ILRI Food Safety and Zoonoses program outputs
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/617
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Item Animals and aflatoxins(Brief, 2013) Grace, DeliaItem Tackling aflatoxins: An overview of challenges and solutions(Brief, 2013) Unnevehr, Laurian J.; Grace, DeliaItem How will training traders contribute to improved food safety in informal markets for meat and milk? A theory of change analysis(Working Paper, 2015-07-24) Johnson, Nancy L.; Mayne, John; Grace, Delia; Wyatt, AmandaIncreased consumption of meat, milk, eggs, and fish among poor consumers in developing countries has the potential to improve nutrition as well as drive pro-poor economic development. However, animal-source foods are a major source of food-borne disease. In addition to the health impacts, concerns about food safety can reduce consumption of nutritious foods and reduce market access for smallholders. Researchers from the International Livestock Research Institute and partners have developed and piloted an institutional innovation—a training, certification, and branding scheme for informal value chain actors—that has the potential to improve the safety of animal-source foods sold in informal markets. To support further research and, eventually, delivery at scale, this paper develops a theory of change for how the intervention is expected to contribute to better nutrition and health outcomes for consumers. The outcomes along the pathway from intervention to impact are identified, along with the underlying causal assumptions. For each assumption, the existing evidence is summarized and assessed. The results show that for some parts of the impact pathway, outcomes and causal links are well defined and supported by evidence, while for others, the program logic needs to be refined and more evidence gathered to validate hypothesized causal relationships in specific contexts. Addressing these gaps through research and through piloting interventions with development partners can increase the likelihood of achieving expected outcomes and contribute to learning about how to improve the performance of informal markets in developing countries.Item The role of mycotoxin contamination in nutrition: The aflatoxin story(Book Chapter, 2016-10-17) Ayalew, Amare; Hoffmann, Vivian; Lindahl, Johanna; Ezekiel, Chibundu N.Over the past decade, there has been increasing recognition that the quantity of food alone guarantees neither food security nor adequate nutrition as measured by metrics such as hunger, malnutrition, and stunting. Increasingly, policy and decision makers understand the need to include nutritional aspects into improvements of food systems. However, not as fully recognized is that unsafe, contaminated foods thwart these efforts and maintain an unacceptable status quo in food insecurity, poverty, and a range of health-related problems. All of this makes sustainable development more challenging. In 2010, foodborne hazards caused 600 million illnesses and 420,000 deaths across the world, with 40 percent of this disease burden occurring among children under five years of age (Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition 2016). Yet food safety has become an important precondition for access to global food markets and, increasingly, for high-value domestic markets in developing countries.Item Influencing food environments for healthy diets through food safety(Book Chapter, 2016-11-15) Grace, DeliaItem Risk analysis and risk mapping for transboundary animal diseases(Report, 2016-12-16) Bett, Bernard K.Item Health and environmental impact of agricultural intensification: Translating Ecohealth program-derived knowledge into practice(Brief, 2016-09) Hung Nguyen-Viet; Adisasmito, W.; Kittayapong, P.; Jing, F.; Dinh Xuan Tung; Phuc Pham DucItem Advancing Ecohealth in Southeast Asia and China: Lessons from the Field Building Leadership Initiative(Report, 2016-12) Field Building Leadership InitiativeItem Management of health risk from biogas effluent at smallholder pig farms in Vietnam: A transdisciplinary and community participatory approach(Brief, 2016-09) Phuc Pham Duc; Luu Quoc Toan; Nguyen Mai Huong; Dinh Xuan Tung; Tran Thi Tuyet Hanh; Tran Minh Hang; Pham Thi Huong Giang; Hung Nguyen-VietItem Health and social determinants of health in Vietnam: Local evidence and international implications(Journal Article, 2017-02) Hoang Van Minh; Hung Nguyen-VietItem Reduction of antimicrobial use and resistance needs sectoral-collaborations with a One Health approach: Perspectives from Asia [Editorial](Journal Item, 2017-02) Hung Nguyen-Viet; Chotinun, S.; Schelling, E.; Widyastuti, W.; Nguyen Viet Khong; Kakkar, M.; Beeche, A.; Jing, F.; Khamlome, Boualam; Tum, S.; Adisasmito, W.Item Verbreitung des Hausschweins in Uganda: Chancen & Herausforderungen(Presentation, 2016-09-29) Roesel, KristinaItem Food safety in Uganda's livestock value chains(Video, 2016-12-31) Roesel, KristinaKristina