ILRI Markets, Gender and Livelihoods theme: Outputs
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Item Productivity growth, catching-up and trade in livestock products(Working Paper, 2002) Nin-Pratt, Alejandro; Hertel, Thomas W.; Rae, A.N.; Ehui, Simeon K.Item International scenario of livestock with respect to North East Region of India(Presentation, 2012-03-21) Deka, Ram PratimItem Modeling recreation demand for British forests: An application of an endogenously stratified and truncated log-normal distribution(Conference Paper, 2011-06-30) Englin, J.; Gelan, Ayele; Pang, A.Evaluating the value of British forests is important for forest policies' making. Since the number of visitors to British forests is quite large and each visitor's visiting frequency is high, the conventional count data models which focus on small integers may not cope adequately with this big number of visitation. This study utilizes newly developed endogenously stratified and truncated distributions to model the recreation demand for British Forests.Item Conditions and options for the valorization of animal genetic resources.(Conference Paper, 2011-12-14) Fadiga, M.L.; Fall, AbdouItem Agriculture-associated diseases: Adapting agriculture to improve human health(Book Chapter, 2012-02-10) McDermott, John J.; Grace, DeliaItem Evaluation of research projects: Perspectives for applied research in food and agriculture(Journal Article, 2011-09) Pedersen, S.M.; Boesen, M.V.; Baker, Derek; Larsen, A.; Pedersen, J.L.In this study, the task of evaluating research projects’ relevance and scientific quality is addressed, and a pilot study is executed for five Danish food and agricultural research programmes. Literature reviewed emphasises the importance of context, of consistency and transparency and of the cost of evaluation. Moreover, the purpose of research evaluation is thoroughly examined. The method developed and implemented addresses each of these concerns, particularly by employing simple measures and by complementing quantitative analysis with qualitative exercises featuring structured stakeholder interviews. The results of the pilot indicate substantial variation between projects within programmes, and some evidence of size-performance relationships.Item Livestock market opportunities for the poor(Presentation, 2011-11-09) Staal, Steven J.; Baker, Derek; Puskur, RanjithaItem Approaches to pro-poor livestock market development.(Presentation, 2011-05-10) Staal, Steven J.Item Livestock production and marketing(Working Paper, 2011-08) Negassa, Asfaw; Rashid, Shahidur; Gebremedhin, BerhanuThe livestock is an important sub-sector within Ethiopia’s economy in terms of its contributions to both agricultural value-added and national GDP. Between 1995/96 and 2005/06, the livestock sub-sector’s share averaged 24 percent of agricultural GDP and 11 percent of national GDP, with the highest shares recorded at 27 percent and 13 percent, respectively, at its peak (NBE 2005/06). The contribution of livestock and livestock product exports to foreign exchange earnings is also large. The annual average revenue from livestock and livestock product exports was estimated to be 13 percent of the annual national foreign exchange earnings during the period 2000/01 to 2007/08 (NBE 2007/08). Given the large porous border, a large amount of cross-border exports also go un-recorded. Therefore, the official estimates of foreign exchange earnings do not necessarily reflect the actual volume of exports. At the household level, livestock plays a critical economic and social role in the lives of pastoralists, agro-pastoralists, and smallholder farm households. Livestock fulfills an important function in coping with shocks, accumulating wealth, and serving as a store of value in the absence of formal financial institutions and other missing markets. In the case of smallholder mixed farming systems, livestock provides nutritious food, additional emergency and cash income, transportation, farm outputs and inputs, and fuels for cooking food. In the case of pastoralists, livestock represents a sole means to support and sustain their livelihoods. Furthermore, available research suggests that with economic growth, consumption patterns tend to change towards high value and high protein foods, such as those derived from livestock (Delgado et al. 1999). This implies that, given the economic growth in Ethiopia and the region, the market demand for livestock and livestock products is likely to continue growing in the future. The government recognizes the importance of livestock in poverty alleviation and has increased its emphasis on modernizing and commercializing the livestock sub-sector in recent years (SPS-LMM 2008). Focusing on four key livestock classes—cattle, sheep, goats, and chicken—this chapter undertakes three tasks: (1) it provides a characterization of the livestock subsector, (2) it assesses livestock and livestock product value chains based on primary data, and (3) analyzes the trends in marketing and trade of live animals and animal products. Carrying out these tasks relies on the critical review of existing literature and policy documents, as well as extensive use of both secondary and primary data, including household and traders’ surveys. The paper is organized following the sequence of these major tasks and concludes with a summary and policy implications.Item Incentives for sustainable land management in East African countries(Book Chapter, 2011-05-31) Gebremedhin, BerhanuItem Effects of climatic elements on Campylobacter-contaminated chicken products in Japan(Journal Article, 2012-06) Ishihara, K.; Takahashi, R.; Andoh, M.; Makita, K.; Kamiji, S.; Ueno, H.; Muramatsu, Y.; Tamura, Y.Japanese weather data for areas that produced Campylobacter spp.