CIAT Abstracts in Proceedings
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Item Livestock Feeds Assessment in Southern Highlands in Tanzania(Poster, 2019-09-20) Mwendia, Solomon W.; Mwilawa, Angello; Nzogela, Beatus; Kizima, Jonas; Mangesho, Walter E.; Loina, Rose; Bwire, Julius M.N.; Notenbaert, An Maria OmerImportance of livestock in smallholder farms in Africa continue to be significant in households’ nutrition, incomes and for socio-cultural reasons. However, the sector faces various challenges including management, diseases and feeding among others. With the estimated doubling of demand for animal source foods especially in sub-Saharan Africa, due to rise in human population, efforts for improving livestock productivity are needed. Amongst the costs involved in cattle production, the feeding component takes 70% suggesting greater attention is required in feeding interventions for success to be realised. In an effort to contribute to improvement of livestock production in Southern Tanzania highlands, current feeding status was assessed in 3 districts (Mufindi, Njombe, Rugwe) following Feeds Assessment Tool protocol (FEAST https://www.ilri.org/feast). Information captured entailed; land size categories, livestock species reared, feed resources and seasonality, contribution of livestock to household incomes and most suited interventions were elucidated. In the three districts, dairy remains most prevalent amongst livestock species kept, and livestock in general is important for household incomes. Analysis suggest interventions on feeds and forages addressing protein and energy supply would be crucial, including forages suitable under cut and carry context, prevalent under smallholder farmers settings. Dry seasons are Characterized by inadequate feed resources. The information will guide selection of forage options to be tested through farmer participation, under Climate Smart Dairy Project (2019-2021) in the three districts. Identified farmer acceptable and productive forages will be recommended for the areas other similar ecologies, and by extension support forage development in Tanzania.Item Forage Options for Tanzania Southern Highlands: Preliminary assessment(Poster, 2019-09-20) Mwendia, Solomon W.; Mwilawa, Angello; Kizima, Angello; Bwire, Julius M.N.; Nzogela, Beatus; Mutua, John Y.; Notenbaert, An Maria OmerIn adequate quality and quantity, forages curtail animal production in sub-Saharan Africa. As such, the potential of livestock agriculture to contribute to household nutrition and incomes is usually compromised, against an increasing consumption of animal source foods. The growing consumption deserve forage interventions that can address the feeding gap, and contribute to improved livestock production, and subsequently livestock keepers’ prosperity. Using “Targeting Tools”, a web GIS system, we mapped the suitability of a wide array of grass and forage legumes for southern highlands. Using the maps, we selected context-specific varieties and procured available seeds/planting materials for pilot trials. Following farmers’ participatory approach, we established forage trials in three districts namely, Mufindi, Njombe and Rugwe of southern Tanzania highlands comprising of fourteen forage treatments. The test forages included; two Cenchrus purpureus (Syn. Pennisetum purpureum) cultivars, two Urochloa (Syn. Brachiaria) hybrids and Chloris gayana. Where applicable, we intercropped the grasses with three forage legumes- Lablab purpureus, Stylosanthes guianensis, and Desmodium intortum, while Tripsacum andersonii (Syn. Tripsacum laxum), a grass, was planted as a local check. We observed clear differences amongst the three districts and treatments. Dry matter accumulation (t ha−1) in the districts, and across the various forage treatments was in the order Rugwe>Mufindi>Njombe, even when accumulation kg DM day−1 was considered, in the early harvests. Most DM accumulation was by Napier grass intercropped with Lablab purpureus that was closely comparable to Chloris gayana-Desmodium intercrop. Further observations across more cuttings, farmer’ preference rankings and quality analysis are under way to inform reliable conclusions. The results would be applicable elsewhere with similar agricultural context and ecologies.Item A comparative Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) study using a non-supervised clustering analysis and an expert knowledge based model - A case study from Ahuachapán, El Salvador(Report, 2019) Martin López, Javier Mauricio; Silva, Mayesse Aparecida da; Valencia Gómez, Jefferson; Quintero, Marcela; Keough, Adam; Casares, FranciscoItem Drivers of Phosphorus Efficiency in Tropical and Subtropical Cropping