Reducing losses and zoonotic risks along the Burkina Faso poultry value chain through a One Health approach
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Item Prévalence et quantification de campylobacter dans les fèces de poulets domestiques et facteurs de risque dans la région du centre nord (Burkina Faso)(Thesis, 2024-09-20) Abou, D.A.T.Campylobacter spp. représente l’un des principaux agents bactériens de maladies infectieuses d’origine alimentaire (MIOA) dans le monde. Le réservoir de cette bactérie est la volaille, qui en disséminant ce micro-organisme dans l’environnement contamine les autres animaux et les humains. L’objectif de notre étude était de déterminer le taux de portage de Campylobacter spp et sa concentration dans les fèces de poulets de ménages. Après une enquête auprès de 73 ménages de Boussouma, dans la région du centre Nord du Burkina Faso, un total de 292 poulets locaux a été collectés auprès de ces ménages entre octobre 2023 et janvier 2024. Ainsi, les fèces de ces poulets ont été analysés à l’aide de méthodes microbiologiques standard. Les résultats ont indiqué que 76,03% (222/292) des échantillons fécaux analysés, étaient positifs à Campylobacter spp et la charge au Campylobacter, variait entre 2×105 et 4,5×107 UFC/ g de fèces. Même si cette charge ne constitue pas un problème pour ces poulets (règlement CE 1495/2017), ce germe peut être transmis aux humains et aux autres animaux. Il serait donc nécessaire de mettre en place des mesures de biosécurité pour éviter la contamination des humains par Campylobacter spp. L’évaluation des pratiques d’élevages a permis de mettre en évidence le non confinement et le non traitement aux antibiotiques des poulets comme des facteurs de risque de contamination. Cette étude a permis de connaitre le portage aviaire de Campylobacter spp par les espèces locales de poulets en milieu rural et le niveau de concentration de ce germe dans les fèces de ces poulets de ménage.Item Connaissance de la chaine d'approvisionnement des vaccins de volailles et des défis associés à la vaccination contre la maladie de Newcastle dans le Centre-Nord du Burkina Faso en 2023(Thesis, 2024-12-20) Ouedraogo, S.E.La maladie de Newcastle (MN) représente un obstacle majeur au développement de l'aviculture traditionnelle au Burkina Faso, ce qui rend nécessaire une stratégie de vaccination efficace. Cette étude visait à comprendre la chaîne d'approvisionnement en vaccins contre la MN ainsi que les lacunes et les obstacles dans un cadre rural où l’aviculture joue un rôle important dans la génération de revenus pour les communautés, ainsi que dans la satisfaction de leurs besoins nutritionnels. L’étude a été réalisée à Boussouma, une commune de la région du Centre-Nord. Elle a impliqué une enquête auprès de 483 ménages élevant des poulets, des entretiens avec huit (08) acteurs de la chaîne d'approvisionnement en vaccins pour les volailles et huit (08) discussions de groupe réalisées dans quatre (04) villages, avec un total de 30 hommes et 32 femmes aviculteurs. Les données quantitatives ont été analysées avec le logiciel R tandis que les données qualitatives ont été analysées en utilisant une approche générale inductive. Les résultats ont montré que les vaccins contre la MN sont importés, et que des analyses de laboratoire ne sont généralement pas réalisés pour en contrôler la qualité. Les enquêtes menées ont révélé que les agents de santé animale communautaires responsables de la vaccination dans les villages sont insuffisants en nombre pour garantir une couverture adéquate. Bien que la majorité (80%) des éleveurs adoptent la vaccination, les conditionnements de grande capacité des vaccins restent un obstacle majeur car ils ne répondent pas aux besoins des petits éleveurs, entraînant des difficultés dans la distribution et l’utilisation des vaccins. Le maintien de la chaîne du froid est également un défi majeur pour les agents de santé animale, qui rencontrent des obstacles tels que de longues distances à parcourir, des pannes de réfrigérateurs, des coupures d’électricité et des problèmes d'électrification. La participation des éleveurs à la vaccination est affectée négativement par tous ces obstacles, qui se résument en insuffisance logistique et manque de contrôle qualité des vaccins sur le terrain. Ces résultats mettent ainsi en évidence des lacunes significatives dans la chaîne d'approvisionnement en vaccins contre la MN, soulignant la nécessité d'améliorations pour garantir la disponibilité et la qualité des vaccins dans les zones rurales.Item Analyse genre et élevage de poulets traditionnels dans dix villages de la commune de Boussouma au Centre Nord du Burkina