CGIAR Climate Change Platform Outputs

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/131853

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Searchable database of climate-related journal articles published between 2012 to 2023 from across all CGIAR centres unveiled
(Report, 2024-12-30) Bosire, Caroline; Orth, Alan S.; Muhammad, Yasir; Mukherji, Aditi
The CGIAR Climate Impact Platform, in partnership with the CGSpace team at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), has developed a database of 3,466 climate-related journal articles authored by CGIAR scientists from 2012 to 2023. This collaboration aims to address the fragmentation of climate-related research across CGIAR centres and promote knowledge sharing and collaboration. A Power BI dashboard has been created for the database, enabling users to explore the research interactively, create visualisations of CGIAR climate research tailored for different audiences and provide quantitative representation of the research in reports and other outputs.
Learning from Practice: A protocol for measuring adaptation outcomes in the CGIAR climate change research portfolio, 2012-2023
(Report, 2024-12-30) Carr, Edward R.; Mukherji, Aditi
The Sixth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reflected concern for the limited lessons that have been learned about effectiveness and impact from years of formal adaptation actions and policies. This article seeks to fill that gap by examining ten years of CGIAR research into climate change adaptation (2012-2023) to identify lessons about adaptation effectiveness learned from implemented adaptation actions and policies. Using a Large Language Model, we screened and categorized all climate change-related articles from the CGIAR repository of climate change related articles and then identified those reflecting empirical studies of adaptation. We then used the LLM to identify the adaptation benefits (reduced exposure, reduced sensitivity, increased adaptive capacity) intended by the actions/policies reflected in each study, the degree to which the actions/policies delivered those benefits, and who received those benefits. With this organization of the data in hand, we then describe which actions and policies deliver each kind of benefit and where they are most successful in doing so.e which actions and policies deliver each kind of benefit and where they are most successful in doing so.
CGIAR actively shaped the Alliance of Champions for Food Systems Transformation (ACF) strategic direction in 2024 by advocating for policies and investments that promote sustainable and equitable food systems
(Report, 2024-12-30) Llano-Arias, Valeria
The Alliance of Champions for Food Systems Transformation (ACF) was launched at Climate COP28 in response to various challenges in food systems, including record-breaking global temperatures, extreme weather events, and the urgent need to address climate change and food security. ACF seeks to accelerate global progress in five key areas: climate mitigation, food security and nutrition, adaptation and resilience, equity and livelihoods, and nature and biodiversity. These challenges have upended food systems worldwide, jeopardizing livelihoods and exacerbating food insecurity. CGIAR is hosting the Secretariat of the Alliance of Champions for Food Systems Transformation (ACF) in collaboration with Chatham House and the Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU) for over an 18-month period starting in October 2024. Funded by the Government of Norway, through a NOK 15 million (approximately USD 1.4 million) grant, the initiative aims to accompany countries as they work to scale up efforts to transform food systems domestically and internationally.
2024 CGIAR Climate Impact Platform Communications Plan
(Report, 2024-12-30) Edward-Uwadiale, Regina; Mukherji, Aditi
The primary objective of the Climate Impact Platform's communications is to position CGIAR as a foremost authority in climate change adaptation and mitigation within agricultural and food systems. Our aim is to seamlessly integrate CGIAR's cutting-edge research into national, regional, and global initiatives focused on reducing emissions, strengthening adaptive capabilities, and fostering equitable transitions within agrifood systems. The 2024 CGIAR Climate Impact Platform Communications Plan outlines the overall direction for the Climate Impact Platform communications, which focuses on raising awareness and support for CGIAR's mission to address the urgent climate challenges within the context of food security and the welfare of small-scale food producers. A core component of the Platform’s mandate is to bring together CGIAR’s climate research, to enhance the capacity of CGIAR and its partners, elevate external visibility, engage with prominent climate voices, target national, regional, and global research institutions, decision-making and agenda setting fora, regional organizations, non-state actors, multilateral development banks, implementing partners, and UN agencies among others.