Systems(Conference Paper, 2019-12-30) Das, Bianca; Huth, Neil I.; Probert, Merv; Paul, Birthe K.; Kihara, Job Maguta; Bolo, Peter Omondi; Rodríguez, Daniel; Herrero, Mario; Schmidt, SusannePhosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient but is commonly limiting for food production in tropical and subtropical maize cropping. The efficiency of P fertiliser uptake is often low (5–30%) for various site-specific reasons and so identifying the drivers of P efficiency for different systems is important. We conducted a sensitivity analysis on the parameters of a well-established cropping systems model (APSIM) for a wide range of soil, crop and management factors to understand their influence on yield. The analysis was conducted for two contrasting maize cropping systems: (a) a high-input, large-scale commercial system in subtropical Queensland, Australia and (b) a low-input, small-holder system in tropical, western Kenya. In Queensland, yield was most sensitive to available P and mineral N supply, and the sensitivity of both increased with in-crop rainfall. Available P was also the most important parameter in Western Kenya, but N supply had much weaker influence due to higher levels of organic matter. Parameters controlling P sorption were more important than other soil parameters at both sites irrespective of seasonal conditions. In conclusion, these results suggest that efforts to improve efficiency of P use by plants need to account for interactions between water and N supply in environments where these are limiting. They also highlight a potential constraint to modelling of these systems as some of the most influential parameters are difficult to measure directly.Item Mitigating Cassava Virus Pandemics in an increasingly Connected Global Environment: Lessons from the last 30 Years(Conference Paper, 2019-05) Legg, James P.; Wosula, Everlyne N.; Shirima, Rudolph; Yabeja, Juma; Ceasar, Gloria; Mrisho, Latifa; Casinga, Clerisse; Alicai, Titus; Anderson, Kelsey F.; Cuéllar, Wilmer Jose; Delaquis, Erik; Fauquet, Claude M.; Kanju, Edward; Garrett, Karen A.; Maruthi, N. M.; Siriwan, Wanwisa; Szyniszewska, Anna M.; Tumwegamire, Silver; Winter, Stephan; Kumar, P. LavaItem Towards a Curriculum for Biodiversity Informatics(Conference Proceedings, 2019) Parker-Allie, Fatima; Pando, Francisco; Ganglo, Jean C.; Telenius, Anders; Vélez, Danny; Gibbons, Mark John; Talukdar, Gautam; Vargas, Manuel; Radji, Raoufou A.; Koivula, Hanna; Heughebaert, André; Svindseth, Christian; Amariles, Daniel; Osawa, Takeshi; Raymond, Melianie; Russell, LauraBiodiversity informatics has been characterized as a rapidly growing interdisciplinary field, which aims to bring together the areas of biodiversity and informatics. A study was conducted looking at the current level of activity within the GBIF Participant countries and its associated network in relation to work-based training and/or academic teaching at universities, in the field of biodiversity informatics. It was intended to get an overview of GBIF Node Managers, (hence, member countries), already engaged in developing course curricula, or in providing training, and whether they would be willing to share resources or enter into collaborations, to further elaborate this field of science.This investigation followed a survey approach, conducted globally across the GBIF community to identify the existing capacities and resources within the network. The results indicated that the vast majority of GBIF Nodes survey respondents, are engaged in onsite training activities in biodiversity informatics areas, with a focus on professionals, mostly researchers, policy makers and students. Training includes data digitization, management, publishing, analysis and use, to enable the accessibility of analogue and digital biological data which currently resides as scattered databases/datasets.A list containing the associated URL's for training and dissemination activities in GBIF Nodes has been developed, based on survey results, and will be presented. An initial assessment of the academic teaching activities indicated that many countries across most regions were already engaged in the conceptualisation, development and/or implementation of formal academic programs in biodiversity informatics including Benin, Colombia, Costa Rica, Finland, France, India, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, Taiwan and Togo. This study also identified that digital e-learning platforms were a very important tool to help build capacity in a number of countries.To assess the level of potential in the network to support academic teaching and work-based training, sixty percent indicated that they would be willing to be recruited or