Faso(Report, 2023-04-30) Ima-Ouoba, S.A.; Ilboudo, Guy; Kagambèga, A.; Dione, Michel M.Item Quantification de Campylobacter spp. dans les fèces de poulets de race locale dans la commune de Boussouma, région du Centre Nord du Burkina Faso(Poster, 2024-10-28) Da, T.A.; Kagambèga, A.; Dione, Michel M.; Tiendrebeogo, W.P.B.; Tao, R.; Ilboudo, Guy S.; Ouedraogo, BriceCampylobacter spp. est l’un des agents pathogènes responsable de la majorité des gastro-entérites d’origine bactérienne chez l’homme(Rojas et Cortes, 2023). Les produits de volaille représentent la principale source d’infection(Anis, 2022 ; Brarda, 2023). Le réservoir de ce germe est la volaille(Smith et al., 2023), certes, mais il peut lui causer aussi un problème de santé lorsque sa concentration est supérieure à 109 UFC/ g de fèces. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la charge de Campylobacter spp dans les fèces de poulets de race locale. Lors d’une enquête prospective, 292 poulets de race locale ont été collectés auprès de 73 ménages dans 23 villages de la commune de Boussouma, région du centre Nord du Burkina, entre le 28 octobre 2023 et le 31 janvier 2024. Ainsi, les fèces de ces poulets ont été analysés à l’aide de méthodes microbiologiques standards. Les résultats ont indiqué que 222 sur 292 (76,03%) des échantillons fécaux analysés, étaient positifs au Campylobacter spp et la charge au Campylobacter spp, variait entre 2×105 et 4×107 UFC/ g de fèces. Même si cette charge ne constitue pas un problème pour ces poulets (règlement CE 1495/2017), ce germe peut être transmis aux humains et aux autres animaux(Yena, 2023). Il serait donc nécessaire de mettre en place des mesures de biosécurité dans les élevages pour éviter la contamination des humains par Campylobacter.Item Prévalence et quantification de Salmonella spp. dans les fèces de poulets en milieu rural dans la commune de Boussouma, Burkina Faso(Presentation, 2024-09-28) Tiendrebeogo, W.P.B.; Kagambèga, A.; Dione, Michel M.; Da, T.A.; Tao, R.; Ouedraogo, Brice; Ilboudo, Guy S.; Barro, N.L'aviculture traditionnelle est essentielle à l'économie rurale du Burkina Faso, mais elle est souvent pratiquée sans mesures sanitaires et de biosécurité adéquates, ce qui augmente le risque de maladies zoonotiques comme la salmonellose. Cette étude vise à évaluer la prévalence et les facteurs de risque zoonotiques des salmonelles chez les poulets en milieu rural à Boussouma. Entre octobre 2023 et janvier 2024, 292 échantillons de fèces de poulets ont été collectés dans 21 villages de 73 ménages et analysés selon la norme ISO 6579 v 2012 et NPP pour détecter la présence de Salmonella spp. Un questionnaire a également été utilisé pour évaluer les facteurs de risque, y compris la présence d'autres animaux dans les ménages. Les résultats ont montré une prévalence élevée de Salmonella spp, avec 63,35 % des poulets porteurs. Les charges bactériennes variaient de 0,036 MPN/g à 10,989 MPN/g. Le risque était plus élevé en présence d'autres animaux comme le bétail, les moutons, les chèvres et les ânes. Il est crucial d'améliorer les pratiques d'hygiène et de biosécurité dans les élevages avicoles traditionnels au Burkina Faso pour réduire les risques de transmission des salmonelles aux humains et limiter les pertes économiques dues à la mortalité des poulets. Des lacunes ont été identifiées, notamment le confinement des poulets et la gestion des excréments.Item Hygiene and biosecurity practices among traditional poultry farms for the control of zoonotic diseases in rural areas of the Centre-Nord region of Burkina Faso(Poster, 2024-09-24) Ouedraogo, Brice; Ilboudo, Guy; Kagambèga, A.; Alders, R.; Ouattara, S.; Knight-Jones, Theodore J.D.; Dione, Michel M.Background: In Burkina Faso, traditional poultry farming help communities to earn income and improve their diets. It employs more than 75% of the workforce and is mainly carried out on a small scale. Poultry farmers face many challenges including limited access to health inputs and poor biosecurity measures, posing a risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases through close contact between humans and birds. This study aims to describe the hygiene and biosecurity practices implemented and options for improvement in traditional poultry farms in a rural region characterized by increasing insecurity. Methods: The study was conducted in the commune of Boussouma, located in the Centre-Nord region of Burkina Faso, from August to September 2023. We applied a pre-tested knowledge, attitude and practice survey to 483 household heads (453 men; 30 women) keeping chicken randomly selected from 23 villages. Data collection was performed