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Item Unpacking vulnerability through an intersectional lens in Myanmar(Video, 2021-12-15) International Water Management InstituteThe Gulf of Mottama in southern Myanmar, is a challenging place to live for some of the most marginalized rural communities. Rapid erosion, landslides and soil salinization caused by strong inter-tidal shifts present risks to both human safety and livelihoods. Climate change exacerbates these challenges particularly for those whose capacity to adapt is co-determined by disparities by ethnicity, race, and gender. These intersectional inequalities that create very different adaptive capacities amongst different households and individuals make clear that external support for climate adaptation need to avoid one size fits all strategies, but rather must be flexible to address the needs of specific marginalized groups. In this documentary, we capture memories, lived experiences and images from the ground through participatory storytelling to illustrate the most vulnerable may be left behind.Item Collective farming in Nepal (Nepal agriculture collectives)(Video, 2021-12-15) International Water Management InstituteBetween 2015 and 2019, a set of farmer collectives were piloted in DSI4MTF and served as a model for a novel approach to addressing the challenges of small and fragmented holdings in the Eastern Gangetic Plains, unequal landlord-tenant relations, and severe irrigation access constraints faced by marginal and tenant farmers. The collectives approach entailed the formation of small groups of 4-10 farmers who cultivate a contiguous piece of land and collaborate in various ways in land preparation, production, and marketing. This documentary demonstrates how the collective method enables farmers to overcome technical and socio-institutional constraints to increase year-round cropping intensity using an integrated strategy that addresses both technical and socio-institutional constraints. Irrigation has been made possible with the installation of electric and solar boreholes, but critically, the cultivation of a large contiguous plot of land via the collective approach has made irrigation more practical and efficient – overcoming the challenge of fragmented holdings. Twinning the formation of collectives with the assistance of such agricultural machinery/technology, has enabled resource-poor and landless farmers to farm all year round. Furthermore, farmer collectives have comparatively improved farmers' negotiating power, allowing them to negotiate cheaper rents and defy traditional feudal responsibilities.Item Agriculture collectives in North Bengal(Video, 2022-01-04) International Water Management InstituteIn South Asia, over 80% of farmers cultivate two hectares or less. Most farms are technically constrained and economically non-viable. As a novel experiment, between 2015-2019 a set of farmer collectives were piloted by a consortium of NGO and research partners in the Eastern Gangetic Plains, to see if this could help marginal and small farmers overcome their constraints in a region with exploitative landlord-tenant relations and poor irrigation access. This participatory action research project entailed the formation of collectives of 4-10 farmers (of varying gender composition), each cultivating contiguous plots and collaborating in land management, production and marketing in varying degrees. The project provided irrigation through electric and solar boreholes but twinning this with a collective approach to create a large contiguous plot was critical to make the irrigation practical and efficient. This approach enabled resource-poor farmers to farm all year round. All the groups reported higher crop yields, and tenant farmers gained more bargaining power with landlords. This documentary focuses on the West Bengal collectives. It probes the benefits the farmers have reaped as well as the challenges they continue to face in terms of labour sharing and marketing, especially under the twin shadows of the pandemic and climate change. The collectives were implemented by the Centre for the Development of Human Initiatives (CDHI), with support from the University of Southern Queensland, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the University of Birmingham and North Bengal Agricultural University (UBKV). Sugden, Agarwal, Leder, Saikia, Kumar, Ray (2020). Experiments in farmers’ collectives in Eastern India and Nepal. Journal of Agrarian Change. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joac.12369Item COVID-19 impacts on women fish processors and traders in sub-Saharan Africa: 10 recommendations for building forward better(Brief, 2021) McDougall, Cynthia; Marwaha, N.; Atkins, M.; Cohen, Philippa J.; Patel, A.; Beyene, B.A.; Goreth, V.; Hammad, S.; Kobusingye, L.; Lukanga, E.; Maisha, P.; Mkumbo, A.; Mountsoueke, J.P.; Njeri, S.; Nyendwa, K.; Yerina, A.; Phillips, M.J.Item Gender Transformative Approaches: Transforming food systems to advance equality(Infographic, 2021) McDougall, Cynthia; Choudhury, A.; Adam, R.I.; Haque, S.M.F.; Patel, A.Item Gender in Nigeria's aquaculture and small-scale fisheries value chains(Poster, 2021) Adam, R.I.; Byrd, K.; Siriwardena, S.; Subasinghe, R.; McDougall, CynthiaItem Designing gender-inclusive digital solutions for agricultural development: An introductory guide and toolkit(Manual, 2022-02-16) Müller, Anna; Ortíz Crespo, Berta; Steinke, JonathanDigital tools play an increasingly important role in agricultural research for