CGIAR Initiative on Transforming Agrifood Systems in South Asia

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/117910

Part of the CGIAR Action Area on Resilient Agrifood Systems

Primary CGIAR impact area: Nutrition, health and food security

https://www.cgiar.org/initiative/20-transforming-agrifood-systems-in-south-asia-tafssa/

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 433

Dry direct-seeded and broadcast rice: a profitable and climate-smart alternative to puddled transplanted aus rice in Bangladesh
(Journal Article, 2025-03-01) Ahmed, Sharif; Kumar, Virender; Asad Uz Zaman; Dewan, Mahbubur Rahman; Amina Khatun; Hossain, M. Khaled; Singh, Sudhanshu; Timsina, Jagadish; Krupnik, Timothy J.
Context: Dry direct-seeded rice (DSR) has been identified as a potential crop establishment method to reduce labor, water, and energy use, as well as the carbon footprint and is considered as a climate-smart practice for rice production. However, the economic feasibility and farmers’ adoption of DSR will likely depend on its productivity compared to the dominant practice of puddled transplanted rice (PTR). Tillage and crop management practices, landscape position, and rice cultivars are also likely to influence DSR productivity, profitability, energy use, and global warming potential (GWP). While numerous studies have compared the performance of DSR with PTR, none have evaluated DSR across different landscape positions to identify the most suitable landscape for expansion of DSR. Methods: We conducted multilocation and multi-year trials comparing the performance of spring ‘aus’ season rice establishment methods (machine drilled DSR, broadcasted DSR, and PTR) using three rice varieties (BRRI dhan83, BRRI dhan85, and Binadhan-19) under three landscape positions (highland, medium highland, and lowland) in three distinct districts and agroecological zones of Bangladesh. We evaluated productivity, profitability, energy use efficiency (EUE), energy productivity (EP), GWP, and yield-scaled emissions of each of these tillage and crop establishment systems. Results: Our results showed that the DSR had a similar or slightly lower yield (2–8 %) than PTR, but with lower labor use (15–47 %), lower production cost (US$ ∼150 ha−1), and higher net profit. Drill-DSR yielded similar to PTR under highlands and medium highlands, but as 9–16 % lower when grown on lowlands. EUE and EP were 15–40 % higher in DSR than in PTR due to lower energy requirements. Higher energy use in PTR primarily resulted from extra energy required for nursery raising, transplanting, puddling, and irrigation. DSR was associated with lower GWP and yield-scaled emissions of 56 to 66 % compared to PTR. Conclusions: This study suggests that DSR can be a more environmentally sound, economically viable, and climate-smart production system, found more suitable for highland and medium-highland environments. However, for the widespread adoption of DSR in Bangladesh and South Asia as a whole, the nuiances of landscape position should be considered and appropriate technological, social, and policy-level interventions will be necessary.
Challenges in the global cereal supply chain
(Book Chapter, 2025-01) Ibba, Maria Itria; Timsina, Jagadish; Odjo, Sylvanus; Palacios-Rojas, Natalia; Pawan Kumar Singh; Xinyao He; Alakonya, Amos; Krupnik, Timothy J.; Sonder, Kai
Corn, wheat, and rice are the world’s most widely grown and sizably consumed staple foods. Despite increased interest and the need and willingness to diversify diets, these crops continue to provide an estimated 42% of the world’s food calories and 37% of protein intake (Collete et al., 2014; FAOSTAT, 2023). Their grains are used in popular daily foods and have relatively long shelf lives. Their yields per area sown surpass those of other crops, and they are part of human culture, traditions, economies, and politics. With the world population projected to reach about 9.3 billion by 2050, the demand for these crops is expected to increase significantly, especially in developing regions including Africa and Asia, which are anticipated to have the fastest population growth (OECD/FAO, 2021; UN DESA/POP/2022/TR/ NO, 2022). Feeding a larger population will require not only dramatic increases in corn, wheat, and rice production but also more efficient ways to minimize grain losses during production, storage, and trade. At the same time, the effects of climate change, pandemics, market instabilities, and conflicts disrupt cereal-based agricultural systems and related supply chains, and these are expected to intensify, pushing an additional 75e95 million people into extreme poverty (United Nations, 2022). This chapter describes specific challenges to corn, wheat, and rice farming and supply chains worldwide, considering the complexity of constraint scenarios and the effects of cases such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine-Russia war. In this context, this chapter covers grain safety during production, storage, and transportation and the roles of plant breeding, integrated pest management, and agronomy in future supplies of these cereals.