through direct interviews in local languages using smartphones in which forms had been deployed using the ODK tool. Data analysis was carried out in STATA/SE 17.0 generating frequencies and proportions and Chi-square tests at a 95% confidence level. Results: Chicken confinement is observed in 2.48% of households during the day and 35.85% at night. The frequency of cleaning chicken confinement areas varies, with 35.23% of respondents cleaning daily, 26.14% cleaning weekly, and 16.48% cleaning multiple times a week. Most households (64.80%) remove chicken feces in the compound at least once a day. Over half of the respondents (53.42%) say they throw dead birds in the bush, 47.41% say they bury them and 2.69% say they consume them. The management of chicken manure varies among households with 12.01% respondents doing composting, primarily in male-headed households (P=0.011); 49.07% use feces as organic fertilizer for crops, with significantly more male than female-headed households (P=0.018) using this practice. Additionally, 4.76% leave it on site, 29.61% throw it into the environment outside the compound while 5.18% and 15.94% store it inside or outside the compound near the fence, respectively. Handwashing after handling birds or their waste is done immediately by 89.44% of respondents, only before eating by 4.14%, and is never performed by 6.21%. Among households with children under five, 18.49% reported child-bird interactions, while 6.33% observed children exposure to chicken feces, including 2.68% with fecal ingestion incidents. Conclusion: Despite the notable commitment to hygiene and biosecurity in many households, practices that contribute to environmental pollution and increased risk of zoonoses from poultry persist. This can be addressed by improving education, raising community awareness and implementing strict hygiene and biosecurity measures in households and in the environment. Strengthening local One Health collaboration involving frontline agencies and communities and zoonotic disease surveillance systems is essential to reduce health risks from avian pathogens and environmental contaminants.Item Household food security and poultry disease control in rural Burkina Faso: understanding and strengthening Newcastle disease vaccine supply chains(Poster, 2024-09-23) Ouedraogo, Segnogo E.; Alders, R.; Ilboudo, Guy; Ouedraogo, Brice; Alambedji, R.B.; Dione, Michel M.Background: The high prevalence of Newcastle disease (ND) in rural Burkina Faso poses a major obstacle to household food security, poultry disease control and sensitive surveillance. Importantly, ND is clinically indistinguishable from highly pathogenic avian influenza. Therefore, an effective vaccination strategy against ND is essential. The ND vaccine supply chain faces deficiencies, including the absence of local manufacturing and challenges related to quality, distribution, and utilization in the field. This study aims to understand the ND vaccine supply chains, their deficiencies and bottlenecks in a rural setting where chicken keeping plays an important role in generating income for the communities, as well as meeting their nutritional needs. Methods: The study was conducted in Boussouma, a commune in the Centre-Nord region, using a quantitative survey and qualitative key informant interviews and gender disaggregated focus group discussions. It involved a survey with 483 households keeping chickens, key informant interviews with eight actors from the poultry vaccine supply chain and eight focus group discussions conducted in four villages with a total of 30 male and 32 female poultry farmers. Quantitative data was analyzed using R software, while qualitative data was analyzed using a general inductive approach. Results: Vaccines for ND are imported, and no quality assurance testing is done in-country. Quality is monitored during transport to the country through cold chain management and monitoring temperature using USB keys. Community animal health workers responsible for vaccination in villages are insufficient in number to ensure adequate coverage. Although the majority of farmers adopt vaccination, the large dose packaging of vaccines remains a major constraint as it is not perceived to meet the needs of small-scale farmers, resulting in difficulties in vaccine flow. Maintaining the cold chain is also a major challenge for animal health workers, facing obstacles such as long distances to travel, refrigerator breakdowns, power outages, and lack of electricity. Participation of farmers in vaccination is negatively affected by all these constraints due to poor logistics and lack of appropriate management of vaccine in the