development. Often, they fall short in fulfilling their promises for women or other marginalized groups. Adoption across these groups is often low. One key reason for this is a narrow and techno-centric perspective on digital tool design. Human Centered Design brings a change in perspective on digital innovations towards more inclusive design processes. This practical guide and toolkit for gender-inclusive digital design is directed at people in CGIAR working in digital agriculture who are interested in creating gender-inclusive, sustainable solutions. This guide aims to 1) introduce the concepts of design thinking and inclusive design, 2) describe the design process and provide relevant tools for the differentsteps of the process, and 3) provide links for further readings to deepen the understanding on this topic.Item To farm or not to farm: Understanding the determinants of youth livelihood aspirations in Vietnam(Report, 2021-12) Arora, Diksha; Slavchevska, VanyaIn the context of commercial agriculture in Vietnam, this study investigates rural youth livelihood aspirations through an analysis of young people’s value for family farming and an assessment of whether or not they foresee agriculture as their main occupation. Using an intra-household dataset of cassava farmers in Vietnam, the study shows that the majority of youth aspire to work in agriculture, which is contrary to the popular belief that young people are not interested in agriculture. We employ the framework of opportunity space and embedded aspirations to assess the “push” and “pull” forces for youth engagement in commercial agriculture. We pay special attention to youth interest in agriculture, social (parental) influences, structural constraints (land, inputs, capital, market, and credit), and the precariousness of agricultural work due to the worsening impact of climate change. The findings of the study reveal that land access is a critical factor for young men’s aspirations, although less important for young women’s aspirations, and the experiences of negative climatic shocks are strongly and negatively associated with youth aspirations to work in agriculture. We also find that parents’ expectation for their children to work in agriculture is positively associated with youth aspirations, more so for young women, pointing to strongly gendered determinants of youth aspirations for agricultural work. Our findings suggest that the policies and programs aiming to encourage youth engagement in agriculture must be rooted in context-specific economic and social constraints and opportunities, while acknowledgingthe underlying structural gender differences.Item Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on gender equality and the youth and social inclusion in the Democratic Republic of Congo(Brief, 2021-12) Cole, Steven M.; Dontsop Nguezet, Paul M.; Bokanga, M.; Bamba, Z.; Manyong, VictorItem Collective farming in Nepal(Video, 2021-12-15) International Water Management InstituteBetween 2015 and 2019, a set of farmer collectives were piloted in DSI4MTF and served as a model for a novel approach to addressing the challenges of small and fragmented holdings in the Eastern Gangetic Plains, unequal landlord-tenant relations, and severe irrigation access constraints faced by marginal and tenant farmers. The collectives approach entailed the formation of small groups of 4-10 farmers who cultivate a contiguous piece of land and collaborate in various ways in land preparation, production, and marketing. This documentary demonstrates how the collective method enables farmers to overcome technical and socio-institutional constraints to increase year-round cropping intensity using an integrated strategy that addresses both technical and socio-institutional constraints. Irrigation has been made possible with the installation of electric and solar boreholes, but critically, the cultivation of a large contiguous plot of land via the collective approach has made irrigation more practical and efficient – overcoming the challenge of fragmented holdings. Twinning the formation of collectives with the assistance of such agricultural machinery/technology, has enabled resource-poor and landless farmers to farm all year round. Furthermore, farmer collectives have comparatively improved farmers' negotiating power, allowing them to negotiate cheaper rents and defy traditional feudal responsibilities.Item Inclusive climate risk insurance India(Video, 2021-12-15) International Water Management InstituteStructural inequalities (landlessness, lack of collateral, illiteracy, lack of social networks and gendered norms) as well as institutional setups play into the design and implementation of climate risk insurance initiatives. These result in the exclusion of those marginalized by gender, and other intersectional issues. This documentary captures the lived experiences of those excluded from climate (flood) risk insurance programs. It provides insight into how exclusions are normalized by systemic issues. By looking at the excluded, we plan to identify the key barriers to inclusive climate insurance.Item Tools to assess gender inequalities in access to and benefits derived from the cassava seed system(Book, 2021) Mennonite Economic Development Associates; International Institute of Tropical AgricultureItem Participatory community wealth ranking in banana-producing regions of Uganda and Tanzania(Report, 2021-09) Marimo, Pricilla; Shelton, Clare; Caron, Cynthia M.; Madalla, Noel; Mpiriirwe, Innocent; Crichton, Rhiannon; Ndagire, Lilian; Manyong, Victor; Mbongo, Daud