CIAT Articles in Non-Refereed Journals

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/56829

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    COVID-19, seed security and social differentiation: when it rains, it pours
    (Journal Article, 2020-06-01) Delaquis, Erik; Almekinders, Conny J.M.
    Food security and seed security are closely linked, especially for poor smallholders in developing countries. The impacts of COVID-19 highlight the vulnerability of marginalized groups, and their exposure across multiple social and economic dimensions. Employing seed interventions as part of the COVID-19 recovery requires recognizing local social dynamics, or risks worsening the situation for the most disadvantaged.
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    Agricultura urbana, ¿mucho más que producción de comida?
    (Journal Article, 2019) Rankin Cortázar, Sara; Mosquera, Erika Eliana
    ¿Qué produzco? ¿Dónde vendo? ¿Dónde obtengo mejores precios? ¿Cómo puedo sacarle mejor provecho a la tierra? Son preocupaciones de un agricultor rural. Pero, ¿son diferentes las preocupaciones de un agricultor urbano? La obesidad, las alergias, las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como la diabetes o la hipertensión, ¿también son preocupaciones para la gente del campo? Las basuras, las pandillas, las drogas, los rasgos culturales, ¿tienen algo que ver con la agricultura urbana? ¿Se circunscribe la agricultura a la alimentación y a la producción de alimentos? Son muchas las preguntas que cada vez nos empujan más a hallar relaciones y marcos conceptuales distintos a lo que nos habíamos imaginado.
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    Botanic Garden - Agriculture Research Collaborations around North America’s Crop Wild Relatives and Wild Utilized Plants
    (Journal Article, 2019) Khoury, Colin K.; Greene, Stephanie L.; Krishnan, Sarada; Miller, Allison J.; Moreau, Tara
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    Assessing yield stability and adaptability of Andean common bean genotypes in the semi-arid environment of Botswana
    (Journal Article, 2019) Molosiwa, Odireleng O.; Pharudi, Joseph; Seketeme, Seipati; Mashiqa, Patrick; Chirwa, Rowland
    Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a vital source of nutrients worldwide. It is one of the most consumed grain legume in Botswana. Fourteen Andean common bean genotypes were evaluated in four environments (two seasons and two diverse agro-ecologies) to determine the effect of genotype and environment interaction and yield stability. The genotypes were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Grain yield data was analyzed on additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), cultivar superiority index, Wricke’s ecovalence and Finlay and Wilkinson regression. There was a lack of variation among the selected genotypes, while environment and genotype × environment interaction (GEI) was significant (P <0.01), which is an opportunity to select stable genotypes across environments. AMMI model for total variation revealed that the environment effect was dominant at 36.83%, genotype × environment interaction at 19.82%, while genotype alone was 3.38%. The cumulative sum of squares of the first two interaction principal component axes (IPCAs) accounted for 76.13% of interaction. Stability coefficients consistently identified genotypes DAB494, CAL96 and DAB541 as the most stable and well adapted, besides the low yield realized. These genotypes are useful for stability breeding purposes and for introduction to the semi-arid environment of Botswana.
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    Recombination fraction and genetic linkage among key disease resistance genes (Co-4 2 /Phg-2 and Co5/“P.ult”) in common bean
    (Journal Article, 2019-06) Okii, Dennis; Badji, Arfang; Odong, Thomas L.; Talwana, Herbert; Tukamuhabwe, Phineas; Male, Allan; Mukankusi, Clare Mugisha; Gepts, Paul L.
    Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), Angular leaf spot (Pseudocercospora griseola) and Pythium root rot are important pathogens affecting common bean production in the tropics. A promising strategy to manage these diseases consists of combining several resistance (R) genes into one cultivar. The aim of the study was to determine genetic linkage between gene pairs, Co-42/Phg-2, on bean-chromosome Pv08 and Co-5/"P.ult" on-chromosome Pv07, to increase the efficiency of dual selection of resistance genes for major bean diseases, with molecular markers. The level of recombination was determined by tracking molecular markers for both BC3F6 and F2 generations. Recombination fraction r, among gene pairs, the likelihood of linkage, L(r), and logarithm of odds (LOD) scores were computed using the statistical relationship of likelihood which assumes a binomial distribution. The SCAR marker pair SAB3/PYAA19 for the gene pair Co-5/"P.ult" exhibited moderate linkage (r = 32 cM with a high LOD score of 9.2) for BC3F6 population, but relatively stronger linkage for the F2 population (r = 21 cM with a high LOD score of 18.7). However, the linkage among SCAR marker pair SH18/SN02, for the gene pair Co-42/Phg-2 was incomplete for BC3F6 population (r = 47 cM with a low LOD score of 0.16) as well as F2 population (r = 44 cM with a low LOD score of 0.7). Generally, the weak or incomplete genetic linkage between marker pairs studied showed that all the four genes mentioned earlier have to be tagged with a corresponding linked marker during selection. The approaches used in this study will contribute to two loci linkage mapping techniques in segregating plant populations.
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    Yield and Response of Bean Breeding Lines for Drought Tolerance to Field Diseases
    (Journal Article, 2019-08) Amongi, Winnyfred; Mukankusi, Clare Mugisha; Sebuliba, Sulaiman; Nakyanzi, Brenda; Naluwooza, Claire; Baguma, Gerald
    Climate change has resulted in an increase in the intensity of droughts and rains, and higher temperatures which are adversely affecting crop production in Africa. It has also influenced the distribution and increased the occurrence of disease and pest epidemics. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is especially sensitive to these changes. Most released varieties are not well adapted to environmental extremes and extended periods of drought in particular has become a major constraint. In this study, 462 advanced breeding lines developed for drought tolerance were evaluated for yield, agronomic traits and disease response in two contrasting agro-ecologies, Kawanda in the Lake Victoria crescent and Kachwekano in the southwestern highlands. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) among lines for most variables and environments (P <0.001). Performance was better at Kachwekano than Kawanda with mean yields ranging from 928 to 2251 kg ha-1, and 698 to 2036 kg ha-1 respectively. Angular leafspot, common bacterial blight and rust diseases varied between locations, and among lines with no visible to sever symptoms. Based on Wricke’s ecovalence estimates for stability, SCN20, SCN13, SEN114, SEC40 and SEC35 expressed yield stability and superiority. Of the 462 lines, 6.3 % maintained >1500 kg ha-1, the minimum anticipated commercial yield of new varieties, in all the trials, both seasons and in each year; 5.0 % also maintained above average yields. The most outstanding (1629-3944 kg ha-1) were; DAB299, DAB291, DAB234, DAD34, DAB478, DAB487, DAB543, DAB231, SCN20, SCR66, SCR60, and SER335. These are recommended for development of new varieties.
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    Multipurpose leguminous trees for the lowland tropics in CIAT’s genebank.
    (Journal Article, 2019) González Guzman, J.J.; Debouck, Daniel G.; Wenzl, Peter
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    Agricultural transformation in Rwanda: Can Gendered Market Participation Explain the Persistence of Subsistence Farming?
    (Journal Article, 2018-11-30) Ingabire, Chantal; Mshenga, Patience M.; Amacker, Michèle; Langat, Jackson K.; Bigler, Christine; Birachi, Eliud Abucheli
    Despite the efforts to agricultural transformation in Rwanda, farming systems are predominantly still in subsistence production. Women are more involved than men, and their number has even increased in the past decade. The reasons for this remain unclear, given the country’s efforts for gender mainstreaming towards market-oriented agriculture. Guided by the current debate on feminization of agriculture, we base this study on the thesis that higher market participation among women farmers could contribute to the so-called transformation. The study uses the case of the Northern Province of Rwanda. It involved 368 smallholder dual-headed households among which 208 and 160 were respectively producing beans and potato. It used a mixed method approach by sequential exploratory design, involving a quantitative survey households followed by Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Both Household Commercialization Index (HCI) and Thematic Analyses were used. Findings showed a high degree of commercialization for potato, with 75% of farmers participating in output markets, and 72% among them being market oriented. In contrast, only 26% of bean farmers sold their production. The commercialization of potato is in the hands of men, while beans are mainly sold by women. This was also confirmed with the findings from FGDs. Three issues were identified as hindrances to agricultural transformation and likely to keep households in subsistence production: the low participation of women in input and output markets; their limited control over agricultural income; and their increased workload that combines on-farm and reproductive works. Therefore, despite the efforts at policy level, there are still gender inequalities within dual-headed farming households, and the agricultural transformation risks increasing the gap through all or some of the three identified issues. Removing these inequalities could increase households’ market participation and contribute in the process of agricultural transformation.