Digging in: impact of land use changes on soil aggregation patterns and carbon stocks in the moist tropics of the Mizoram in the Indomalayan realm
(Journal Article, 2025-03) Chowlani Manpoong; Tripathi, Shri Kant; Aravindakshan, Sreejith; Krupnik, Timothy J.
Land use change in moist tropical regions can significantly affect soil stability and carbon stocks, particularly with the conversion from primary forests. This study investigated the effects of land-use on soil aggregation and associated carbon stocks. A total of 200 soil samples were collected across five land-use, comprising rubber (RP) and oil palm plantations (OPP), bamboo forests (BF), fallow land (FL), and natural forest (NF). A comprehensive land-use intensity index, encompassing six key dimensions of land-use change, was integrated into robust regression models. The soil analyses revealed that macroaggregates dominated the top 15 cm (51–64 %), followed by meso- (30–39 %) and microaggregates (6–12 %). At deeper depths (15–30 cm), mesoaggregates prevailed (45.3–52.1 %). NF and BF exhibited the highest microaggregate fractions, resulting in lower mean weight diameter (MWD) and potentially lower aggregate stability. In contrast, RP and OPP displayed the highest macroaggregate distribution and MWD. Soil organic carbon generally decreased with land-use change from NF to FL and plantations, except for RP. MWD significantly correlated with silt and clay content, while meso- and micro-aggregates correlated with silt/clay content, MWD, and nitrogen (N). Models revealed that land-use intensity, bulk density, porosity, and N significantly influenced soil aggregate size. Notably, land-use intensity was lower in NF, BF, and FL compared to plantations (RP and OPP). The findings highlight the critical impact of land-use change in moist tropical regions on soil aggregation and carbon stocks, crucial for assessing the environmental consequences of converting natural forests to agricultural plantations. The study advances knowledge by introducing a comprehensive land-use intensity index, providing insights for sustainable land management and climate action. However, the findings are region-specific, and long-term experimentation and monitoring are needed to fully understand the effects of land use change on soil.
Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia. COVID Recovery and Resilience Activity: Comprehensive Assessment of Post-Harvest Enterprises, 21 November 2021- 30 June 2024
(Report, 2024) Narendra Niroula
The assessment report 2024 is a summary of the progress based on the objectives set by the USAID-funded CSISA Project. This report highlights the objectives, the work approaches, and the results of the set objectives in the given period. The report also provides highlights of the business status of post-harvest enterprises working in the seven different districts - Kailai, Kanchanpur, Bunke, Bardiya, Shurket, Dang, and Kapilvastu - immediately after the COVID-19 pandemic. The activities carried out by the project in coordination with both public and private stakeholders to achieve the set objectives are summarized in the report. CSISA supported 86 post-harvest enterprises across seven districts through the COVID-19 Response and Recovery program. CSISA supported 86 post-harvest enterprises by linking them with financial institutions such as banks and cooperatives, providing them with technical and financial training with materials support; however, 65 are actively operating their business and reaching out to 2,199 farmers who directly benefited from those post-harvest enterprises. Among 65 post-harvest business, 30 were from dairy processing, 14 from pickle production, 14 from sauce production, 5 from spice processing, and 2 from Agri-processing and drying. Similarly, a noteworthy 55% are owned by women, while 35% are owned by individuals from marginalized groups, including Dalit, Disadvantaged Janajatis, and Disadvantaged Madhesi communities. Similarly, a 46 to 93% increase in revenues growth was generated by the port-harvest enterprises across all the CSISA working districts.