commissioned to support teaching activities, demonstrating the value of the Nodes network to support the development of biodiversity informatics globally. The contributions and activities of various nodes across the network will be highlighted and a working high-level curriculum framework will be discussed.Item Pig Production in Uganda - Adapting to Climate Change(Conference Paper Abstract, 2019-09) Zaake, Paul; Ndambi, Oghaiki Asaah; Paul, Birthe K.; Marshall, Karen; Notenbaert, An Maria Omer; Ouma, Emily A.; Dione, Michel M.; Ouma, George O.Pigs are sensitive to heat stress as they lack functioning sweat glands and have small lungs, which reduce their ability to disseminate heat by panting. Moreover, there is limited attention to impacts of climate change on pigs in Uganda by stakeholders despite the potential vulnerability of pigs to heat stress. The objectives of the study were to i) determine the heat-stress status in pigs, ii) analyse factors influencing heat-stress, and iii) explore the heat-stress adaptation options in Lira District, Uganda. Data on heat-stress indicators was collected from a survey of 104 households and measuring 259 pigs in Ojwina (Urban) and Barr (Rural) sub-counties of Lira district. Heat-stress indicators included skin temperature (ST=36.32_C±2_C), and rectal temperature (RT=39.06_C±0.83_C). Ordinary Least Squares linear regression analysis assessed the factors influencing each of the heat-stress indicators. Adaptation options were explored during four gender dis-aggregated focus group discussions with 15 male and 16 female participants in total. The preferred adaptation options were analysed using the average preference rating. According to the farmers, 51.6% of the pigs were heat-stressed. The results showed that heat stress was influenced by the external temperature humidity index, pig management system, pig category, colour, heart girth, water quantity given, pig’s body condition score and time of the day. The results showed that the most preferred adaptation options included constructing a high pig pen roof to facilitate easy air flow (Average Preference Rating = APR = 4.75); pouring water on the pigs (APR = 4.63); and allowing pigs to swim/wallow (APR=4.48). These heat stress adaptation options are suited to the local farm conditions in Lira and offer insight into appropriate techniques that could be applied elsewhere to improve livelihoods and food security. This study confirmed the importance of heat stress risk to pig production in Uganda, and more attention from stakeholders and policy makers is needed.Item Life Cycle Assessment of small, medium and large dairy cattle farms in Colombia(Conference Proceedings, 2019-08) González Quintero, Ricardo; Barahona Rosales, Rolando; Chirinda, Ngonidzashe; Arango, Jacobo; Pantevez, Heiber Alexander; Bolívar Vergara, Diana María; Sánchez Pinzón, María SolangeIn Colombia, cattle production is responsible for 31% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the agricultural sector. Dairy farms account for 15% of the Colombian cattle herd. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of GHG emissions from these farms are not common, and when performed, are based on a small number of farms. LCA is important because the identification of appropriate GHG mitigation actions requires larger data sets. This study quantified the carbon footprints (CF) on 192 dairy farms in Colombia by using LCA methodology. Farms were classified according to their herd size: small (0-30 animals; n=94), medium (31-50; n=32), large (>50; n=66). Emissions were estimated using the GHG emission factors reported in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and locally estimated emission factors. A “cradle to farm gate” system boundary was established, and a physical allocation method proposed by the International Dairy Federation, was used to distribute GHG emissions between co-products. The functional units were 1 kg fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) and 1 kg live weight gain (LWG). The CF (kg CO2-eq kg-1FPCM/LWG) for medium (1.6 FPCM and 13.8 LWG) and large farmers (1.6 FPCM and 13.1 LWG) were the lowest among the categories. The medium and large farm categories were characterized by implementing better pasture and herd management practices, by the highest milk productivity (3240.8 and 3645.6 kgFPCM Cow-1Year-1) and stocking rate (4.5 AU ha-1;4.4 AU ha-1). It is possible to improve the environmental performance of farms by increasing productivity and adopting better agricultural practices.Item MIP-O-52. Confirmación de biotipos de Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) en Colombia(Conference Proceedings, 2019-07-19) Rodríguez Chalarca, Jairo; Marín L., Diana Victoria; Castillo, Diana Katherine; Becerra López Lavelle, Luis Augusto; Perez, Cristo RafaelItem Resilient beans for climate change: temperature thresholds, critically sensitive stages and underlying adaptations to heat and climate change.