Reducing Emissions from Fertilizers: Opportunities and Challenges
(Report, 2024-12-30) Khanijo, Bijay Singh; Sapkota, Tek Bahadur
During the last 75 years, production, and consumption of mineral fertilizers, particularly nitrogen ones, contributed enormously to achieve food security but also as much as 5% to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To meet the Paris Agreement 1.5 °C global warming target, emissions from fertilizer production and use must be effectively curtailed. Potential reduction in the emissions during the production of nitrogen fertilizers can be achieved by using renewable wind and photovoltaic electricity to produce green hydrogen by alkaline water electrolysis, polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis, or solid oxide electrolysis cells, which in turn can be used to synthesize green ammonia by the Haber-Bosch process. Combining nitrogen and green hydrogen with a renewable energy-driven N reduction reaction rather than the Haber-Bosch process can further reduce emissions. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the GHG when N fertilizers are applied to soil. Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in crop production constitutes the single most effective fertilizer use strategy to reduce N2O emissions. Applying the right amount of fertilizer through the right source and employing the right method of application at the right time of plant demand always improves NUE. If farmers are applying high rates of heavily subsidized fertilizer nitrogen, optimizing the rates has the greatest mitigation potential because it avoids the emissions from both the production and use phase of fertilizers. On-the-go variable rate fertilizer management in large highly mechanized farms in developed countries and site-specific nitrogen management based on low-tech tools in smallholder farms in developing countries leads to reduced N2O emissions by avoiding N application more than the requirement of the crops. Due to high cost and inconsistency in the expected returns of enhanced efficiency fertilizers such as polymer-coated urea and urea stabilized with nitrification and urease, their widespread adoption for mitigating N2O emissions is limited. Integrated management of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers, biochar application, and self-fertilizing crops also have limited usefulness in reducing emissions. Barriers and pathways for sustainable adoption of emission mitigation strategies including support through government policies and motivational change in the attitude of farmers are also discussed.
A Protocol for a Systematic Review of CGIAR’s Research (2012-2023) on Climate-Induced Extreme Rainfall and Floods
(Report, 2024-12-30) Chikozho, C.; Managa L.R.; Kujinga, K.; Bosire, Caroline K.; Mukherji, Aditi
Background - Despite the implementation of targeted research and agricultural extension interventions in various parts of the world, climate change and extreme rainfall events continue to significantly exert adverse impacts on agricultural production and food security. In this regard, the increased frequency of climate change-related extreme rainfall and floods in recent years has worsened the risks faced by farmers. A substantial amount of research on climate change, extreme rainfall and floods have already been completed within the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, demonstrating diverse implications across geographies, commodities, and populations. However, there is a need to provide a synthesized and comprehensive analysis of this research corpus to advance the understanding of the current state of knowledge in this area, identify knowledge gaps and inform future studies. This protocol provides a roadmap for the synthesis of CGIAR research in the space of hazards arising from climate-induced extreme rainfall and floods and associated adaptation solutions. It assesses the impacts of these solutions, as well as the impacts of extreme rainfall and floods on natural, agricultural, and human systems. The protocol includes an examination of the methods employed to estimate the impacts. Ultimately, this review will identify possible entry-points for supporting the upscaling of any impactful interventions designed in this landscape. Methods - The review will follow the Reporting Standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES) processes. As part of article selection, machine learning was deployed to semi-automate identification of existing relevant CGIAR literature from Nine CGIAR institution data repositories, specifically focusing on the impact of climate-induced extreme rainfall and floods on agricultural production and food security, with English being used as the main language. The search results from this database were exported into Excel, merged, and then imported into a new Rayyan project. Duplicates were removed, while titles and abstracts were double-screened using specific inclusion-exclusion criteria. The screening and selection of studies were conducted by two independent researchers. During the review and synthesis process, data will be extracted using artificial intelligence software, and a codebook will be developed to ensure consistency and reproducibility. The review and detailed narrative synthesis will focus on the methods, adaptation solutions, and impacts of CGIAR research related to climate-induced extreme rainfall and floods. Analysis of the data will also be guided by our understanding of livelihoods and food security imperatives. Results - Out of 2846 identified papers, 107 studies met our search criteria and will be included in this systematic review. Preliminary insights from the included papers show that several innovations can be deployed by farmers to address extreme rainfall and floods. This includes the deployment of climate-smart agricultural innovations, use of early-warning systems for extreme rainfall and floods, the design and implementation of national policies and institutions that support adaptation and institutionalizing anticipatory action that can be taken at the local and national level to mitigate the impacts of extreme rainfall and floods. Conclusion - This systematic review is intended to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of knowledge on climate-induced extreme rainfall and floods within the CGIAR, identify critical knowledge gaps, and inform future research priorities to enhance crop resilience and food security. Ultimately, the review will identify possible entry-points for supporting the upscaling of any impactful interventions designed in this landscape. Key actors in the climate change and food security sector are called upon to support interventions that address the impacts of extreme rainfall and floods on agricultural production. Strengthening policy and institutional frameworks is particularly urgent to enhance adaptation efforts for the risks and impacts of extreme rainfall and floods in small-scale farming systems.
