CGIAR Antimicrobial Resistance Hub documents

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Enhancing community awareness of antimicrobial use and resistance through community conversations in rural Ethiopia
(Journal Article, 2025-05-06) Lemma, Mamusha; Alemu, Biruk; Amenu, Kebede; Wieland, Barbara; Knight-Jones, Theodore J.D.
Background: Enhanced availability of veterinary drugs in Ethiopia has led to a growing use of these drugs in food-producing animals. However, the use of drugs in livestock is not commonly supervised by trained veterinarians. In addition, smallholder livestock producers often lack sufficient education and information about antimicrobial use to achieve the intended impact. Methods: We used Community Conversations to raise awareness and knowledge about antimicrobial use and resistance within rural communities. We used single-sex and mixed-gender discussion groups to explore community members’ perceptions and practices regarding antimicrobial use and resistance. Results: The data revealed knowledge and behavioral patterns in antimicrobial use and resistance, which vary between communities based on gender roles and information sources. Initially, antimicrobial resistance was poorly understood, but gradually, frequent drug use, poor-quality medications, poor regulatory system, and poor veterinary service emerged as key contributors. Although communities recognized the importance of preventive measures to reduce antimicrobial use, knowledge gaps and resource constraints limit their implementation. Conclusions: Raising awareness and knowledge within rural communities is an effective approach to promoting behavior change about antimicrobial use and resistance. The insights gained from understanding community perceptions and practices can help develop targeted education and training programs for stakeholders involved in the antimicrobial supply chain.
Antimicrobial resistance in community-acquired enteric pathogens amongst children ≤10-years in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
(Journal Article, 2025-04-28) Okumu, Noah O.; Muloi, Dishon M.; Moodley, Arshnee; Watson, J.; Kiarie, Alice; Ochieng, Linnet; Wasonga, Joseph O.; Mutisya, Christine; Alumasa, Lorren; Ngeranwa, J.J.N.; Cumming, O.; Cook, Elizabeth A.J.
Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health priority. This systematic review summarizes the prevalence of AMR in enteric pathogens originating from the community, specifically among ≤10-year-old children in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). In addition, it presents the proportions of pooled resistance in Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., and Salmonella spp. (CESS) to clinically relevant antibiotics. Methods: Six online repositories, namely PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CABI, and EMBASE were searched for articles published between January 2005 and September 2024. Random-effects meta-analysis models were constructed to estimate the pooled AMR proportions for CESS pathogens, and a subgroup analysis by region was also carried out. Results: A total of 64 publications from 23 LMICs met our inclusion criteria. The pooled estimates of E. coli AMR for clinically important antibiotics were as follows: sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT) 71% [95%CI: 57–82%]; ampicillin (AMP) 56% [95%CI: 44–67%]; ciprofloxacin (CIP) 10% [95%CI: 5–20%]; and ceftriaxone (CRO) 8% [95%CI: 2–31%]. The proportions of AMR detected in Shigella spp. were AMP 76% [95%CI: 60–87%]; nalidixic acid (NA) 9% [95%CI: 2–31%]; CIP 3% [95%CI: 0–15%]; and CRO 2% [95%CI: 0–19%]. The proportions of Salmonella spp. AMR were AMP 55% [95%CI: 35–73%] and SXT 25% [95%CI: 15–38%]. The proportions of Campylobacter spp. AMR were erythromycin (ERY) 33% [95%CI: 12–64%] and CIP 27% [95%CI: 8–61%]. There was high variability in the regional subgroup analysis, with high interstudy and regional heterogeneity I2 ≥ 75%. Conclusion: Our results shed light on drug-resistant enteric bacterial pathogens in young children, providing evidence that CESS pathogens are becoming increasingly resistant to clinically important antimicrobials. Regional differences in resistance patterns between these community isolates highlight the need for strong national and regional surveillance to detect regional variations and inform treatment and appropriate antibiotic stewardship programs. The limitations of our findings include high regional variability, significant interstudy heterogeneity, and underrepresentation of certain LMICs.
