Country Climate Profiles - National Level

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/119366

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Scaling of Climate-Smart Agriculture via Climate-Smart Villages in Southeast Asia: Insights and Lessons from Vietnam, Laos, Philippines, Cambodia and Myanmar
(Working Paper, 2021-11-04) Barbon, Wilson John; Punzalan, Bermenito; Wassmann, Reiner; Bui, Le Vinh; Vidallo, Rene R.; Villanueva, Jerome; Talsma, Tiffany; Bayot, Ruvicyn; Gonsalves, Julian Francis
This strong correlation between agriculture and climate change has led to the emergence of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) that seeks to balance agricultural productivity within the bounds of our climate. The CSV approach is participatory research for development approach that serve as testing ground for best context-specific CSA technologies and practices. International organizations have identified scaling of agricultural innovations as a priority agenda. In 2015, CGIAR-CCAFS began expanding the CSV approach in Southeast Asia with the establishment of seven CSVs in the region. Through the efforts of various partners, these CSVs have grown to 90 CSVs. This paper is presented as synthesis of the diverse experiences of the CSVs in Southeast Asia. The authors have reviewed key publications generated since 2015 in order to draw highlights and key lessons on scaling CSA via the CSV approach. The pathways of scaling can be through knowledge transfer, policy incidence and commercialization. Scaling can also be technology-driven and institution-driven processes. In the experience of the CSVs in Southeast Asia, a combination of various approaches was implemented to achieve scaling of CSA via CSVs. The CSVs have leveraged knowledge transfer activities via farmer-farmer to engagements and roving workshops. The CSVs also maximized the opportunities in national policies where it can mainstream CSA and CSVs. Policies such as Vietnam’s Nong Thon Moi national rural development program, Myanmar’s Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy and the Philippine Department of Agriculture systemwide program called Adaptation and Mitigation Initiative in Agriculture, are all significant policy drivers of scaling CSA via CSVs in these countries. Albeit, on its early stages, the CSV in the Philippines and the work of IIRR in Cambodia have also utilized an economic, market-driven approach to scaling specific CSA options for these communities.
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Chad
(Report, 2021-09) International Center for Tropical Agriculture; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; World Bank; Jaquet, Stéphanie; Houessionon, Prosper; Patallet, Bianpambe; Beassemda, Lydie; Giles, James; Gonzales, Carlos; Otieno, Mary; Kinyua, Ivy Wambui
The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects an ambition to improve the integration of agriculture development and climate responsiveness. CSA aims to achieve food security and broader development goals under a changing climate and increasing food demand. CSA initiatives can sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, and reduce/remove greenhouse gases (GHGs), but require planning to address trade-offs and synergies between the three CSA pillars, namely: productivity, adaptation, and mitigation(1). The priorities of different countries and stakeholders can converge towards achieving more efficient, effective, and equitable food systems that address challenges in environmental, social, and economic dimensions across productive landscapes. While the CSA concept is new, and still evolving, many of the practices that make up CSA already exist worldwide and are used by farmers to cope with different types of production risks(2). Mainstreaming CSA requires critical stocktaking of ongoing and promising practices for the future, and of institutional and financial enablers for CSA adoption and scaling. This country profile provides a snapshot of a baseline created to initiate discussions on entry points for investing in CSA at scale in Chad.
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Indonesia
(Report, 2021-05) Savelli, Adam; Atieno, Mary Otieno; Giles, James; Santos, Josh; Leyte, James Elwyn D.; Nguyen, Nam Vu Bao; Koostanto, Haryanti; Sulaeman, Yiyi; Douxchamps, Sabine; Grosjean, Godefroy
This CSA Country Profile describes the risks posed by climate change to agriculture in Indonesia, discusses the potential of CSA to attenuate those risks, identifies factors that can influence the adoption of CSA practices, and highlights potential entry points for investment in CSA at scale. The report is split into two parts; the National Profile and Provincial Profiles. In the National Profile, agriculture’s relation to economic development, livelihoods, specific social groups, land use, food security, and greenhouse gas emissions are explored, in addition to agricultural production systems critical to national food security and livelihoods. In the Provincial Profiles, qualitative research is employed to delve deeper into farming systems and agricultural value chains across three Indonesian Provinces (East Java, North Sumatra, and Nusa Tenggara Timur).
Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technology Portfolios for Rice-Based Systems (Saline, Upland, and Lowland Ecosystems)
(Brochure, 2018-01-01) Gonsalves, Julian Francis; Or, Thy; Yim, Soksophors; Tong, Chantheang
This Primer for Cambodia is describing ways to improve rice productivity by improving the management of soils and crops such as: further diversification of varieties, the inclusion of stress-tolerant rice varieties, the introduction of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), re-introduction of legumes, and management of crop residues and fertilizers.
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Seychelles
(Brief, 2019-11-01) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics; International Center for Tropical Agriculture; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects an ambition to improve the integration of agriculture development and climate responsiveness. It aims to achieve food security and broader development goals under a changing climate and increasing food demand. CSA initiatives sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, and reduce/remove greenhouse gases (GHGs), and require planning to address tradeoffs and synergies between these three pillars: productivity, adaptation, and mitigation [1]. The priorities of different countries and stakeholders are reflected to achieve more efficient, effective, and equitable food systems that address challenges in environmental, social, and economic dimensions across productive landscapes. While the concept is new, and still evolving, many of the practices that make up CSA already exist worldwide and are used by farmers to cope with various production risks [2]. Mainstreaming CSA requires critical stocktaking of ongoing and promising practices for the future, and of institutional and financial enablers for CSA adoption. This country profile provides a snapshot of a developing baseline created to initiate discussion, both within countries and globally, about entry points for investing in CSA at scale.
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Guinea-Bissau
(Brief, 2019-11-01) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics; International Center for Tropical Agriculture; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects an ambition to improve the integration of agriculture development and climate responsiveness. It aims to achieve food security and broader development goals under a changing climate and increasing food demand. CSA initiatives sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, and reduce/remove greenhouse gases (GHGs), and require planning to address tradeoffs and synergies between these three pillars: productivity, adaptation, and mitigation [1]. The priorities of different countries and stakeholders are reflected to achieve more efficient, effective, and equitable food systems that address challenges in environmental, social, and economic dimensions across productive landscapes. While the concept is new, and still evolving, many of the practices that make up CSA already exist worldwide and are used by farmers to cope with various production risks [2]. Mainstreaming CSA requires critical stocktaking of ongoing and promising practices for the future, and of institutional and financial enablers for CSA adoption. This country profile provides a snapshot of a developing baseline created to initiate discussion, both within countries and globally, about entry points for investing in CSA at scale.
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Cabo Verde
(Brief, 2019-11-01) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics; International Center for Tropical Agriculture; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects an ambition to improve the integration of agriculture development and climate responsiveness. It aims to achieve food security and broader development goals under a changing climate and increasing food demand. CSA initiatives sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, and reduce/remove greenhouse gases (GHGs), and require planning to address tradeoffs and synergies between these three pillars: productivity, adaptation, and mitigation [1]. The priorities of different countries and stakeholders are reflected to achieve more efficient, effective, and equitable food systems that address challenges in environmental, social, and economic dimensions across productive landscapes. While the concept is new, and still evolving, many of the practices that make up CSA already exist worldwide and are used by farmers to cope with various production risks [2]. Mainstreaming CSA requires critical stocktaking of ongoing and promising practices for the future, and of institutional and financial enablers for CSA adoption. This country profile provides a snapshot of a developing baseline created to initiate discussion, both within countries and globally, about entry points for investing in CSA at scale.
