with pigs
(Presentation, 2019-03-27) Grace, Delia; Mutua, Florence K.; Unger, Fred; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Roesel, Kristina; Deka, Ram Pratim; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Wieland, Barbara; Hung Nguyen-Viet
No food security without food safety: Lessons from low- and middle-income countries
(Presentation, 2019-05-05) Grace, Delia; Mutua, Florence K.; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Roesel, Kristina; Alonso, Silvia
Foodborne diseases from dairy products in developing countries: Hazards and health implications
(Presentation, 2019-06-26) Havelaar, A.; Grace, Delia; Wu, F.
Dairy products are an important source of high-quality animal proteins in developing countries, and increased consumption of these products by pregnant women and young children is advocated to reduce malnutrition and child stunting. However, the nutritional benefits of dairy products can be compromised by the presence of contaminants causing foodborne disease. These food safety risks are increased by frequent consumption of raw or inadequately heated dairy products. The World Health Organization published estimates of the global burden of foodborne disease in 2015, and attribution of this disease burden to specific food groups in 2017. It is estimated that each year, 600 million people fall ill because of foodborne disease, resulting in 435,000 deaths and a disease burden of 33 million Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs; equivalent to one healthy life year lost). Of this burden, 38% is attributed to animal-source foods (ASF), with 12% of the burden of ASF attributed to dairy products. The average global burden of dairy products is 20 DALYs per 100,000 population. The major contaminants in dairy are Mycobacterium bovis (9 DALYs/100,000, highest burden in Africa), Campylobacter spp. (4 DALYs/100,000, highest burden in Eastern Mediterranean), nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica (4 DALYs/100,000, highest burden in Africa) and Brucella spp. (1 DALY/100,000, highest burden in Eastern Mediterranean). The burdens of Cryptosporidium spp., Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli and Toxoplasma gondii are low (<1 DALY/100,000). Proper heating of dairy products would be effective in reducing these burdens substantially. The burden of chemical contaminants is less well documented. Adulteration is a potential problem, as illustrated by the melamine contamination incident in Chinese infant formula. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is frequently observed in milk in concentrations higher than maximum tolerable limits in the USA and Europe. AFM1, which cannot be destroyed by heating milk, is a metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) - a mycotoxin (fungal toxin) frequently found in corn, nuts, and the feed of dairy animals. However, the carcinogenic potential of AFM1 is significantly lower than that of AFB1, which is a known human liver carcinogen. The risk of liver cancer from current exposure levels to AFM1 is likely to be extremely low. There is limited evidence of an association between AFM1 and stunting, which requires further study. Dioxins cause a high disease burden specifically in Southeast Asia (14 DALYs/100,000); and several metals (lead, arsenic, methylmercury) each cause a global burden of 20-70 DALYs per 100,000. The contribution of dairy products to human exposure to these chemicals is unknown.
Food safety in Africa
(Presentation, 2019-02-11) Alonso, Silvia
Rapid integrated assessment of food safety and nutrition related to pork consumption of regular consumers and mothers with young children in Vietnam
(Journal Article, 2019-03) Hung Nguyen-Viet; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Phuc Pham Duc; Roesel, Kristina; Nguyen Mai Huong; Toan Luu-Quoc; Pham Van Hung; Nguyen Thi Duong Nga; Lapar, Ma. Lucila; Unger, Fred; Häsler, Barbara; Grace, Delia
Pork is the most common and widely consumed meat product in Vietnam. The study aimed to assess nutrition and food safety risks and opportunities associated with pork value chains in Vietnam. Twenty-nine focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted in Hung Yen and Nghe An provinces with 164 participants who were both regular pork consumers and mothers with young children. In each province, three districts were selected, and in each district we selected one commune. To assess the quality of pork, we took 30 swab samples of pig carcasses at slaughterhouses, 90 pork samples at slaughterhouses and markets and analysed all samples for total bacterial count (TBC), coliforms, water holding capacity and pH. The results showed that pork was the main livestock product consumed and women are responsible for buying and preparing food for daily meals. Pork was the main animal sourced food (ASF) for Vietnamese consumers, for 50–60% of ASF. There was little knowledge of zoonotic diseases. The findings suggest further studies to address consumers’ concern on chemical contamination. Most market pork samples were not within the allowable range of limits standards of Vietnam for bacterial contamination: 90% of samples were above the official permissible limit for TBC and 98% did not meet standards for coliforms. Fifty percent of samples had acceptable pH but only 5% had acceptable water holding capacity. There were no significant differences in pork quality between intensifying Hung Yen and traditional Nghe An provinces, although there was a tendency for samples from Hung Yen to have better compliance. This rapid assessment revealed considerable interest and knowledge on pork nutrition and safety and found some behavioural but few quality and safety differences between traditional and intensifying systems. This indicated marketed pork is of low quality and safety, and a lack of support to consumers in making good choices.
Food safety in the pork value chain and pathways towards safer pork in Vietnam
(Presentation, 2018-11-13) Unger, Fred; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Pham Duc Phuc; Sinh Dang Xuan; Pham Van Hung; Huyen Le Thi Thanh; Tuyet-Hanh Tran Thi; Makita, Kohei; Grace, Delia
Aflatoxins in the dairy value chain: A challenge for the informal market?
(Presentation, 2018-11-13) Lindahl, Johanna F.; Mutua, Florence K.; Grace, Delia

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