CGIAR Climate Impact Platform launches Dgroups platform in 2024 to convene CGIAR scientists and partners
(Report, 2024-12) Rabago, Laura
The CGIAR Climate Impact Platform has successfully launched the Dgroups platform, creating a dynamic space for CGIAR scientists and partners to engage, collaborate, and share knowledge. Designed as a hub for the Climate Community of Practice, the platform facilitates the exchange of content, resources, and knowledge management products to drive collective learning and innovation. Since its launch, Dgroups has hosted rich discussions, disseminated valuable insights, and strengthened connections among members, fostering a sense of community and shared purpose.
CGIAR Climate Impact Platform Amplifies the Need for Just Transitions in the Agri-Food Sector by Advocating Within Global Climate Processes in 2024
(Report, 2024-12-30) Edward-Uwadiale, Regina
The CGIAR Climate Impact Platform has emerged as a key voice in advocating for just transitions in the agri-food sector, underscoring its critical role in addressing the challenges of climate change. Drawing from its robust engagements at COP29 and other global platforms, the Platform has actively contributed to shaping the global climate discourse through a series of impactful activities, including high-level events, thought-provoking op-eds, blog publications, and thematic webinars. By fostering collaborations with diverse stakeholders, the Platform has amplified the urgency of equitable climate adaptation and mitigation strategies within the agri-food systems. This report explores how the Platform’s initiatives have reinforced the need for inclusive transitions that prioritize the needs of vulnerable populations, highlight sustainable agricultural practices, and align with broader climate goals.
CGIAR Climate Impact Platform MELIA Framework
(Report, 2024) CGIAR Climate Change Impact Platform
The theory of change (Annexed) outlines how the Climate Impact Platform contributes to global climate goals through five key impact pathways: 1)Research to Action: The platform leverages cutting-edge research to develop and apply climate adaptation and mitigation technologies. Its "Expertise and Themes" subsystem, which organizes scientists and enhances their expertise, is central to this process. - Function: Organizing scientists into thematic groups and enhancing their expertise. - Facilitation: Providing expertise and insights for innovative research development. - Mediators: Research outputs. - Moderators: Resource availability and technology adoption rates. 2)Capacity Building and Empowerment: The platform empowers stakeholders with the skills and knowledge to implement climate-resilient practices. Its "Expertise and Themes" subsystem plays a crucial role through training and resource sharing. - Function: Enhance expertise through training and resource sharing. - Facilitation: Provide training programs and educational resources to empower stakeholders. - Mediators: Training efficacy. - Moderators: Regional educational needs and cultural acceptance. 3) Policy Influence and Advocacy: The platform advocates for evidence-based climate policies by synthesizing research and engaging policymakers. The "Synthesis and Gaps" subsystem performs this function. - Function: Synthesize research for policy recommendations and identify knowledge gaps. - Facilitation: Provide evidence-based and strategic insights for policy advocacy. - Mediators: Policy changes. - Moderators: Political climate and global policy shifts. 4)Networking and Partnerships: The platform fosters global collaboration to co-create climate solutions. The "Influencing Global Climate Processes" subsystem facilitates this process. - Function: Engage in global forums, enhancing visibility and strategic influence. - Facilitation: Enhance visibility and influence in policy discussions; foster global partnerships. Mediators: Partnership effectiveness. - Moderators: Alignment of partner goals and international cooperation dynamics. 5) Innovation and Technology Transfer: The platform develops and disseminates innovative tools and methodologies for climate adaptation. The "Methods and Metrics" subsystem plays a vital role. - Function: Develop innovative methodologies and metrics. - Facilitation: Provide frameworks for assessing and disseminating technologies and ensuring innovations are practical and scalable. - Mediators: Technology adoption rates. - Moderators: Technological readiness and stakeholder innovation receptivity.