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Belize
(Report, 2018-10-01) International Center for Tropical Agriculture; World Bank
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is agriculture that has been transformed and reoriented to support development and ensure food security in the face of climate change. CSA aims to tackle three main objectives: sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and farmers’ incomes, adapting and building resilience to climate change, and reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas emissions [4]. The CSA approach can help to identify and address synergies and trade-offs involved in pursuing the three objectives by addressing the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of sustainable development across agricultural landscapes. The approach helps to align the needs and priorities of different stakeholders to achieve more resilient, equitable, and sustainable food systems. In Belize, CSA is understood to be agriculture that sustainably increases productivity and incomes, improves the ability of producers to adapt to climate change and build community resilience, and enhances food and nutrition security, while achieving mitigation co-benefits in line with national development priorities. While the CSA concept is still evolving, many of the practices and technologies that make up CSA already exist worldwide and are being used successfully [5]. Mainstreaming CSA in Belize will require systematic identification of locally effective CSA practices, diagnosis of barriers to adoption of those practices, evaluation of strategies to overcome the barriers, and ensuring the presence of institutional and financial enablers. This CSA Country Profile describes the risks posed by climate change to agriculture in Belize, discusses the potential of CSA to mitigate those risks, identifies factors that can influence adoption of CSA practices, and points to potential entry points for investing in CSA at scale.
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Malawi
(Report, 2018-10-01) International Center for Tropical Agriculture; World Bank
The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects an ambition to improve the integration of agriculture development and climate responsiveness. CSA aims to achieve food security and broader development goals under a changing climate and increasing food demand. CSA initiatives can sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, and reduce/remove greenhouse gases (GHGs), but require planning to address trade-offs and synergies between the three CSA pillars, namely: productivity, adaptation, and mitigation(1). The priorities of different countries and stakeholders can converge towards achieving more efficient, effective, and equitable food systems that address challenges in environmental, social, and economic dimensions across productive landscapes. While the CSA concept is new, and still evolving, many of the practices that make up CSA already exist worldwide and are used by farmers to cope with different types of production risks(2). Mainstreaming CSA requires critical stocktaking of ongoing and promising practices for the future, and of institutional and financial enablers for CSA adoption and scaling. This country profile provides a snapshot of a baseline created to initiate discussions on entry points for investing in CSA at scale in Malawi.
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Kyrgyzstan
(Brief, 2018-11-23) World Bank; International Center for Tropical Agriculture
The CSA profile for the Kyrgyz Republic was developed with funding from the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) (see https://www.gfdrr.org/en/who-we-are).
Climate-Smart Agriculture in the Gambia
(Brief, 2018-11-20) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics; International Center for Tropical Agriculture
This The Gambia country CSA profile provides a snapshot of a developing baseline created to initiate discussion, both within countries and globally, about entry points for investing in CSA at scale.
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Côte d’Ivoire
(Brief, 2018-10-10) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
This Côte d'Ivoire country profile provides a snapshot of a developing baseline created to initiate discussion, both within countries and globally, about entry points for investing in CSA at scale.
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Benin
(Brief, 2018-10-09) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
This Benin country CSA profile provides a snapshot of a developing baseline created to initiate discussion, both within countries and globally, about entry points for investing in CSA at scale.
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Lesotho
(Brief, 2018-09-06) International Center for Tropical Agriculture; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security; World Bank
The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects an ambition to improve the integration of agricultural development and climate responsiveness. It aims to achieve food security and broader development goals under a changing climate and increasing food demand. CSA initiatives sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, and reduce/remove greenhouse gases (GHGs); and require planning to address trade-offs and synergies between these three pillars: productivity, adaptation, and mitigation [1]. The priorities of different countries and stakeholders are reflected to achieve more efficient, effective, and equitable food systems that address challenges in environmental, social, and economic dimensions across productive landscapes. While the concept is new, and still evolving, many of the practices that make up CSA already exist worldwide and are used by farmers to cope with various production risks [2]. Mainstreaming CSA requires critical stocktaking of ongoing and promising practices for the future, and of institutional and financial enablers for CSA adoption. This country profile provides a snapshot of a developing baseline created to initiate discussion, both within countries and globally, about entry points for investing in CSA at scale.