Impact of pump electrification on crop diversification in Bangladesh: Evidence from the Bangladesh integrated household survey
(Preprint, 2024-11) Banerjee, Anurag; Chakraborty, Shreya; Deepak Varshney
Bangladesh's agricultural sector, crucial to its economy, has undergone a significant transformation in recent years, largely due to the shift from diesel to electric irrigation pumps. This study investigates the impact of this energy transition on crop diversification. While there is extensive literature on crop diversification, the effects of changing energy sources have remained underexplored. Leveraging the substantial increase in pump electrification over the past decade, we utilize data from the Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS) for 2011, 2015, and 2018 to examine this shift. Our hypothesis posits that the transition to electric pumps influences cropping patterns by lowering irrigation costs. Using difference-indifferences (DID) and fixed effect model, we find that pump electrification significantly alters cropping patterns. Specifically, we observe a 5.5 percentage point increase in paddy cultivation and a 4.9 percentage point decrease in non-paddy crops. Notably, the rise in the overall paddy proportion is primarily driven by an increase in boro paddy cultivation, while the decline in non-paddy crops is attributed to a reduction in wheat cultivation. These findings highlight the effects of cheaper irrigation through electric pumps, which may disproportionately favor waterintensive paddy cultivation. Policymakers should consider these insights when designing strategies to promote more diverse and nutritionally beneficial cropping patterns.
The impact of social networks on electric pump adoption and irrigation access in Bangladesh's informal water markets
(Preprint, 2024) Deepak Varshney; Banerjee, Anurag; Chakraborty, Shreya; Kishore, Avinash; Manikanta Radhakrishna; Mukherji, Aditi
This study examines the role of social networks in the adoption of electric pumps and water buyers' access to irrigation water through electric pumps in Bangladesh. Despite government efforts, adoption rates have remained low (2.5%), especially among small and marginal farmers. Using a "networks within sample" approach, we surveyed 1,225 farmers in 60 villages across Rajshahi and Rangpur divisions of Northwest Bangladesh, gathering information on social interactions among the surveyed farmers within each village. Our analysis reveals significant positive network effects: having an electric pump owner in one's social network increases the likelihood of adoption. Network effects on irrigation market access are more pronounced within the same land size class compared to social interactions across different classes. Notably, the impact on water buyers' access to irrigation through electric pumps is less pronounced when small farmers socially interact with large farmer pump owners in their social network than when the situation is reversed.
Modelling groundwater futures under climatic uncertainty for local policy and planning: a case of quantification of groundwater resources at sub-regional level in the Ganges basin
(Preprint, 2024-08) Mizan, Syed Adil; Sikka, Alok K.; Chakraborty, Shreya; Laing, Alison M.; Urfels, Anton; Krupnik, Timothy J.
Demand for water has increased sixfold globally over the past century due to changes in consumption patterns, economic development, and population growth. This trend is predicted to continue. This rise puts immense strain on groundwater supplies, particularly in highly groundwater dependent countries like India, endangering their food and water availability. Assessing the impacts of climate change on aquifers' seasonal replenishment is thus crucial for planning for future local food and water security. This study looks at how future groundwater levels will be affected by climate change in relation to important functioning thresholds that are typical for aquifers that replenish periodically. For this we use a case study from the Nalanda district in the Lower Ganges River Basin in India, using in situ observed data to build a conceptual hydrogeological model. This model is then numerically simulated for 18 years (2000-2018) using the MODFLOW-NWT model, calibrated and validated within 5% root mean square error (RMSE). We project future groundwater levels from 2018 to 2060 using the CMIP6 global climate model, using precipitation data from three GCMs selected based on their different projected scenarios of levels of high intensity rainfall. Given the key role of low intensity rainfall in groundwater recharge, we find that incorporating rainfall intensity in groundwater models can be crucial for more robust projections. Our findings show that higher total rainfall does not necessarily equate to higher recharge or lesser groundwater declines. Instead, the least groundwater declines were found in projections where relatively higher total rainfall was also associated with lower high-intensity rainfall periods, highlighting the need for combining and comparing varied SSPs and climate models for accurate future trends. At the sub-regional level, we find that climate change could lead to maximum groundwater loss of ~ 0.8 km3 in 42 years in Nalanda district. Current trend analysis (2000–2018) already shows a negative annual groundwater balance. Even assuming no changes to current groundwater extraction rates, climate change will result in decreased groundwater levels and storage. The projection trends also reveal distinct short-term, medium-term, and long-term shifts which offer different policy windows for managing and governing the groundwater resources.