(Conference Paper, 2019) Miret, Javier A; Dilks, Tess; Deva, Chetan; Degiovanni, Hernan; Sakalauskiene, Sandra; Schiek, Benjamin E.; Prager, Steven D.; Raatz, Bodo; Urban, Milan Oldřich; Ramírez Villegas, Julián Armando; Beebe, Stephen E.; Dodd, Ian C.; Barnes, Andrew P.; Heuer, Sigrid; Challinor, Andrew J.; O'Sullivan, DonalItem Advances on Genome Edition of Cassava at CIAT(Conference Proceedings, 2018-06) Chavarriaga Aguirre, Paul; Brand, AlejandroItem Broad-spectrum resistance and susceptibility to bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak of rice(Conference Proceedings, 2018-08) Bossa Castro, Ana M.; Tekete, Cheick; Raghavan, Chitra; Delorean, Emily E.; Dereeper, Alexis; Verdier, Valerie M.; Dagno, Karim; Koita, Ousmane; Mosquera Cifuentes, Gloria Maria; Leung, Hei; Leach, Jan E.Quantitative trait loci (QTL) that confer broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) have been elusive targets of crop breeding programs. Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) and bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), respectively, are responsible for major losses in rice production in Asia and Africa. Controlling these two diseases is particularly important in Sub-Saharan Africa, where no sources of BSR are available in currently deployed varieties. Our goal is to identify novel, broad-spectrum resistance sources to control BLS and BB in rice, using a Multi-parent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC) population, derived from eight elite indica cultivars. MAGIC populations have an increased level of recombination and provide higher precision and resolution to detect QTL. The MAGIC parents and lines were genotyped and phenotyped in both greenhouse and field conditions by screening with diverse strains of Xoc and Xoo. Using genome-wide association and interval mapping analysis, we identified 37 strain-specific QTL, and 14 QTL effective against multiple X. oryzae strains. From these, three QTL are pathovar-specific and 11 confer resistance to both pathovars. By detecting phenotypic effects of causal alleles, we have identified resources that will facilitate a better understanding of how the involved genes contribute to resistance or susceptibility. Because the MAGIC founders are elite varieties, the BSR QTL identified can be rapidly incorporated into breeding programs to achieve more durable resistance to BLS and BB.Item Quantitative resistance to bacterial pathogens of rice(Conference Proceedings, 2018-07) Leach, Jan E.; Bossa Castro, Ana M.; Huerta, Alejandra I.; Delorean, Emily E.; Raghavan, Chitra; Tekete, Cheick; Dereeper, Alexis; Tonnessen, Bradley W.; Koita, Ousmane; Mosquera Cifuentes, Gloria Maria; Leung, Hei; Verdier, Valerie M.Disease resistance is the foundation for managing many plant diseases, because resistant varieties have the strongest impact with minimal environmental effects or cost. Consequently, sources of broad-spectrum resistance (BSR), or resistance that is effective against multiple and/or diverse pathogens is of particular interest. However, achieving BSR depends on having effective resistance sources to introgress into elite germplasm. Multi-parent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC) populations are powerful tools for identifying resistance because they have high levels of recombination and enhanced resolution relative to biparental populations. We screened an indica rice MAGIC population developed from eight elite founders for BSR to diverse strains of the rice bacterial blight and leaf streak pathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and X. o. pv. oryzicola (Xoc), respectively. In addition, building on our hypothesis that durable disease resistance is attainable by targeting key microbial virulence factors, we screened for resistance to Xoo strains isogenic for the known and common virulence factor TAL7b. A combination of genome-wide association studies and interval mapping analyses revealed a number of loci that conferred BSR to both Xoo and Xoc, as well as resistance targeted at TAL7b. These BSR QTL are excellent sources for durable, broadly effective resistance in the field.Item Identification of a torradovirus-encoded protein that complements the systemic movement of a potexvirus lacking the TGB3 gene(Conference Proceedings, 2018-07) Jiménez Polo, JenyferCassava torrado-like virus (CsTLV, Family Secoviridae) is found in mixed virus infections associated with severe