field. Conclusions: This situation contributes to the persistence of ND in rural flocks, lowering productivity and complicating sensitive poultry disease surveillance. Given this situation, combined interventions that farmers perceive as cost-effective and adequately reward vaccinators are needed. This may involve encouraging group vaccination or combining vaccination with other services such as extension. These findings also highlight significant deficiencies in the vaccine supply chain for ND, emphasizing the need for improvements to ensure availability and quality of vaccines in rural areas.Item Key influencers in Burkina Faso's poultry management: Insights from systems mapping and network analysis(Presentation, 2024-09-23) Boz, Z.; Dione, Michel M.; Alders, R.; Kagambèga, A.; Knight-Jones, Theodore J.D.; Ilboudo, Guy; Ouedraogo, Brice; Ima-Ouoba, S.; Ganser, S.Background: Effective management of livestock systems is essential for optimizing productivity and sustainability. This research utilizes systems mapping and network analysis to identify pivotal elements within poultry management concepts. The aim is to ascertain nodes that exert significant influence on operational efficiencies and policy formulation, thus supporting livelihoods and economic resilience in livestock-dependent communities. Methods: We employed a mixed-methods approach incorporating both qualitative interviews and quantitative data analyses to construct a network model. This model includes variables such as hygiene practices, livestock profitability, educational attainment, and access to services. Network analysis metrics degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality were calculated using Kumu software to identify key nodes. Systems mapping provided a visual framework to elucidate the interdependencies and potential impacts of these nodes. Results: Analysis of the network identified ‘Household Economics’, ‘Livestock Practices’, and Livestock Loss & Profits’ as nodes with the highest degree centrality, indicating their central role in the network. ‘Livestock Loss & Profits’, ‘Household Economics’, and 'Access to External Livestock Services' as nodes with the highest betweenness centrality indicating the higher control over the flow of information. ‘Household Economics’ and ‘Livestock Loss & Profits’, ‘Education Level’ had the highest closeness centrality indicating their role as key hubs through which interventions could rapidly permeate and influence the entire livestock management system. Their central position also marks them as strategic targets for policies aimed at boosting economic resilience and reducing vulnerability across the network. "Livestock Practices," "Livestock Loss & Profits," and "Household Illness," by virtue of their high eigenvector centrality, function as principal conduits within the network, their significance amplified by their direct links to other central nodes. The MICMAC analysis, a method used to identify and classify variables based on their driving power and dependency within a network, highlights "Educational Level" as the most influential node with a value of 1.000, underscoring its central role in effectuating systemic changes. "Livestock Loss & Profits" is also significant, with an influence score of 0.752, playing a crucial role in the economic dynamics of the system. "Hygiene Practices" and "Poultry Consumption," each with a MICMAC value of 0.729, emerge as key drivers affecting public health and economic outputs, indicating that targeted improvements in these areas could yield extensive positive effects across the network. Conclusions: The network analysis underscores the pivotal importance of nodes associated with education and economic factors due to their central positioning throughout the network, emerging as strategic areas where targeted poultry system interventions could catalyze improvements across the system, potentially reducing vulnerabilities and increasing productivity. The adoption of a user-friendly network mapping presents a systems approach for resolution and communication within poultry management and foundation for complex systems analysis.Item Key constraints to smallholder village chicken production and marketing systems in Centre-Nord region, Burkina Faso(Poster, 2023-05-19) Dione, Michel M.; Ilboudo, Guy S.; Alders, R.; Kagambèga, A.; Ima, S.; Ganser, C.; Boz, Z.; Knight-Jones, Theodore J.D.Objective Chicken keeping among rural households in low-income countries like Burkina Faso provides an important source of income, nutrition, and gifts to strengthen social ties. However, the sector is hampered by high losses mostly due to diseases, limited access