Roesel, coordinator of the Safe Food, Fair Food project which is led by ILRI in Uganda, explains how research is improving food safety in livestock value chains in the country.Item Building an African Leptospirosis Network(Poster, 2016-12-03) Benschop, J.; Allan, K.; Fayaz, A.; Bastos, A.D.S.; Collins-Emerson, J.; Crump, J.A.; Dobigny, G.; El Azhari, M.; El-Tras, W.F.; Halliday, J.; Koffi, S.K.; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Mgode, G.; Moseley, M.; Mubemba, B.; Naicker, P.; Rahelinirina, S.; Rakotomanana, F.; Rubbo, P.A.Although leptospirosis is a disease of global importance, local context is crucial to formulating effective intervention strategies. Factors including reservoir host species, pathogen type, environmental, and social settings generate context-specific epidemiologies. Diverse climatic zones, agricultural systems, urbanization patterns, and cultural practices in Africa are likely to drive considerable variation in leptospirosis epidemiology. There is growing evidence of a substantial burden of human leptospirosis in Africa that is difficult to quantify in part due to lack of surveillance and clinical awareness of leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is therefore rarely considered as a differential diagnosis for acute febrile illness, and there is little access to diagnostic services for leptospirosis on the continent. In 2016, a virtual network was founded focussing on improving awareness and understanding leptospirosis in Africa. We currently have 40 members from academia, clinical practice, government and non-governmental agencies and others. Current members are based predominantly in institutions outside the continent but increasingly colleagues based in public health, laboratories, veterinary, and academic institutions within Africa are joining. We will share our experiences of developing this network, and our plans for capacity building through identifying and addressing knowledge gaps in our understanding of leptospirosis in Africa.Item Ebola virus surveillance in pigs presenting for slaughter in Uganda(Poster, 2016-12-03) Atherstone, Christine; Alonso, Silvia; Grace, Delia; Ward, M.; Dhand, Navneet; Mor, Siobhan M.In 2008, Ebola Reston was discovered to infect pigs in the Philippines. Additionally, pigs have been experimentally infected with Ebola Zaire. Uganda has experienced five Ebola outbreaks with index cases unable to account for their source of infection. Over the past 30 years, the pig population in Uganda has increased by more than tenfold to meet growing consumer demand for pork. We are conducting research in regions of Uganda where pig keeping is an increasingly important livelihood strategy and where suitable ecological conditions exist for the emergence and persistence of pig-associated zoonotic diseases including Ebolavirus. Methods being used include repeated cross-sectional sampling of pigs presenting for slaughter during months when previous human Ebola outbreaks occurred in the country and when pig slaughter is known to increase. To determine effective locations for implementation of future surveillance and mitigation measures, pig trader network analysis to map pig trade volumes and routes is being done in conjunction with slaughterhouse surveillance. This is the first systematic, field-based study to determine if pigs are naturally infected with Ebolavirus in an area with previous outbreaks. Methods and findings to date will be shared.Item Sensitivity and specificity estimation for the clinical diagnosis of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the Egyptian participatory disease surveillance program(Journal Article, 2016-09-19) Verdugo, Cristobal; El Masry, I.; Makonnen, Y.; Hannah, H.; Unger, Fred; Soliman, M.; Galal, S.; Lubroth, J.; Grace, DeliaMany developing countries lack sufficient resources to conduct animal disease surveillance. In recent years, participatory epidemiology has been used to increase the cover and decrease the costs of surveillance. However, few diagnostic performance assessments have been carried out on participatory methods. The objective of the present study was to estimate the diagnostic performance of practitioners working for the Community-Based Animal Health and Outreach (CAHO) program, which is a participatory disease surveillance system for the detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Egypt. CAHO practitioners' diagnostic assessment of inspected birds was compared with real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) test results at the household level. Diagnostic performance was estimated directly from two-by-two tables using RRT-PCR as a reference test in two different scenarios. In the first scenario, only results from chickens were considered. In the second scenario, results for all poultry species were analyzed. Poultry flocks in 916 households located in 717 villages were inspected by CAHO practitioners, who collected 3458 bird samples. In the first scenario, CAHO