Hard and soft climate-smart investments in aquaculture in Bangladesh: Conditioning factors and decision space
(Journal Article, 2025-01-01) Amjath-Babu, Tharayil Shereef; Hossain, Peerzadi; Anee, Sanzida Akhter; Mohammed, Essam Yassin; Krupnik, Timothy
Climate change and its’ associated weather variabilities and extremes are posing significant risks to aquaculture productivity, particularly in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. Concurrently, the increasing population and shifting consumption patterns are driving higher demand for aquacultural products. This study investigates the impact of floods, heavy rainfall, tidal surges, high temperatures, droughts, erratic rainfall, and water quality parameters (Dissolved Oxygen, ammonia, pH) on investments in “hard” assets, such as specific fish-farm equipment (aquaculture nets, fish cages, thermometers, irrigation pumps), to enhance climate resilience. Additionally, the study explores “soft” investments in information services that provide advanced forecasts on monsoon onset, heavy rainfall, dry spells, high temperature and cold spells. The results indicate that the level of investment in climate-smart aquaculture is currently influenced by climate stresses, investment capacity (farm size, family size), aquaculture system characteristics (pond size and depth, type of fish, aggregate yields), and market-related factors (proximity to roads and markets). In the context of climate-informed decision-making, forecast-based advisory services can facilitate the transition to climate-smart aquaculture. However, the benefits of the information services are often linked to substantial investments in hard infrastructure that ensure the effective utilization of climate information and advisory services. This absence of accessible climate information services and the capacity to invest in climate smart equipment that makes the information actionable, hinder the transition to climate smart aquaculture by smallholder farmers and hence threaten their livelihood and nutritional security.
Evaluating market access and food consumption trends in rural communities: insights from a high-frequency integrated market survey in Bangladesh
(Brochure, 2024-12) Faijul Kabir, A.N.M.; Ahmed, Sharif; Veettil, Prakashan Chellattan; Krupnik, Timothy J.
This research note provides a comprehensive analysis of food consumption and dietary patterns, utilizing high-frequency data from consumers and various markets. It underscores TAFSSA’s (Transforming Agri-Food Systems in South Asia) commitment to the food production-to-consumption continuum, emphasizing equitable access to sustainable and healthy diets. The study delves into the dynamics of food systems and market trends in Northern Bangladesh, focusing on four districts—Rajshahi, Chapai Nawabganj, Rangpur, and Dinajpur. The research examines price fluctuations when locally produced diversified foods, enter the market. These findings highlight the benefits of crop diversification for farmers and its impact on local and regional market dynamics. Data for this research note is derived from a biweekly high-frequency survey conducted over a year, starting in August 2023. It provides preliminary insights into consumer food consumption and dietary patterns, the production of diversified crops price trends over time, and their impact on local food systems.
The nutritional impact of diversified cropping systems: comparing diversified cropping patterns in Rangpur, Bangladesh
(Brochure, 2024-10) Md. Arifur Rahaman; Alanuzzaman Kurishi, A.S.M.; Cheesman, Stephanie; Hossain, Md. Khaled; Parupalli, V.L. Bharathi; Md. Afzal Hossain; Hossain, Shakhawat; Ferdous, Zannatul; Huda, Md. Shamsul; Gathala, Mahesh Kumar; Krupnik, Timothy J.
Bangladesh relies heavily on rice-based cropping systems to ensure food security. However, this dependence limits crop diversification, which is vital for improving agricultural productivity in a densely populated country with limited arable land. This trial summarizes the nutritional yield results from diversified cropping systems after one complete cycle. The study area was selected based on factors such as food security, nutrition adequacy, environmental degradation, and climate challenges—key considerations for achieving TAFSSA’s goals. The research aims to promote crop diversification and identify strategies for cultivating nutrient-rich crops that provide essential macro- and micronutrients.
Exploration of economic and environmental impacts of sustainable diversification in the eastern IGP of India
(Brochure, 2024-12) Choudhary, K.M.; Kalvania, K.C.; Ali, Shahid; Sinha, Pooja; Kumar, Sanjeev; Jat, R.K.; Bijarniya, Deepak; Krupnik, Timothy J.; Gathala, Mahesh K.