disease symptoms in leaves and roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae), which is an important staple food crop for Africa, Asia and Latin America. The virus has been reported in Colombia, Peru and Argentina, where it has a significant effect on the accumulation of total sugars in cassava storage roots. CsTLV encodes an atypical Maf/HAM1 domain not found in other torradovirus genomes, but is present in heterologous viruses of the family Potyviridae also infecting euphorbiaceous hosts. Most viruses encode RNA silencing suppressors (RSS) to counteract the RNA silencing-based plant defense system. However no RSS has been yet identified in torradoviruses. To advance the characterization of CsTLV, agroinfiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves of different viral genes was carried out using GFP as a reporter. Like the Maf/HAM1 domain found in Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV; Genus: Ipomovirus), the one encoded by CsTLV did not show RSS activity. On the other hand, we found that agroinfiltration of RNA2-ORF1 had a significant effect in the establishment of systemic infection by Cassava virus X (CsVX; Genus: Potexvirus), a virus lacking one of the Triple Gene Block genes (TGB3), which is involved in potexvirus movement. Although we observed that single infection of CsTLV increased the expression of GUS in of GUS-transgenic cassava lines, none of the CsTLV genes in this study showed RSS activity.Item Exploring genebank for identification of biotic–abiotic combined tolerance in wild Phaseolus(Conference Proceedings, 2018-07) Mosquera Cifuentes, Gloria Maria; Cotes, Carlos; Arredondo, Victoria; Beebe, Stephen E.; Barrera, SantosClimate change is an important factor that is impacting production and distribution of beans, affecting directly plant development and indirectly by influencing changes in disease patterns. By 2020, an increase in precipitation would be expected in many African countries, and under these conditions root rot diseases will be favored. In order to address these limitations, it is necessary to find new genetic variants that could be used by breeding programs to develop better varieties resilient to climate change. Wild bean relatives are a useful resource that must be explored more extensively, since they harbor genes important for bean adaptation to diverse environments, and can be used to improve cultivated beans with superior performance against abiotic and biotic stress. More than 150 accessions from including Phaseolus vulgaris, Phaseolus coccineus, Phaseolus dumosus, Phaseolus costaricensis and Phaseolus albescens were phenotyped under greenhouse conditions for waterlogging tolerance and Pythium myriotylum resistance. Some accessions from P. vulgaris, P. coccineus, and P. dumosus showed to be tolerant to waterlogging and resistant to P. myriotylum at seedling stage. In total 6 accessions were crossed with SMR138 and BFS142, two bean breeding lines with superior quality as acceptable grain type, high yield, high iron content, low fertility tolerance. Populations are being advanced in order to transfer the resistant into elite lines to obtain bean lines tolerant to waterlogging and P. myriotylum resistance. Our research demonstrates the relevance of exploring gene banks as source of agronomic traits for breeding programs, being crop wild relatives an interesting resource waiting to be characterized and used to develop better varieties able to endure environmental constraints associated to climate change.Item Model-Based Assessment of Grazing Impact on Soil Carbon Stocks and Dynamics of a Kenyan Rangeland(Poster Abstract, 2018-09) Kuntu-Blankson, Kate; Sommer, Rolf; Kühne, Ronald F.; Gluecks, Ilona V.; Nyawira, Sylvia; Isselstein, JohannesItem Agronomic Evaluation of a Collection of Cenchrus ciliaris under Tropical Dry Forest Conditions(Poster Abstract, 2018-09) Gutiérrez Solís, Jhon Freddy; Vivas Quila, Nelson José; Peters, Michael; Morales Velasco, Sandra; Hincapie, BelisarioItem Multi-Locational Agronomic Evaluation of Four Forage Legumes Adapted to Degraded Soils of the Pat´ıa Valley in Cauca, Colombia(Conference Paper Abstract, 2018-09) Sotelo Cabrera, Mauricio Efren; Vivas Quila, Nelson José; Galindez, Jesús Gerardo; Barahona Rosales, Rolando; Morales Velasco, Sandra; Albán López, Noé; Arango, Jacobo; Peters, MichaelItem Mapping the suitability of tropical forages - now and in the future(Poster Abstract, 2018-09) Notenbaert, An Maria Omer; Mutua, John Y.; Mwendia, Solomon W.; Mukiri, JessicaItem Ex-Ante evaluation of the economic impact of adopting improved forages in the Colombian eastern plains(Poster Abstract, 2018-09) Enciso, Karen; Charry, Andrés; Burkart, Stefan