-positive chicken products were compared with those for areas producing negative samples. Regarding samples produced during the period of rising temperature (spring and summer), the mean weekly air temperatures for Campylobacter-positive samples were higher than those for negative samples for the period of the week in which the samples were purchased (18·7°C vs. 13·1°C, P=0·006) to a 12-week lag (12 weeks before purchasing samples; 7·9°C vs. 3·4°C, P=0·009). Significant differences in weekly mean minimum humidity and sunshine duration per day were also observed for 1- and 2-week lag periods. We postulated that the high air temperature, high humidity and short duration of sunshine for the chicken-rearing period increased Campylobacter colonization in chickens during the period of rising temperature. Consequently, the number of Campylobacter-contaminated chicken products on the market in Japan may fluctuate because of the climatic conditions to which reared chickens are exposed.Item Meteorologists meeting rainmakers: Indigenous knowledge and climate policy processes in Kenya(Journal Article, 2011-05) Guthiga, Paul M.; Newsham, A.This article seeks to shed light on policy processes arising from interaction between indigenous rainmakers and meteorologists, in participatory action research aimed at increasing the capacity of a local community to adapt to climate change. Policy processes were analysed from the perspective of actors, their narratives and interests. At the beginning of the project, the interactions between the meteorologists and rainmakers was characterised by mutual scepticism. The two groups negotiated on modalities of working together and successfully made joint seasonal weather forecasts that showed good convergence. The analyses using the three lenses of actor-narrative-interest enabled the study to tease out policy dynamics that are often ignored in climate change mitigation studies. Understanding these dynamics is important to ensure that climate change strategies are designed in congruence with local policy dynamics.Item Spatial epidemiology of hospital-diagnosed brucellosis in Kampala, Uganda(Journal Article, 2011) Makita, K.; Fèvre, Eric M.; Waiswa, C.; Kaboyo, W.; Eisler, M.C.; Welburn, S.C.Background A retrospective case-control study was undertaken to examine the spatial risk factors for human brucellosis in Kampala, Uganda. Methods Information on age, sex and month of diagnosis was derived from records from plate agglutination tests undertaken at Mulago Hospital, Kampala. Information on Parishes (LC2s) where patients reside was sourced from the outpatient registration book. In-patient fracture cases were selected for use as controls using 1:1 matching based on the age, sex and month of diagnosis. The locations of cases and controls were obtained by calculating Cartesian coordinates of the centroids of Parish level (LC2) polygons and a spatial scan statistic was applied to test for disease clustering. Parishes were classified according to the level of urbanization as urban, peri-urban or rural. Results Significantly more females than males were found to show sero-positivity for brucellosis when compared with the sex ratio of total outpatients, in addition female brucellosis patients were found to be significantly older than the male patients. Spatial clustering of brucellosis cases was observed including around Mulago Hospital (radius=6.8 km, p=0.001). The influence of proximity to the hospital that was observed for brucellosis cases was not significantly different from that observed in the controls. The disease cluster was confounded by the different catchment areas between cases and controls. The level of urbanization was not associated with the incidence of brucellosis but living in a slum area was a significant risk factor among urban dwellers (odds ratio 1.97, 95% CI: 1.10-3.61). Conclusions Being female was observed to be a risk factor for brucellosis sero-positvity and among urban dwellers, living in slum areas was also a risk factor although the overall risk was not different among urban, peri-urban and rural areas of the Kampala economic zone.Item Institutions, sustainable land use and consumer welfare: The case of forest and grazing lands in northern Ethiopia(Journal Article, 2012-02) Gebreegziabher, Z.; Gebremedhin, Berhanu; Mekonnen, A.Land is an essential factor of production. Institutions that govern its efficient use determine the sustainability of this essential resource. In Ethiopia all land is publicly owned. Such an institutional setting is said to have resulted in the major degradation of Ethiopia's land resources and dissipation of the resource rent. An alternative to this is assigning a private property institution. In this paper, we examine the consumer welfare effects of a change in the institutional setting on communal forest and grazing lands, using a cross-section data set of 200 households in Northern Ethiopia. Findings suggest that changing the current institutional setting could indeed be welfare reducing.Item Emerging markets in the post-liberalization period: Evidence from the raw milk market in rural Kenya(Book Chapter, 2011) Kijima, Y.; Yamano, T.; Baltenweck, IsabelleThis chapter examines how the raw milk market in western and central Kenya has developed after the dairy sector liberalization in 1992 by using panel data of 862 rural households. From the late 1990s to 2004, the proportion of households that sold milk to traders more than doubled, while it declined from 29% to 12% for those who sold milk to dairy cooperatives. To examine this change in the milk market, we use the price differentials between the farm gate and retail prices as a proxy for the functioning of the market. Our empirical analyses clearly show that the functioning of the market improved between the late 1990s and 2004.Item Evidence of improper usage of veterinary drugs in cattle in Maasailand, Kenya(Journal Article, 2007) Irungu, P.; Bett, Bernard K.; Mbogoh, S.G.; Nyamwaro, Sospeter S.; Murilla, G.A.; Randolph, Thomas F.The extent of farm-level extra-label drug use in Kenya is not well documented in spite of its important implications on food safety, human health and international trade. One hundred and thirteen farmers in Kajiado and Narok districts were interviewed between October 2005 and February 2006 using a pre-tested questionnaire. The aim was to gather information on farmers’ veterinary drug use practices at the farm level. Descriptive and regression analyses were undertaken on the data. There