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Zimbabwe
(Brief, 2018-09-06) World Bank; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security; International Center for Tropical Agriculture
The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects an ambition to improve the integration of agriculture development and climate responsiveness. It aims to achieve food security and broader development goals under a changing climate and increasing food demand. CSA initiatives sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, and reduce/remove greenhouse gases (GHGs), and require planning to address trade-offs and synergies between these three pillars: productivity, adaptation, and mitigation [1]. The priorities of different countries and stakeholders are reflected to achieve more efficient, effective, and equitable food systems that address challenges in environmental, social, and economic dimensions across productive landscapes. While the concept is new, and still evolving, many of the practices that make up CSA already exist worldwide and are used by farmers to cope with various production risks [2]. Mainstreaming CSA requires critical stocktaking of ongoing and promising practices for the future, and of institutional and financial enablers for CSA adoption. This country profile provides a snapshot of a developing baseline created to initiate discussion, both within countries and globally, about entry points for investing in CSA at scale.
Climate Smart Agriculture in Vietnam
(Brief, 2017) Nguyen, Tam Ninh; Roehrig, F.; Grosjean, Godefroy; Tran, DN.; Vu, T.M.
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Ethiopia
(Brief, 2017-12-31) International Center for Tropical Agriculture; United States Agency for International Development
The agriculture sector is the backbone of Ethiopia’s economy and livelihoods. Yet, heavy reliance on rain-fed systems has made the sector particularly vulnerable to variability in rainfall and temperature. Climate change may decrease national gross domestic product (GDP) by 8–10% by 2050, but adaptation action in agriculture could cut climate shock-related losses by half. • Climate risk management interventions and long-term adaptation actions need to match localized vulnerabilities and impacts. The drought-prone highland areas are likely to experience more intense and irregular rainfall, affecting yields of slow maturing, long-cycle crops; however, the higher altitude moisture-sufficient parts of the highlands where cereal production is dominant are expected to increase in suitability and productivity of some cereals. Increased temperatures and extended drought periods are likely to negatively affect the lowlands, posing particular challenges to already vulnerable pastoral and agropastoral populations. • Smallholder farmers produce over 90% of the agricultural output in Ethiopia. Despite high usage of traditional production methods, there is evidence of increased use of organic fertilizers, adoption of crop varieties with higher resistance/tolerance to drought, pests, and diseases, and improved livestock feeding practices, as attempts to increase productivity and resilience, but also with cobenefits in terms of reducing agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. • Given the country’s poverty and food insecurity challenges, priorities for economic growth and increased resilience have pushed mitigation efforts backstage. Less than one-fifth of the climate finance is directed to mitigation efforts, mostly through renewable energy. Increased investments in agricultural practices that bring about mitigation co-benefits would bring out agriculture’s role as a lead sector in low-emissions development. • A large proportion of the country’s land area is undergoing some form of soil erosion or land degradation, hence CSA-related efforts have been focused on restoring degraded lands through soil and water conservation measures, agroforestry, farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR), area closures, and dissemination of improved varieties. Such CSA practices and technologies are largely supported by the government and its development partners, through research and development, rural extension and advisory services as well as direct implementation. Many of these practices are implemented within the framework of the integrated watershed management approach through projects such as the Sustainable Land Management Programme (SLMP). • Adoption levels of some CSA practices and technologies, such as conservation agriculture and agroforestry, among smallholder farmers remain low. Increased public and private support to enable access to improved inputs, equipment, credit and insurance schemes is needed to boost farmers’ ability to manage risks and invest in long-term climate actions. • Highly fragmented land units are not suited for effective implementation of some CSA practices, while land tenure regimes can significantly hinder credit access for smallholders. Ethiopia has made great effort to issue land certificates to smallholder farmers, and such programmes should be accompanied by sensitization of farmers and microfinance providers on the costs and benefits of investing in on-farm climate-smart and sustainable land management practices. • Through an ambitious policy framework built largely on the Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy and an enabling institutional infrastructure, Ethiopia has taken major steps towards mainstreaming climate change into agricultural planning. To demonstrate its unwavering commitments to green growth and food security and operationalize strategies and plans, additional national and international resources need to be mobilized over the next years, to fill existing financial gaps.
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Uganda
(Brief, 2017) International Center for Tropical Agriculture; United States Agency for International Development
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Zambia
(Brief, 2017-09-12) International Center for Tropical Agriculture; World Bank
Climate-Smart Agriculture in Mozambique
(Brief, 2017-09-12) International Center for Tropical Agriculture; World Bank

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