Biosecurity measures and effects on health performance and antibiotic use in semi-intensive broiler farms in Uganda
(Journal Article, 2025-06) Ayebare, Dreck; Mbatidde, Irene; Kemunto, Naomi P.; Muloi, Dishon M.; Ibayi, Eugine L.; Nielsen, S.S.; Ndoboli, Dickson; Roesel, Kristina; Tenhagen, B.-A.; Moodley, Arshnee
Background: Effective biosecurity measures prevent the spread of pathogens, thereby reducing the need for antibiotic use on livestock farms. However, quantitative data on these practices and health outcomes in semi-intensive broiler farms in low-income settings is limited. A longitudinal study in Wakiso, Uganda, aimed to evaluate biosecurity practices, health performance, and antibiotic use in such farms. Methods: The FarmUSE survey tool was used to collect data from 19 farms over two production cycles. A biosecurity risk assessment tool was used to quantify biosecurity. Blood samples (n = 342) were collected and analyzed using the ProFLOK® assay to assess antibody responses to vaccines for Newcastle disease (NCD), Infectious Bronchitis (IB), and Infectious bursal disease (IBD). Results: Median biosecurity scores were 26.3 % for external measures, 55.6 % for internal measures, and an overall score of 38.5 %. Sixteen farms reported respiratory signs, and 12 had gastrointestinal issues, with median mortality rates of 2.9 % in the first cycle and 4.6 % in the second. Antibiotic use was reported by 84 % and 77 % of farms in the first and second cycles, respectively. The most used antibiotics were tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides, with the highest usage occurring during the brooding phase. Good antibody responses were reported in only 10.5 % of flocks for NCD and 16 % for IBD, while all farms had poor responses against IB. Conclusion: Recurrent clinical signs could be attributed to insufficient biosecurity and inadequate vaccination outcomes, resulting in high antibiotic usage despite low mortality rates. Improving diagnostic access and strengthening the vaccine supply chain are essential. Identifying feasible and cost-effective biosecurity practices for semi-intensive broiler farms can enhance health outcomes, reduce antibiotic use, and boost productivity.
Piloting an information and communication technology tool to help addressing the challenge of antimicrobial resistance in low-income countries
(Journal Article, 2025-04-03) Mutua, Florence K.; Onono, J.O.; Boqvist, S.; Koech, Patricia; Abdi, Abdullahi M.; Karimi, Hildah; Sternberg-Lewerin, S.
Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock drives antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AMR has a significant impact on public health. While several interventions have been used to address this challenge, few have utilized Information and Communication Technology (ICT) approaches. The objective of this study was to pilot and assess an ICT system to monitor the use of veterinary drugs and disseminate information to farmers in peri-urban smallholder poultry systems in Kenya. Methods: The system was developed in collaboration with the stakeholders. It captures drug sales in veterinary pharmacies and disease incidence and treatments reported by farmers. The system was piloted from May 2023 to December 2023. Monthly follow-ups were conducted to monitor progress and address problems. Assessment was performed through focus group discussions with the users (two with farmers and two with veterinary pharmacy staff) and descriptive statistics of the data collected by the system. Results: A total of 15,725 records were obtained from veterinary pharmacies, including antibiotics (57%), dewormers (22%), and vitamins (11%). Requests for a specific product were recorded in 38% of the sales, while 63% were accompanied by some evidence (empty drug containers, old packages, old prescriptions, pictures of sick birds, and actual sick birds). A total of 91 records were obtained from the farmers. The health problems reported were mostly respiratory (40%) and digestive (30%) disorders. The percentage of customers who requested advice on animal health when visiting veterinary pharmacies ranged from 5 to 20%. Conclusions: AMU can be improved in the study area. The piloted system may help policymakers monitor the sales and usage of antibiotics, improve animal health management, and promote responsible AMU.
Treatment strategies and antibiotic usage practices in mastitis management in Kenyan smallholder dairy farms
(Journal Article, 2025-03-28) Muloi, Dishon M.; Ibayi, Eugine L.; Nyotera, Sharon; Kirimi, Hildah; Abdi, Abdullahi M.; Mutinda, Silvester M.; Abigael, Chemutai; Moodley, Arshnee
Background: Mastitis is a common driver of antibiotic use in dairy farms and is exacerbated in low-income settings by the lack of diagnostics and treatment strategies. We assessed the decision-making process of animal health providers (AHPs) in managing mastitis in small-holder dairy farms in Kiambu County, Kenya. Data were collected from 114 AHPs and using item response theory, scales were developed to measure attitudes toward udder health, and multivariable linear regression was used to analyse demographic factors associated with these attitudes. Results: Overall, 90% of AHPs diagnose clinical mastitis based on clinical symptoms such as visible udder signs and milk changes, with little diagnostic testing support. Antibiotic treatment was initiated immediately after clinical examination by all, 80% and 50% of AHPs in severe, moderate, and mild mastitis cases, respectively. β-lactams (namely penicillins) and aminoglycosides which were administered mostly parenterally, were the frequently reported antibiotic classes used in treatment of mastitis irrespective of the severity. AHPs with a larger farmer client base and those who did not treat mild mastitis cases with antibiotics had significantly higher mean attitude scores. Treatment of mastitis is primarily based on clinical judgment, with limited microbiological diagnostic support, and parenteral antibiotics are used empirically as first-line therapy. Conclusions: We recommend development of mastitis management support tools such as treatment guidelines and advocate for adoption of routine on-farm rapid testing supported by bacterial culture to guide treatment decision making and antibiotic choice.