practitioners presented sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) estimates of 40% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21%–59%) and 92% (95% CI: 91%–94%), respectively. In the second scenario, diagnostic performance estimates were Se = 47% (95% CI: 29%–65%) and Sp = 88% (95% CI: 86%–90%). A significant difference was observed only between Sp estimates (P < 0.01). Practitioners' diagnostics and RRT-PCR results were in very poor agreement with kappa values of 0.16 and 0.14 for scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. However, the use of a broad case definition, the possible presence of immunity against the virus in replacement birds, and the low prevalence observed during the survey would negatively affect the practitioners' performance.Item A pilot study of Leptospira in rodents in North-Eastern Kenya(Thesis, 2016-06-15) Kimari, M.W.Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease that disproportionately affects poor populations in the world. Prevalence data in human populations in pastoral communities has been shown to be high. The disease is therefore contributing to an unknown toll on livestock productivity as well as human health in these areas. Rodent populations in irrigated areas of Kenya have also seen a rise and this could lead to an increase transmission of rodent-borne diseases. This pilot study therefore aimed at demonstrating the presence of the bacteria in rodent carriers in Tana River and Garissa counties of Kenya, areas that are characterized by irrigation and pastoral activities respectively. Kidney and blood samples from 67 rodents previously collected from these areas (mainly mice and multimammate rats) were analyzed using PCR. Prevalence of leptospires in rodent carriers was found to be 41.8% (28/67). Prevalence in the towns was: 16% (4/25) in Bura; 42% (8/19) in Hola; 82% (9/11) in Ijara and 58% (7/12) in Sangailu. Prevalence was found to be influenced with the area of sampling, with rodents from the pastoral areas being more likely to have the bacteria than those from the irrigated areas (Odds Ratio = 6.095). Prevalence showed no association with the species and age of rodents. Sequencing data revealed the species in circulation among rodents is Leptospira interrogans. This pilot study is one of the few to demonstrate the bacteria in rodent carriers in North-Eastern Kenya, which illustrates the underplayed public health importance of the disease in this part of Kenya. The high rodent prevalence of these bacteria poses risk of transmission of the disease in animal and human populations. These results demonstrate the need for policy makers to consider disease emergence and transmission in these marginalized parts of Kenya. More epidemiological knowledge of the disease like circulating serotypes and role of animal hosts in the area will greatly aid in forming public health policy aimed at controlling the disease.Item Poisoned chalice: Toxin accumulation in crops in the era of climate change(Book Chapter, 2016-05-15) Harvey, Jagger J.W.; Macdevette, M.; Mutiga, Samuel K.; Mutuku, Josiah M.; Eldridge, T.; Emmrich, Peter M.F.; Grace, Delia; Senay, S.; Abate, A.; Darnell, Ross; Djikeng, AppolinaireItem Antimicrobial use in developing country agriculture and its implications(Presentation, 2016-06-03) Grace, Delia; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Robinson, Timothy P.Item A community participatory intervention model to reduce the health risks from biogas wastewater in Hanam Province, Vietnam(Poster, 2016-12) Luu Quoc Toan; Nguyen Mai Huong; Nguyen Tien Thanh; Pham Thi Huong Giang; Hanh Tran-Thi-Tuyet; Tran Minh Hang; Dinh Xuan Tung; Phuc Pham Duc; Hung Nguyen-VietIn Vietnam, using biogas to treat livestock waste is common, in particular on small holder farms. However, most small holder farms do not know how to use biogas correctly and wastewater can affect health and the environment. Using a participatory approach with farmers and other stakeholders we developed and implemented a set of interventions in Hanam province to reduce health risks from biogas wastewater. Twenty-four pig farmers were selected as a "core group" to be instrumental in developing the interventions and training other farmers to correctly use biogas. The intervention model was piloted for 6 months. Several outputs were obtained including i) approval and enforcement of a "huong uoc - village law" on environmental protection; ii) training of 24 farmers from the core group in communication skills to share information on using biogas; iii) development of a 6-step program of pig cage cleaning to limit waste loaded to biogas to improve the efficiency of biogas production; iv) a health monitoring books for humans and animals for use by families in the community. The results provided evidence that applying the participatory approach can lead to improved knowledge and practices of farmer using biogas and can reduce the health risks from biogas wastewater.