Challenges to the agricultural systems in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains (EIGP) include low crop productivity correlated with the region’s increased poverty, farmers’ low investment capability and aversion to risk, and increasing energy and input costs, in addition to climatic variability. The EIGP is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change because of terminal heat in summers, frequent droughts and flood risks, and increasingly erratic monsoon rainfall behavior in recent decades. This research brief presents the findings from on-farm participatory approach research trials focused on the climate-resilient and profitable alternative crop diversification options over to the dominating existing cropping systems. These on-farm research trials were conducted by the Transforming Agrifood Systems in South Asia (TAFSSA) Initiative with the partnership of CGIAR Institutes, JEEViKA, and the Department of Agriculture in Nalanda district of Bihar, India.
The nutritional impact of diversified cropping systems: comparing diversified cropping patterns in Dinajpur, Bangladesh
(Brochure, 2024-10) Md. Arifur Rahaman; Alanuzzaman Kurishi, A.S.M.; Cheesman, Stephanie; Hossain, Md. Khaled; Parupalli, V.L. Bharathi; Md Nuruzzaman Haque; Hossain, Shakhawat; Ferdous, Zannatul; Huda, Md. Shamsul; Gathala, Mahesh Kumar; Krupnik, TimothyJ.
This trial brief summarizes the results of nutritional yields from diversified cropping systems after one full cropping cycle. The area for the trial was selected based on factors such as food security and nutrition adequacy, environmental degradation, and climate challenges, which are critical for achieving TAFSSA’s goals. Therefore, this research trial aims to highlight the importance of crop diversification and identify strategies to increase the cultivation of nutritionally rich crops that provide essential macro- and micronutrients.
Impact of diverse cropping patterns on greenhouse gas emissions: assessing energy use efficiency in Rangpur District, Bangladesh
(Brochure, 2024-12) Md. Arifur Rahaman; Alanuzzaman Kurishi, A.S.M.; Cheesman, Stephanie; Hossain, Md. Khaled; Hussain, Afzal; Ferdous, Zannatul; Gathala, Mahesh Kumar; Krupnik, Timothy J.
Bangladesh relies heavily on rice-based cropping systems to maintain food security. Additionally, crop diversification, which also contribute to enhance agricultural productivity and profitability in a nation with a high population density and scarce arable land. However, greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector is remain unclear. On-farm research trials briefly summarize the results of greenhouse gas emissions from a diversified cropping systems after one full cropping cycle. This trial was conducted in the Chargonai and Shibdeb villages of the Rangpur district, addressing total global warming potential, total energy use, and emissions intensity, which are crucial for achieving TAFSSA’s goals. Therefore, the trial aims to emphasize climate change effects to identify strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural land.
Understanding dietary diversity gains from agronomic-nutritional interventions across age and gender: a longitudinal analysis using repeated measures ANOVA and mixed-effects modeling
(Brochure, 2024-10) Kamal, Mustafa; Md. Arifur Rahaman; Nandi, Ravi; Parupalli, V.L. Bharathi; Aravindakshan, Sreejith; Hossain, Md. Khaled; Krupnik, Timothy J.
This brief presents the results of the Diet Quality Questionnaire (DQQ), examining the influence of age, gender, and agronomic-nutritional interventions across a longitudinal study from January 2023 to February 2024. Data were collected over five discrete time points, capturing dietary patterns and quality across three major agricultural production seasons—Rabi, Kharif I, and Kharif II—in Bangladesh.
Post-intervention outcomes in farmer behaviour and crop diversification in Rajshahi, Bangladesh
(Brochure, 2024-10) Nandi, Ravi; Hossain, Md. Khaled; Anupama Islam Nisho; Saiful Islam; Alanuzzaman Kurishi, A.S.M.; Sumona Shahrin; Mustafa Kamrul Hasan; Md. Arifur Rahaman; Krupnik, Timothy J.
This brief summarizes the results from post-intervention outcomes in farmer behavior covering a) preferred cropping patterns among farmers; b) perceived benefits, challenges, and transaction costs of crop diversification, and c) market awareness among trial farmers. Data were collected through face-to-face surveys involving on-farm trail farmers in the Rajshahi district.
Integrated business model for bio-fortified rice and diversified crops in Bangladesh
(Brochure, 2024-12) Ahmed, Sharif; Miajy, Abu Abdullah; Alanuzzaman Kurishi, A.S.M.; Krupnik, Timothy J.; Veettil, Prakashan Chellatan
This brief shows TAFSSA’s (Transforming Agri-food System in South Asia) market linkage activities for biofortified rice and diversified crops in different districts which were selected as the learning landscape location in Bangladesh. It also highlighted how TAFSSA is working to expand and develop integrated market systems for biofortified rice and diversified crops. It may help researchers and policymakers develop future activities on diversified crop expansion in Bangladesh.