Development of an information and communication technology (ICT) tool for monitoring of antimicrobial use, animal disease and treatment outcome in low-income countries
(Journal Article, 2025-03-10) Sternberg-Lewerin, S.; Onono, J.O.; Boqvist, S.; Mugisha, L.; Kihara, W.; Lindfors, L.; Strandell, K.; Mutua, Florence K.
Background/Objectives: Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial use (AMU) is needed to understand risks and implement policies. Collecting AMU data in the context of disease prevalence and therapeutic outcomes has been suggested for improving AMU. We describe the process of developing an information and communication technology (ICT) system to monitor AMU, diseases and treatment outcomes in poultry in East Africa. Methods: A prototype system to register drug sales in veterinary pharmacies, a mobile application for farmers to report their AMU, and a database for monitoring was developed. Contact information for participating veterinarians was included as well as information about poultry diseases, husbandry, AMR and prudent use of antibiotics. The system was pilot-tested for a 6-month period in Kenya. Results: A total of 15,725 records were submitted by the 14 participating pharmacies and 91 records were entered by the 15 participating farmers. Overall, the participants were positive about the system and were able to use it. The information available was appreciated by the farmers. The pharmacy representatives appreciated getting an overview of their sales and stated that it had given them new insights. Conclusions: Despite some challenges, the concept of the developed ICT system could be useful for future monitoring of animal health and the use of pharmaceuticals in animals, and connecting farmers with veterinarians to improve animal health management. Our results underline the importance of close collaboration with stakeholders so that developed tools can be transferred to national ownership after the finalization of externally funded projects.
Preventing antimicrobial resistance in poultry
(Brochure, 2025-02-19) Directorate of Veterinary Services, Kenya; International Livestock Research Institute
Analysis of antibiotic use and access to drugs among poultry farmers in Kenya
(Journal Article, 2025-06) Muloi, Dishon M.; Kasudi, Mitchelle R.; Murungi, Maurice K.; Ibayi, Eugine L.; Kahariri, S.; Karimi, C.; Korir, Max; Muasa, B.; Mwololo, D.; Ndanyi, R.; Ndungi, R.; Njiru, J.; Omani, R.; Owada, R.; Omulo, S.; Azegele, A.; Fèvre, Eric M.
Understanding access to and use of antibiotics in livestock production systems is critical for guiding antimicrobial stewardship programmes and animal health services. We analysed antibiotic use practices among smallholder-intensive poultry farms in Kenya and characterised access to veterinary supply chains by calculating travel time to drug stores. Data were collected from 766 poultry farms across 15 Kenyan counties, representing all production types, between May 2021 and February 2022. We also collected antibiotic sales and geolocation data from 321 veterinary drug stores in Nakuru and Kilifi counties, representing areas with high and low-intensity poultry production, respectively. Using a machine learning framework, we predicted farm-level antibiotic use based on collected demographic and production traits. We also built geospatial models to characterise farmer travel time to drug stores with motorised transport. Half of farms used antibiotics at least once in the last two months, mostly for self-administered therapeutic reasons. Random forest analysis predicted that farms using disinfectants in cleaning, keeping other poultry species, with rodents in the chicken house and vaccinating their birds had the highest likelihood of antibiotic use. 95.4 % of farmers lived within one hour of a veterinary drug store, with 40 % residing within 15 min. Antibiotic use is integrated in smallholder poultry production, emphasising the need for prioritizing biosecurity, regulatory and socio-behavioural interventions, and economic incentives to enhance stewardship. Spatial maps suggests both risks and opportunities for antibiotic access and veterinary care.