Batson; Okurut, Asher WilsonThe report describes the approach and results of community wealth ranking (CWR) exercises conducted in 2015-2016 to ascertain the wealth groups and their characteristics of selected banana-producing communities in two regions of Uganda and four of Tanzania. The CWR information gathered was aimed at informing current and future banana breeding initiatives in and beyond the study areas. Participatory community wealth ranking exercises were conducted through focus group discussions (FGDs) within six selected districts. Based on their perception of others in their community, the farmers were asked to characterize their community’s wealth groups by assets, household and socio-economic characteristics, demographic characteristics, agricultural production practices, access to markets and access to agricultural extension services. They described each group according to similarities in characteristics and their proximity to the community’s perceived poverty line. These CWR exercises provide community-/villagespecific information that can be used for the dissemination of new banana cultivars and other research or development initiatives that target the poorest, marginalized and vulnerable members of banana-growing communities in sub-Saharan Africa. Importantly, our findings highlight the persistent intergenerational cycle of poverty, indicating the need to re-evaluate social protection schemes, poverty reduction initiatives and community development programmes that have been and continue to be implemented in these communities for decades.Item Determination and resilience amid COVID-19 uncertainty: How self-employed women in India coped with lockdowns and disruptions to business(Infographic, 2021-01) International Food Policy Research InstituteThe COVID-19 pandemic has made generating income and access to food far more difficult for many, particularly women in developing countries. To better understand how the pandemic and lockdowns to control its spread are affecting the livelihoods of female small-business owners and farmers in South Asia, IFPRI researchers, who otherwise would have worked on climate change adaptation strategies directly supporting women farmers, conducted surveys in collaboration with the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), an organization that aims to empower women workers to reach full-employment and self-reliance by providing the tools, support, and community for them to reach their economic potential. The researchers conducted a phone survey with 627 SEWA members and did in-depth case studies of five SEWA members across the Indian state of Gujarat. While each woman reported different experiences and perspectives on navigating COVID-19, a common theme emerged: making a living became tougher, yet these women were able to identify coping mechanisms to protect their livelihoods and their families. Click below to learn more about these five brave women’s stories – as they explain how COVID-19 is impacting their diverse sources of income and what SEWA is doing to help.Item Getting it right, a guide to improve inclusion in multistakeholder forums(Book, 2021-04-07) Evans, K.; Monterroso, I.; Ombogoh, D.B.; Liswanti, N.; Tamara, A.; Mariño, H.; Sarmiento Barletti, J.P.; Larson, A.M.This guide explains how to operationalize inclusion of women, Indigenous Peoples and other under-represented groups in multi-stakeholder forums (MSFs).Around the world, MSFs have been promoted and adopted as decision making, consultation and dialogue platforms to bring together diverse constituencies to share ideas and formulate decisions in a more open and equitable. Research finds that MSFs organizers believed that their forums foster equity simply by inviting more under-represented actors to the table; however, they spend less effort in addressing the power inequalities among participants and the quality of the participation and representation of historically under-represented groups. Getting it right focuses on the inclusion of women and Indigenous Peoples in natural resource management and governance contexts. In particular, we analyzed how these actors participate and/or are represented in spaces such as forest user group committees, co-management groups or forest commodity roundtable meetings. Our hope is that presenting cases of women and Indigenous Peoples provides insights into how different dimensions of social differentiation intersect in practice, pushing us to look at these different scales and inform us about other under-represented groups. Getting it right provides several tools that are designed to operationalize inclusion at specific trigger points where we believe action is most effective. Our goal with this guide is to present ideas, not solutions; the challenges to inclusion are complex, and unique to every MSF.