TAFSSA stakeholder mapping: nutrition policy and awareness in Bangladesh
(Brochure, 2024-11) Nur A Mahajabin Khan; Amitaksha Nag; Parvin, Aklima; Krupnik, Timothy J.
The map provides a high-level view of the stakeholder network of the food and nutrition sub-system in Bangladesh including crop, livestock and aquaculture products. This is part of an effort to understand the networks of the agri-food system as integrated production, marketing, nutrition, and climate sub-systems. The leading question for this mapping exercise is: Who are the primary organizations, institutions and individuals in the public and private sectors that influence food (including crop, livestock and aquaculture products), nutrition policy, and nutrition awareness in Bangladesh? The following analysis uncovers the broader patterns of drivers, barriers and gaps within the nutrition sub-system network that inform potential stakeholder interventions to bring about the desired change in the agrifood system.
Enhancing nutritional yields through efficient crop diversification: comparison to the common of rice-rice system in Bangladesh. Comparing diversified cropping patterns in Dinajpur, Bangladesh
(Brochure, 2024-12) Washiq, Faisal; Krupnik, Timothy J.; Hossain, Akbar; Aonti, Annika Jahan; Md. Mobinur Rahman; Gathala, Mahesh Kumar
Focusing on economic access to nutritious foods, updated and improved estimates show that more than one-third of people in the world – about 2.8 billion – could not afford a healthy diet in 2022. low-income countries having the largest percentage of the population that is unable to afford a healthy diet (71.5 percent). (FAO, 2024) This research note focuses to accelerate the transformation of our agrifood systems through introducing different diversified cropping options especially for the northern part of Bangladesh to strengthen their resilience to the major drivers and address inequalities to ensure that healthy diets are affordable and available to all. The research trial was established at the Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute (BWMRI) in Dinajpur, Bangladesh in August 2022.
Intensifying agriculture in Southern Bangladesh: unlocking mungbean productivity through innovative management practices
(Brochure, 2024) Hossain, Md. Khaled; Atikuzzamman, Md.; Anisur Rahaman; Laing, Alison M.; Krupnik, Timothy J.
The study demonstrates that adopting BARC-recommended fertilizer rates, combined with rhizobium seed inoculation, significantly increases mungbean yields and profitability compared to current farmer practices. Treatments T3 (BARC-recommended fertilizer) and T4 (BARC-recommended fertilizer with rhizobium inoculation) produced the highest yields and gross margins, with T4 showing a synergistic effect between fertilizer and rhizobium inoculation. While rhizobium inoculation was effective in enhancing productivity, variability in its performance among farmers suggests the need for consistent application methods and training. Despite the profitability of these practices, broader adoption is limited by factors such as resource availability, and farmers’ limited knowledge about the benefits and application of these improved practices.
A facilitator’s guide for nutrition training in Bangladesh: a training of trainers module
(Brochure, 2024-11) Parupalli, V.L. Bharathi; Parvin, Aklima; Mahjabin, Tasnima; Scott, Samuel; Cheesman, Stephanie; Rowshan, Radia; Krupnik, Timothy J.
In the context of nutrition sensitive agriculture, it's crucial to empower farmers with the right knowledge on producing crops to meet their nutritional requirements. This publication, 'A facilitator's guide for nutrition training in Bangladesh’ has been produced as a part of action research in the CGIAR Regional Integrated Initiative Transforming Agrifood Systems in South Asia (TAFSSA) that aims to deliver a coordinated program of research and engagement across the food production–to–consumption continuum to support equitable access to sustainable healthy diets, improve farmer livelihoods and resilience, and conserve land, air and groundwater resources. In our experience, not all farmers or farming communities have information on the ways in which the crops, livestock, and fish products they may produce are linked to nutrition outcomes. This training module is therefore a response to this important community-level information gap. The contents of this module have been systematically organized into six sessions, accompanied by illustrative examples of participatory teaching approaches to help the facilitators deliver the contents in an interactive way.

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