A qualitative exploration of the enablers of and barriers to conformance with antibiotic withdrawal periods on smallholding, peri-urban pig farms in Kiambu County, Kenya
(Journal Article, 2025-01-10) Scott, C.; Bor, Nicholas; Reyher, K.K.; Tasker, A.J.; Buller, H.; Bueno, I.; Thomas, Lian F.
Non-conformance with antibiotic withdrawal period guidelines represents a food safety concern, with potential for antibiotic toxicities and allergic reactions as well as selecting for antibiotic resistance. In the Kenyan domestic pig market, conformance with antibiotic withdrawal periods is not a requirement of government legislation and evidence suggests that antibiotic residues may frequently be above recommended limits. In this study, we sought to explore enablers of and barriers to conformance with antibiotic withdrawal periods for pig farms supplying a local independent abattoir in peri-urban Nairobi. We drew upon semi-structured interviews with farmers and government animal health professionals as well as focus groups which involved private animal health professionals. We also explored farmers’ engagement with antibiotic withdrawal periods by visiting thirteen pig farms (supplying one of two local independent abattoirs) weekly for one month in order to capture instances of antibiotic use. We analysed data using reflexive thematic analysis. All farmers participating in the study demonstrated an awareness of the concept of antibiotic withdrawal periods and described intentions to conform, motivated by caring for others, wanting to prevent harm or a perception that regulation around antibiotic withdrawal periods existed for local independent abattoirs. The antibiotic use practices that we identified showed limited opportunities for non-conformance with antibiotic withdrawal periods. Farmers and veterinarians reported that instances of antibiotic use were uncommon, especially in slaughter-weight pigs, and were mainly restricted to the treatment of clinical signs under the supervision of an animal health professional. Local factors presented barriers to antibiotic withdrawal period conformance including farmers’ economic constraints, lack of formal medicine recording, an absence of consistent abattoir monitoring and resource emergency, such as water scarcity on farms. This study demonstrates the importance of these contextual factors to conformance with antibiotic withdrawal periods. We highlight the need to account for farm-level influences when planning future research and interventions aimed at reducing the presence of antibiotic residues in meat from smallholding pig farms in peri-urban Nairobi.
Epidemiology of antimicrobial resistant diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes from children, livestock and food in Dagoretti South, Nairobi Kenya
(Journal Article, 2025-03) Okumu, Noah O.; Muloi, Dishon M.; Moodley, Arshnee; Ochieng, Linnet; Watson, J.; Kiarie, Alice; Ngeranwa, J.J.N.; Cumming, O.; Cook, Elizabeth A.J.
Peri-urban environments, characterized by dense human populations, cohabiting livestock, and complex food systems, serve as hotspots for food contamination and infectious diseases. Children aged 6-24 months are particularly vulnerable as they often encounter contaminated food and water, increasing their risk of food-borne disease, with diarrhea being a common symptom. We investigated the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogenic Escherichia coli from 6-24 months-old children, their food, and cohabiting livestock, in Dagoretti South subcounty in Nairobi, Kenya. Out of 540 stool, 296 livestock feces and 859 food samples collected from 585 randomly enrolled households, 16% harbored diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) pathotypes. The predominant AMR phenotypes observed were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and tetracycline at 53%, 48% and 41%, respectively. Diarrheagenic E. coli from children showed significantly higher resistance to all antibiotics compared to those from livestock and food. Overall, 30% of the 274 DEC isolates from all three sources exhibited multidrug resistance. Network analysis of AMR co-occurrence revealed two clusters: 1) ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and chloramphenicol, and 2) nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and ceftriaxone. Co-resistance backbone of ampicillin-trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-tetracycline was significantly higher among children isolates than other hosts (χ² = 29.858, df = 2, adjusted p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that on-site disposal of animal manure and garbage, along with a recent history of diarrhea, were significantly associated with AMR carriage in children (p < 0.05). These findings emphasize the need for One Health interventions to curb emergence and spread of AMR in these close contact populations.