to farm inputs and value chain inefficiency impacting on productivity, marketing and human health. To better understand these issues, we investigated challenges faced by male and female poultry producers and other value chain actors, with emphasis given to animal health and welfare issues. Material and methods This study was conducted in the framework of the Poultry Losses and One Health (POLOH) project implemented by the International Livestock research Institute and partners. Two stakeholder workshops and one field site scoping visit were carried out but the research team. Various village poultry value chain stakeholders were engaged in group discussions or informal interviews in September and October 2022. National workshop participants (22 men, 8 women) included national and international research organizations, private sector, extension agents, government and development organizations. A site scoping visit included meetings with 14 stakeholders (9 men, 5 women) and field visits to poultry farms and markets. The workshop in Centre-Nord was attended by 60 stakeholders (50 men, 10 women) including representatives of producer cooperatives, traders, project area village leaders, private veterinarians, government (animal health, human health and environment) and development NGOs. Discussions focused on issues negatively affecting the village poultry value chain, and specific gender constraints and recommendations for upgrading the value chain. Results The national workshop identified a range of constraints, including lack of feed associated with increased cereal prices; insufficient veterinary service coverage due to the low number of animal health workers; insufficient producer knowledge of poultry farming good practices; persistence of poultry diseases; inadequate housing; difficulty accessing micro-credit finances; and insecurity in the region. The Nord-Centre regional workshop with grassroot stakeholders, raised similar constraints. The top three constraints cited by input suppliers were: low level of actor knowledge about good management practices; low formal education of actors; and emergence of poultry diseases. Producers cited: non-availability of veterinary pharmaceuticals; difficulty accessing feeds; and insufficient funds to purchase farm inputs. Market actors cited: lack of poultry slaughter sites; unsuitable poultry transport and lack of dedicated poultry markets. Women's issues included: lack of financial resources to grow farming business; lack knowledge on how to tackle zoonotic diseases; and the high costs of veterinary inputs. Recommendations to boost the poultry sector in the Centre-Nord region, included: build producer capacity; train processing node actors on good hygiene practices; strengthen extension agent capacity; facilitate access to loans; train actors in herd management and marketing; involve all stakeholders in the consultation process and decision-making to develop the poultry sector; and raise awareness of on the merits of empowering women in production activities such as leadership and their participation in meeting household needs. Conclusion These findings will guide interventions to improve poultry productivity and provision of safe chicken products to consumers. In-depth qualitative interviews and household surveys are ongoing to support context specific interventions that will be scaled up to sustainably increase livelihoods food and nutrition security.Item Poultry Losses and One Health (POLOH): Reducing losses and zoonotic risks along the poultry value chain through a One Health approach—Transferring qualitative research skills to local stakeholders in the context of poultry health and One Health(Report, 2023-01-30) Lallogo, Valérie R.; Ilboudo, Guy S.; Dione, Michel M.Item Poultry Losses and One Health (POLOH): Reducing losses and zoonotic risks along the poultry value chain through a One Health approach—Site multi-stakeholder workshop, Kaya, Burkina Faso(Report, 2023-03-01) Ilboudo, Guy S.; Lallogo, Valérie R.; Dione, Michel M.Item Scoping visit in Kaya, Burkina Faso, for the Poultry Losses and One Health (POLOH): Reducing losses and zoonotic risks along the poultry value chain through a One Health approach(Report, 2023-01-15) Dione, Michel M.; Ilboudo, Guy S.; Kagembega, A.; Ima-Ouoba, S.Item Poultry losses and One Health: Reducing losses and zoonotic risks along the poultry value chain through a One Health approach(Report, 2022-09) Lallogo, Valérie R.; Ilboudo, Guy S.; Dione, Michel M.Item Poultry losses and One Health: Reducing losses and zoonotic risks along the poultry value chain through a One Health approach(Presentation, 2022-05-24) Dione, Michel M.