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    Participación de la mujer en las decisiones sobre el uso y la intensidad de siembra de variedades de arroz en Ecuador = Women´s participation in decisions about rice variety use and intensity in Ecuador
    (Journal Article, 2018) Marín Salazar, Diego Armando; Andrade López, Robert Santiago; Labarta, Ricardo Antonio; Twyman, Jennifer
    La contribución de la mujer a la agricultura no es usualmente reconocida, lo que ha limitado en ocasiones el diseño de políticas que incrementen la igualdad de género. La literatura más reciente ha aportado evidencia sobre el rol de las mujeres y su importancia para mejorar la productividad agrícola. Sin embargo, estos estudios muestran que la contribución de la mujer a la agricultura es heterogénea y contexto específico. Además, la evidencia en Latinoamérica es reducida y, más aún, en el cultivo del arroz en Ecuador, que se considera un cultivo dominado por hombres. Este estudio desarrolla un análisis cuantitativo, cuyos resultados confirman la importancia de la mujer en la producción de arroz, lo que también fue reportado en estudios cualitativos previos. Los hogares en los cuales la mujer participa en la toma de decisiones tienen mayor probabilidad de adoptar variedades modernas de arroz. Asimismo, dentro de los hogares que deciden usar variedades modernas, la participación de las mujeres en la selección de estas variedades implica la siembra de una superficie mayor. Los hallazgos del artículo aportan al diálogo y al diseño de políticas que buscan modernizar el sector arrocero e incrementar la igualdad de género.
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    ¿Dueñas o jefas de hogar? analizando la desigualdad de género en la propiedad de activos en américa latina = ¿Female owners or household heads? Analyzing gender inequality in assets ownership in Latin America
    (Journal Article, 2018) Deere, Carmen Diana; Alvarado, Gina E.; Twyman, Jennifer
    Los estudios sobre desigualdades de género en el análisis de la pobreza tienden a utilizar el sexo de quien ocupa la jefatura del hogar como el indicador principal de dichas desigualdades. Este artículo argumenta que el análisis basado en el sexo de quien tiene la jefatura del hogar da una visión parcial de la desigualdad de género, ya que no toma en cuenta la posición relativa de las mujeres en hogares encabezados por varones o con jefatura del hogar compartida. Para esto, las autoras analizan encuestas de hogares en América Latina y el Caribe y presentan indicadores sobre la desigualdad de género en la propiedad de la vivienda y la tierra agrícola para doce países de la región. Dichos datos sugieren que la distribución de la propiedad por género dentro de los hogares es mucho más equitativa de lo que un análisis con base en la jefatura indicaría. Esto se debe en gran medida a que las mujeres en hogares con jefatura masculina a menudo poseen propiedades, ya sea por derecho propio o conjuntamente con sus esposos. El grado de desigualdad de género depende del activo bajo consideración y difiere entre países. Las autoras recomiendan cómo mejorar la recolección de información sobre la propiedad de los activos a nivel individual para profundizar el análisis de género.
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    Opting for the middle ground – blended sustainability as the way forward
    (Journal Article, 2018) Mockshell, Jonathan Yaw
    In both developed and developing countries, policy stakeholders are tussling with the question of whether to promote agroecological intensification or sustainable agricultural intensification to deal with the multiple burden of a growing population, a changing climate, environmental degradation, and a precarious food and nutrition security situation. This has nurtured intense debates and created an impasse among policy actors. Blended sustainability could be a way out.