Antibiotic ecotoxicity and resistance risks in resource-constrained chicken and pig farming environments
(Journal Article, 2024-12-30) Gudda, Fredrick; Muloi, Dishon; Nganga, Fredrick; Nolari, Cynthia; Gao, Y.; Moodley, Arshnee
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data from agroecosystems in low- and middle-income countries is limited. We surveyed chicken (n = 52) and pig (n = 47) farms in Kenya to understand AMR in animal-environment pathways. Using LC-MS/MS, we validated the methods for analyzing eight common antibiotics and quantified the associated risks. Chicken compost (25.8%, n = 97/376) had the highest antibiotics prevalence, followed by pig manure-fertilized soils (23.1%, n = 83/360). The average antibiotic concentration was 63.4 µg/kg, which is below the environmentally relevant threshold (100 µg/kg), except for trimethoprim (221.4 µg/kg) among antibiotics and pig manure-fertilized soils (129.3 µg/kg) across sample types. Similarly, the average AMR risk quotient (RQ) was low (RQ < 0.1), except for trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (RQ ≥ 1). Ecotoxicity and AMR risks increased with flock size and the number of antibiotics used by pigs. Continuous environmental monitoring and large-scale studies on antibiotic contamination are crucial for evidence-based pollution control and the effective mitigation of environmental AMR.
Intersections between climate change and antimicrobial resistance: a systematic scoping review
(Journal Article, 2024-12-11) Bavel, B. van; Berrang-Ford, L.; Moon, K.; Gudda, Fredrick; Thornton, A.J.; Robinson, R.F.S.; King, R.
Climate change and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) present crucial challenges for the health and wellbeing of people, animals, plants, and ecosystems worldwide, yet the two are largely treated as separate and unrelated challenges. The aim of this systematic scoping Review is to understand the nature of the growing evidence base linking AMR and climate change and to identify knowledge gaps and areas for further research. We conducted a systematic search of the peer-reviewed literature in Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed on 27 June, 2022. Our search strategy identified and screened 1687 unique results. Data were extracted and analysed from 574 records meeting our inclusion criteria. 222 (39%) of these reviewed articles discussed harmful synergies in which both climate change and AMR exist independently and can interact synergistically, resulting in negative outcomes. Just over a quarter (n=163; 28%) of the literature contained general or broad references to AMR and climate change, whereas a fifth (n=111; 19%) of articles referred to climate change influencing the emergence and evolution of AMR. 12% of articles (n=70) presented positive synergies between approaches aimed at addressing climate change and interventions targeting the management and control of AMR. The remaining literature focused on the shared drivers of AMR and climate change, the trade-offs between climate actions that have unanticipated negative outcomes for AMR (or vice versa), and, finally, the pathways through which AMR can negatively influence climate change. Our findings indicate multiple intersections through which climate change and AMR can and do connect. Research in this area is still nascent, disciplinarily isolated, and only beginning to converge, with few documents primarily focused on the equal intersection of both topics. Greater empirical and evidence-based attention is needed to investigate knowledge gaps related to specific climate change hazards and antimicrobial resistant fungi, helminths, protists, and viruses.
Prudent use and antimicrobial prescription practices in Ethiopian veterinary clinics located in different agroecological areas
(Journal Article, 2024-11-29) Tufa, T.B.; Amenu, Kebede; Fasil, N.; Regassa, F.; Beyene, T.J.; Revie, C.W.; Hogeveen, H.; Stegeman, J.A.
Background: Understanding antimicrobial prescribing (AMP) practices and their prudent use in livestock can support the implementation of stewardship programs in veterinary medicine. Empiric therapy using antimicrobials is widely practiced in resource-poor settings, including Ethiopia. This could significantly contribute to the global burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the potential accumulation of residues in food. This study assessed AMP practices in Ethiopian veterinary clinics located in different agroecological zones (AEZs) as well as adherence to antimicrobial stewardship principles (ASPs). Methods: Data were collected from case book records from four district veterinary clinics located in different AEZs in Ethiopia from 2015 to 2019. To identify factors associated with non-prudent AMP practices (i.e., the use of antimicrobials without therapeutic effects or benefits to the animal), data from registered clinical veterinary cases were selected using a systematic random sampling method. This led to the inclusion of approximately one-third of all records, including animal characteristics, disease symptoms and diagnosis, and details about the prescribed drugs. Descriptive statistics were used to report the proportions of drugs prescribed and adherence to the ASPs. The Chi-square test was used to establish an association between the drugs prescribed and the disease diagnoses and the districts. The factors associated with cases receiving antimicrobials and non-prudent AMP practices were also assessed using a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: In total, 12,438 clinical case records were considered. Approximately 97% of these cases received treatment without laboratory confirmation, and 15,243 drugs were prescribed. Among these prescriptions, 75% were for antimicrobials, with oxytetracycline (29%) and a combined formulation of penicillin-dihydrostreptomycin (19%) being the most often prescribed drugs. Overall, 19% of the cases were treated non-prudently with antimicrobials, with high incidences at Holeta (32%) and Sekoru (19%) (p < 0.001). Most cases, including viruses and other non-pathogens (100%), toxicants (97%), unknown causes (94%), fungi (70%), nutritional (64%), risk of bacterial infection (42%), and endo-ectoparasites (24%), were treated non-prudently. Cases receiving antimicrobials and non-prudent AMP were associated with Holeta and Sekoru study clinics, major clinical signs of bloat and loss of body condition, and illness due to viral infections (p < 0.05). Conversely, species of animals and cases diagnosed with multiple etiologic agents and respiratory diseases were negatively associated with prudent AMP practices (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Much of the prescription practice observed in this study did not adhere to the ASPs; there were significant discrepancies between the prescribed drugs and disease diagnoses. Prescribing antimicrobials for unrelated diagnoses may contribute to an increase in AMR. The study thus underlines the need for mechanisms to improve accurate disease diagnosis and prescriber adherence to prudent AMP in countries with limited resources.