CGIAR Climate Impact Platform Coordinated CGIAR Participation at COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan and Bonn Climate Conference Bringing Greater Coherence and Impact
(Report, 2024-12-30) Edward-Uwadiale, Regina
The CGIAR Climate Impact Platform has played a pivotal role in enhancing the coherence and impact of CGIAR's contributions to global climate processes, particularly at COP29 and the Bonn Climate Conference. By strategically coordinating workstreams, the Platform has ensured seamless representation and active engagement across critical negotiation tracks, aligning CGIAR's work with broader climate goals. Key deliverables, such as daily briefs, issue briefs, and high-profile events, have not only informed but also influenced global climate discussions. This paper delves into the Platform's meticulous planning and execution of these initiatives, spotlighting its ability to convene stakeholders, streamline communications, and drive impactful advocacy. Through these efforts, the Platform has reinforced CGIAR’s position as a leader in advancing agricultural innovation and climate resilience within the global climate agenda.
Climate Methods and Metrics Dashboard: A Searchable database based on CGIAR’s PRMS (2022-2023) Outputs
(Report, 2024-12-30) Jeanneau, Louise; Koren, Judith; Muhammad, Yasir; Tamhane, Pankaj; Mukherji, Aditi
The CGIAR Methods and Metrics Dashboard serves as a unified and comprehensive resource to provide an overview of the innovative methodologies, tools and scientific metrics developed by CGIAR scientists. The Dashboard analysis draws on more than 2000 PRMS climate related outputs, that constitute the CGIAR methods and metrics portfolio.
The impact of agricultural information services on farm household outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review protocol
(Brief, 2024-12-30) Walelign, Solomon Zena; Akalu, Lingerh Sewnet; Siltanu, Gebretsadik Teshager; Bosire, Caroline K.; Mukherji, Aditi
Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are highly vulnerable to climate variability and extreme weather events due to their reliance on rain-fed farming. Timely access to Agricultural Information Services (AIS) can enhance farmers’ well-being and agricultural productivity by promoting the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices, improving their ability to manage weather-related risks, and enabling the efficient use of inputs such as fertilizers and seeds. This study aims to evaluate the impact of AIS on agricultural productivity and welfare of farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis will synthesize evidence from published studies sourced from bibliographic databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and CAB Abstracts, as well as grey literature from Google Scholar, ProQuest, and CGIAR’s CGSpace. The screening process will be carried out in Rayyan.ai based on a detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Both narrative synthesis and meta-analysis will be used to comprehensively synthesize the evidence. The findings of this study will inform policymakers and extension service providers about the effectiveness of AIS in improving the lives and livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa.
A protocol for systematic review of CGIAR’s research (2012-2023) on climate-induced drought and heat stress
(Report, 2024-12-30) Mehar, Mamta; Kajal, Kushi; Mukherji, Aditi
What evidence exists on the pathways linking climate change to livestock production and consumption in sub-Saharan Africa? A protocol for a systematic map
(Brief, 2024-12-30) Tareke, Amare Abera; Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Hailesilassie, Wondimu Tadiwos; Bosire, Caroline K.; Mukherji, Aditi
Climate change is increasingly recognized as a significant threat to agricultural systems worldwide, with profound implications for livestock production and consumption. With its heavy dependence on livestock for food security, income, and cultural practices, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is particularly vulnerable to climate change’s impacts. However, the pathways through which climate change affects livestock systems in this region remain insufficiently explored. This protocol outlines a systematic map to identify, catalogue, and visualize the available evidence on these pathways. The goal of the incoming systematic map is to provide a comprehensive overview of existing evidence on how climate change is influencing livestock production and consumption in SSA, while also identifying key gaps in the current literature. The map will help to identify evidence on key pathways through which climate change impacts livestock systems and the broader agricultural sector in the region. To ensure comprehensive coverage, we will conduct an exhaustive search across multiple bibliographic databases including Web of Science, Scopus, CAB Abstracts, and PubMed - along with organizational websites, web-based searches, and citation snowballing to capture all relevant studies. The search will be carried out in English and will focus on SSA contexts wherever applicable, ensuring that the findings are directly relevant to the region’s unique challenges. The search results will be imported into Rayyan, a systematic review tool, where studies will be screened for relevance based on title, abstract, and full text. At each stage of the screening process, the number of studies included and excluded will be recorded, and the reasons for exclusion during full-text screening. Key metadata from the selected studies—such as bibliographic information, study characteristics, and the exposure and outcome components related to climate change, livestock production, and consumption—will be coded. The findings will be summarized using narrative summaries, heat maps, and an evidence atlas, providing a visual representation of existing knowledge and highlighting critical gaps that require further investigation.