Item International e-learning for farmers: Gender and Agriculture(Video, 2021) International Potato CenterThis video explains why gender matters in agriculture through the example of potato growers in Georgia. The targeted audience are women and men farmers across the world. Gender equity in agricultural development projects cannot be achieved without women and men farmers’ awareness of their own gender norms and their willingness to change. This video will facilitate farmers’ involvement in discussions and decisions on how the project addresses women’s and men’s different needs and constraints, enabling the project teams to implement gender-responsive participatory planning for achieving equitable and inclusive outcomes.Item A gender analysis on the participation and choice of improved and local haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by farmers in Cameroon(Journal Article, 2020-12) Siri, Bella N.; Nchanji, Eileen Bogweh; Tchouamo, Isaac R.Men and women farmer participation and choice of variety could guide breeding and drive the adoption of different haricot bean varieties. Thus, understanding how gender influences participation and choice of bean cultivation and marketing is fundamental. The study sought to analyse how socio-cultural norms determine women and men, participation and choice of variety for cultivation and sale in Cameroon’s West region. A mixed-method was used in collecting data from men and women farmers in six subdivisions in the West region of Cameroon in 2019. Result reveals that women provide most of the labour on haricot bean production than men, who are more involved in selling to national and regional markets. Participation and role were driven by socio-cultural norms of what is expected of men and women in a society where women provide food and men income for household upkeep. Women preferred varieties that were less labour intensive and food taste for household consumption while men went for labour intensive as long as they were market-oriented and high yielding. Thus, breeders should develop varieties that are mostly preferred by women, which meet the market and household demand.Item Gender mainstreaming in local potato seed system in Georgia(Report, 2020-12) Girard, I.This report presents the study findings associated with the project “Enhancing Rural Livelihoods in Georgia: Introducing Integrated Seed Health Approaches to Local Potato Seed Systems” in Georgia. It also incorporates information from the results of gender training conducted within the framework of the USAID Potato Program in Georgia. The study had three major aims: 1) to understand the gender-related opportunities and constraints impacting the participation of men and women in potato seed systems in Georgia; 2) to test the multistakeholder framework for intervening in root, tuber, and banana (RTB) seed systems as a means to understand the systems themselves and the possibilities of improving gender-related interventions in the potato seed system; and 3) to develop farmers’ leadership skills to facilitate women’s active involvement in project activities. Results of the project assessment identified certain constraints on gender mainstreaming in the potato seed system: a low level of female participation in decision-making processes, women’s limited access to finances that would enable their greater involvement in larger scale potato farming, and a low awareness of potato seed systems and of possible female involvement in associated activities. Significantly, the perception of gender roles and stereotypes differs from region to region in Georgia; this difference is quite pronounced in the target municipalities of Kazbegi, Marneuli, and Akhalkalaki, with the last two having populations of ethnic minorities (Azeri and Armenian, respectively). For example, in Marneuli, although women are actively involved in potato production, they are not considered farmers but mainly as assistants to farmers, who are men. This type of diversity (or lack thereof) results in a different understanding of gender mainstreaming in the potato seed system as well. Based on the training results obtained in three target regions—Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe, and Marneuli—it is evident that women are keen on learning new technologies and on acquiring updated agricultural information, including on potato production. It is also clear that women spend as much time as men do on farming activities such as potato production, particularly in weeding and harvesting. However, women are heavily burdened with domestic work, and they are not major decision-makers with regard to potato variety selection, agricultural investments, and product sales, nor with the inclusion of participants in any training provided. Involving women in project activities will lead to greater efficiency in the potato production environment, as women’s increased knowledge will certainly contribute to an improved production process, and their new ideas will help to improve existing production systems, through which women could also gain confidence and power. As a general recommendation, it is extremely important to develop equitable seed systems that take into consideration, among other factors, social context and the cultural aspects of local communities. Thus, understanding male and female farmers’ knowledge may promote the development of seed systems that are sustainable and responsive to farmers’ needs and capacities.Item Youth pathways in dairy in Kenya(Video, 2020-12-11) International Livestock Research InstituteThis video highlights views from youth who are engaged in dairy farming as part of research by ILRI to understand current and emerging ways that youth participate in the dairy subsector in East Africa.Item Social implications for low emissions dairy in Kenya: Exploring opportunities for youth(Video, 2020-12-11) International Livestock Research InstituteResearch by ILRI and partners is helping to better understand the implications of dairy intensification and the potential for youth employment in agriculture. The research is intended to address the critical need to reduce youth unemployment and greenhouse gas emissions in Africa.