Understanding the veterinary antibiotic flow in Malawi: Complexities, gaps and needs
(Journal Article, 2024-11-20) Mhone, Amos L.; Muloi, Dishon M.; Moodley, Arshnee
Introduction: Veterinary antibiotics are essential for maintaining animal health and welfare, however, small-scale farmers in Malawi face challenges in accessing them due to limited availability, affordability, and long distances to rural drug retailers. Methods: This study mapped the veterinary antibiotic distribution chain, examined the governance structure of the chain, and analyzed access and usage practices among stakeholders in Malawi. Data were collected through focus group discussions (n = 15), key informant interviews (n = 6) and individual interviews (n = 189). Results: The key stakeholders identified included regulators, local pharmaceutical manufacturers, wholesalers, veterinary clinics, veterinary retail shops, animal health practitioners, and farmers. The distribution of veterinary antibiotics was characterized by both formal and informal pathways for importing and distributing veterinary medicines. Additionally, there were issues with antibiotic mishandling such as improper storage on open shelves in direct sunlight and disposal in pit latrines. There was a marked lack of proper antibiotic dispensation training among veterinary medicine shop attendants, and in terms of regulation, there were gaps in coordination and overlapping mandates among regulatory authorities hindering effective regulation. Discussion: Regulatory agencies need to strengthen oversight of veterinary antibiotics, conduct trainings on antibiotic stewardship with various stakeholders, and enhance public-private partnerships to better manage the informal pathways for importing and distributing veterinary medicines. This multi-sectoral approach aims to ensure responsible use and improve the pharmacovigilance of veterinary antibiotics.
A cross-sectional survey on antibiotic use practices in semi-intensive chicken production systems in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
(Poster, 2024-10-16) Yen Luu-Thi-Hai; Huyen Nguyen-Xuan; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Unger, Fred; Muloi, Dishon; Vinh Le-Dac; Nga Tran-Thi-Thuy; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Moodley, Arshnee
This study highlights knowledge, perception and practices as the drivers of antimicrobial use among farmers in small- and medium-scale households in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam. The findings can be used to develop recommendations and design interventions to promote more cautious use of antimicrobials, thus preventing the impact of antimicrobial resistance.
Enhancing public health: Five key takeaways on zoonotic disease and antimicrobial resistance surveillance
(Brief, 2024-09-30) Bett, Bernard K.; Fèvre, Eric M.; Ha Thi Thanh Nguyen; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Obuta, Amos; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Patel, Ekta
The need for integrated and efficient surveillance systems is important given the increasing risks of zoonotic diseases and antimicrobial resistance. These systems must account for the complex interactions at the interfaces of the environment, livestock, wildlife, humans, as well as disease dynamics, including the cross-species and regional movement of pathogens. Effective surveillance requires strong collaboration between governments, research institutions, and communities to ensure timely and accurate monitoring and response can be implemented. By employing scientific tools and approaches — such as risk mapping, watershed pollution monitoring and modelling, monitoring interfaces of the wildlife-livestock ecosystem for pathogens and resistant genes, screening at risk humans and animals as well as genomic surveillance — CGIAR aims to improve disease prevention and control, safeguarding both public health and biodiversity in vulnerable regions. This knowledge brief highlights five key takeaway messages on the integrated surveillance approach.