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    Characterization and pathogenicity of soil borne pathogens inducing root rot symptoms in common bean in Rwanda
    (Journal Article, 2018) Mukamuhirwa, Floride; Butare, Lewis; Ruhakana, Albert; Uzayisenga, Bellancile; Mukantwali, Christine; Musoni, Augustine; Mukankusi, Clare Mugisha
    Though Rwanda is among the highest common bean producers and consumers, this crop is still challenged by different factors including root rot diseases resulting in low yield potential. Root rot diseases can cause up to 100% of yield loss. Despite different soil borne pathogens causing bean root rot diseases; there is no recent literature that clearly documents the most aggressive ones affecting common beans in Rwanda. This study aimed at identifying the root rot pathogens affecting bean crop in Rwanda. A survey was conducted to collect bean samples showing root rot symptoms in 12 agro -ecological zones where bean crop is mostly grown. The selection of samples was based on the level of contamination and the purity of cultures. A total number of 132 samples were therefore selected and considered for further analysis. The pathogen isolation was done in Rubona at Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB) Biotechnology and Pathology laboratory. Structural characterization of soil borne pathogens was also carried out along with pathogenicity evaluation. The growth rate of identified pathogens were significantly different (P<0.001). Significant differences were observed among isolates inoculated on both plantlets and seeds (P<001). Four root rot diseases were identified and characterized including Rhizoctonia spp, Fusarium spp,Sclerotium spp and several Pythium spp. The four pathogens were mostly observed in Northern and Southern parts of Rwanda than East and Western parts of Rwanda. Morphological characterization showed that Fusarium spp, Rhizoctonia spp and Sclerotium spp were predominant than Pythium species. Fusarium spp was identified as the most predominant fungal pathogen while Sclerotium spp was the most virulent pathogen. The present study suggests bean root rot disease control program to reduce losses associated with these diseases especially the use of resistant varieties since the fungi are widespread and survive in soils for a long period of time.
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    Climate Change and Food: Challenges and Opportunities in Tropical Mountains and Agrobiodiversity Hotspots
    (Journal Article, 2018) Zimmerer, Karl S.; Jones, Andrew D.; Haan, Stef de; Creed-Kanashiro, Hilary M.; Carrasco, Miluska; Mesa, Krysty; Tello, Milka; Amaya, Franklin Plasencia; Cruz García, Gisella S.; Tubbeh, Ramzi
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    Induction of flowering in cassava through grafting
    (Journal Article, 2017) Ceballos, Hernán; Jaramillo, J.J.; Salazar Erazo, Sandra Milena; Pineda, Lizzeth Marcela; Calle, Fernando; Setter, Tim L.
    Flowering in cassava is related to branching. Erect plant architecture is usually preferred by farmers but results in late and scarce flowering, which slows down breeding and genetic studies. The objective of this study was to induce earlier and more abundant flowering, which have become key research needs for cassava. Six non- or late-flowering genotypes were selected for grafting on a profuse, early flowering understock. Grafted stems did not branch and flower while attached to the understock. Four cuttings from each grafted stem were taken and planted the following season. Paired-row cuttings from non-grafted stems of the same genotypes were planted as checks. Three phenotypic responses to grafting were found. One genotype failed to branch and flower, independently of the origin of the cuttings. Four genotypes branched but did not produce flowers. However, plants from grafted cuttings tended to branch earlier, particularly after the second branching event. Finally, in one genotype, grafting induced not only earlier branching but also earlier and more abundant production of flowers, fruits and seeds than their counterparts of plants from non-grafted stems. This is the first report of grafting effects on the induction of earlier flowering in cassava. Results indicated a delayed effect of grafting which was genotype-dependent based on materials used in this study. The contrasting responses to grafting may be useful for understanding the effect of plant growth regulators and photoperiod manipulations of ongoing research.
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    Phaseolin diversity in Colombian common bean germplasm
    (Journal Article, 2010) Toro Chica, Orlando; Ocampo Nahar, César H.; Beebe, Stephen E.
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    Wilde planten als voedingsplanten gebruikt door rijstboeren in Noordoost-Thailand
    (Journal Article, 2013) Cruz García, Gisella S.; Peters, P.
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    Influencia del momento de aplicación de un recubrimiento en la conservación de yuca = Influence of the wax application time on cassava conservation
    (Journal Article, 2012) Rendón, Oscar; Garzón, Carolina; Alonso Alcalá, Lisímaco; Vélez, Carlos