was a high level of extra-label usage of veterinary drugs in cattle in the two study areas. Specifically, farmers used lower than recommended doses of all available trypanocides in all classes of cattle except in adult bulls where they overdosed with Veriben®, Novidium® and Tryzan®. Adamycin®, the most commonly used antibiotic in the two study sites, was underdosed at all concentrations in all classes of cattle. Except for Novidium® which farmers dissolved correctly, farmers in the two study sites used less than the recommended volume of water to prepare trypanocidal drugs. Farmers also used less than the recommended strength of acaricides for tick control, except for Dominex®. They also sprayed more cattle at each acaricide strength than the number recommended by the manufacturers. The propensity to use veterinary drugs correctly was positively correlated with farmer’s age and district of origin (p<0.1), but negatively associated with years of formal education of the household head (p<0.05). Policy suggestions are made based on the results.Item Predicting food safety losses in turkey processing and the economic incentives of hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) intervention(Journal Article, 2006) Nganje, W.E.; Siaplay, M.; Kaitibie, S.; Acquah, E.T.Turkey is an important food commodity whose total value of U.S. production amounted to $2.72 billion in 2003. Empirical evidence suggests that among broilers, eggs, turkeys, and chickens, Salmonella contamination of ground turkey is highest at 49.9% prior to hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) implementation and 26.6% after HACCP implementation. Salmonella and other microbial outbreaks have greatly contributed to the large number of food recalls in the meat and poultry industry; therefore, processed turkey constitutes a prime commodity for HACCP intervention analysis. Value-at-risk provides a framework for assisting firm management to assess food safety risks in monetary terms, and to evaluate the economic incentives of control measures like HACCP. Results show that food safety losses as measured by downside risk significantly declined following HACCP implementation. Medium- and large-scale turkey processors are more likely to derive more benefit from implementing an augmented HACCP plan than a generic HACCP plan.Item A dairy value chain approach to project implementation: Ideas and key constructs.(Presentation, 2010-07-21) Okike, Iheanacho; Rich, Karl M.; Baltenweck, IsabelleItem Adoption of dual purpose forages: Some policy implications(Journal Article, 2003-12) Lapar, Ma. Lucila; Ehui, Simeon K.Livestock, especially ruminant, production is an important component of farming systems in upland areas of the Philippines. Moreover, since upland agriculture is becoming unsustainable because of soil erosion and productivity of crops is limited by poor soils, livestock production is a particularly valuable source of income to complement crop production. Farmers rely heavily on livestock to provide a source of savings, cash income, draft power and nutritious food. Nevertheless, scarcity and poor quality of feed are major constraints to improved livestock productivity in upland areas. Introduction of planted forages in these systems has the potential to increase substantially the quality and quantity of available forages, thus providing fodder to supplement low-quality naturally occurring forages and crop residues; concurrently, forage plants promote sustainability by improving soil quality and reducing soil erosion. Adoption of forages by smallholder farmers in the rainfed upland areas of the Philippines is conditioned by the dual-purpose role of forage plants. A number of forage species have been used as contour hedgerow species for the reduction of soil erosion. These include Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Setaria spp., napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides). These species were chosen as hedgerow species because of their value as fodder for livestock, in addition to their roles in reducing soil erosion, controlling weed growth, and improving and stabilising fallow areas. A number of constraints affect the widespread adoption of forages for use as hedgerow species by smallholder farmers in the Philippine uplands. These factors include: the limited availability of seed; high mortality amongst the forage species planted; a lack of collective action; and the high initial cost of investment. Insufficient attention has been given to policy and socio-economic factors affecting adoption of forages. For example, the effects of socio-economic factors such as human capital (education, age), income and access to institutions (e.g. credit and extension) have not been studied in association with the adoption of forage species. Therefore, policy and technology options to address these issues are warranted. This paper uses an econometric approach (i.e. probit) to identify the factors affecting adoption of forages by smallholder farmers in the upland areas of the Philippines, using data from a survey conducted in 1996 by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The survey examined farmers who had adopted contour hedgerow technology at 2 upland sites, Cebu, Visayas and Claveria, Mindanao, the Philippines.Item Bridging the gap between partial and total factor productivity measures using directional distance functions(Journal Article, 2003-11) Nin-Pratt, Alejandro; Arndt, Channing; Hertel, Thomas W.; Preckel, P.V.Technical dependencies as well as data constraints limit our ability to allocate inputs across sectors and hence our ability to measure sectoral productivity. We adapt a directional measure of efficiency to the measurement of sector-specific productivity that does not require allocating all inputs across sectors. Applied to the agricultural sector of a group of countries, the results show important differences in livestock and crops productivity growth. Commonly used partial factor productivity measures for livestock and crops tend to overestimate productivity growth in most developing countries while underestimating it in European countries.