Five key takeaways on the irrational use of antimicrobials in livestock and aquaculture systems in low- and middle-income countries
(Brief, 2024-09-30) Moodley, Arshnee; Muloi, Dishon M.; Hoffmann, Vivian; Murphy, Mike; Rheman, Shafiq; Hossain, Sabrina; Verner-Jeffreys, David; Khor, Laura; Delamare-Deboutteville, Jerome; Patel, Ekta
This brief is important for policymakers, researchers, animal health service providers, and agricultural stakeholders in low- and middle-income countries. Crucial insights are provided into drivers of antimicrobial misuse in livestock and aquaculture, providing evidence-based recommendations for improving antimicrobial use practices. By understanding the gaps in diagnostic services, regulatory frameworks, and farmers’ education, stakeholders can design targeted interventions to promote responsible antimicrobial use. Strengthening regulatory frameworks in these areas will help mitigate antimicrobial resistance, protect animal and human health, and ensure that the animal and aquatic food sector can move toward more sustainable, antibiotic-free production systems in low- and middle-income countries.
The antimicrobial resistance landscape of slaughterhouses in western Kenya: A microbiological case study
(Journal Article, 2024-12) Hamilton, Katie A.; Njoroge, Sam M.; Momanyi, Kelvin; Murungi, Maurice K.; Odinga, Christian O.; Bor, Nicholas; Ogendo, Allan; Odaba, Josiah; Ogola, Joseph G.; Fèvre, Eric M.; Falzon, Laura C.
Slaughterhouses may be hotspots for the transmission of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) pathogens. To obtain information on the AMR landscape in Kenyan slaughterhouses, we collected swabs of the environment, animal carcasses, and workers. Bacterial isolates were identified in 101/193 (52.3 %) samples, and most showed resistance to streptomycin (68.7 %), ampicillin (48.7 %), and tetracycline (42.5 %). Multi drug resistance was exhibited by 35/80 isolates (43.8 %; 95 % CI: 33.2–54.9 %), while Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase was expressed in 5/80 isolates (6.3 %; 95 % CI: 2.6–14.3 %). These findings illustrate the presence of resistant bacteria throughout the slaughterhouse environment, posing a risk to workers and meat consumers and highlighting the need for an integrated surveillance system along the food chain.
1–10–100: Unifying goals to mobilize global action on antimicrobial resistance
(Journal Article, 2024-08-27) Katwyk, S.R.V.; Poirier, M.J.P.; Chandy, S.J.; Faure, K.; Fisher, C.; Lhermie, G.; Moodley, Arshnee; Sarkar, S.; Masika, S.; Strong, K.; Weldon, I.; Hoffman, S.J.
The Bellagio Group for Accelerating AMR Action met in April 2024 to develop the ambitious but achievable 1–10-100 unifying goals to galvanize global policy change and investments for antimicrobial resistance mitigation: 1 Health; 10 million lives saved; and 100% sustainable access to effective antimicrobials. High profile political goals such as the Paris Agreement’s objective to keep global warming well below 2° Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels, UNAIDS’ 90–90-90 goal, and the Sustainable Development Goals challenge global norms, direct attention towards relevant activities, and serve an energizing function to motivate action over an extended period of time. The 1–10-100 unifying goals propose to unite the world through a One Health approach to safeguard human health, animal welfare, agrifood systems, and the environment from the emergence and spread of drug-resistant microbes and infections; save over 10 million lives by 2040 through concerted efforts to prevent and appropriately treat infections while preserving the vital systems and services that depend on sustained antimicrobial effectiveness; and commit to ensuring that antimicrobials are available and affordable for all, used prudently, and secured for the future through innovation. Compared to existing technical targets, these unifying goals offer advantages of focusing on prevention, encouraging multisectoral action and collaboration, promoting health equity, recognizing the need for innovation, and integrating with Sustainable Development Goals. By committing to 1 Health, 10 million lives saved, and 100% sustainable access to effective antimicrobials, we can protect lives and livelihoods today and safeguard options for tomorrow.
Rapport du troisième atelier de modélisation des impacts socio-économiques de la résistance aux antimicrobiens (RAM): cas d’étude du Sénégal
(Report, 2024-04-30) Faye, Ardiouma; Dione, Michel M.
Selecting Efficient Farm-level Antimicrobial Stewardship Interventions from a One Health perspective (SEFASI) meeting report

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