The role of digital and climate-smart agriculture in climate change mitigation: A systematic mapping protocol for South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
(Brief, 2024-12-30) Gardezi, Maaz; Xinjing Yu; Carcamo, Pablo; Kumari, Sheetal
Climate-smart agriculture is a key global policy priority due to its potential to support climate change adaptation, mitigation, and food security through innovative practices and technologies. Recent advancements in digital agriculture technologies, such as precision agriculture and data analytics, are enabling its implementation. However, little is known about how digital agriculture can support smallholders in achieving overarching mitigation goals without compromising food security and on-farm adaptation outcomes. A lack of understanding of the scope and impact of these technologies hinders policymakers from developing strategies to effectively address their potential risks and benefits. This protocol outlines the methodology employed for conducting a systematic map to compile and synthesize evidence from South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa on the evolution, drivers, barriers, and on-farm impacts of digital climate-smart agriculture for climate change mitigation. We will use two complementary search strategies: (i) a systematic bibliographic search; and (ii) a citation chase approach. Articles will be included based on pre-defined criteria aligned with the Population, Intervention and Outcome design. The systemic map will identify knowledge gaps and clusters, with results presented through narrative synthesis, an evidence atlas, and other visualization.
How effective are adaptation practices on offsetting sorghum and millet yield reductions under climate change? A Protocol for a Systematic Map
(Brief, 2024-12-30) Akponikpe, P.B.I.; Allakonon, M.G.B.; Zakari, Sissou; Orou, B.Z.S.
Sorghum and millet are essential staple crops used to improve food security and economic stability of semi-arid regions. However, increased recent threats and impacts due to climate change, raise concerns on how to maintain and even increase the yields of these two crops under the current evolving climate, especially in the short and the long terms. As solutions, several agronomic adaptation practices are promoted to limit the impacts of climate change on sorghum and millet yields. These practices range from conservation tillage, optimized planting dates, to drought-resistant crop varieties and water-saving irrigation. Nonetheless, while the benefits of adaptation practices on offsetting yield reduction caused by climate change in cereal crops such as maize, rice and wheat, are well known through systematic reviews, this knowledge remain limited for sorghum and millet crops. This proposal sets to investigate the current knowledge of the effectiveness of adaptation practices in offsetting yield reduction of sorghum and millet under climate change conditions using a systematic meta-analysis method. The result will help to inform on the best practices according to regions and crops for sustainable management for future food security and development.
Submission on the progress and outcomes of the first phase of implementing the Article 6.8 work programme activities, and views on improving and recommending the schedule for implementing the work programme activities for the second phase
(Brief, 2024-08) Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT; CGIAR
This submission is made in response to the invitation to observers to submit views and information on the progress and outcomes of the first phase of implementing the Article 6.8 work programme activities (See Annex 1), and views on improving and recommending the schedule for implementing the work programme activities for the second phase1 . We understand that this request for submissions is to inform the “expedited and simple assessment2 ” of the progress and outcomes of the first phase of implementing the work programme activities at the 6th meeting of the Glasgow Committee on Non-Market Approaches (GCNMA), as agreed at COP 26. And that the “expedited and simple assessment” would take place in November 2024 (at COP29). The second phase of Article 6.8 implementation will take place during 2025–2026, focusing on fully implementing the work programme activities following a learning-by-doing approach and drawing on inputs from the first phase. During the first phase, it was agreed that UNFCCC National Focal Points (NFPs) will have responsibility for Article 6.8 activities, with several roles for NFPs now identified throughout decisions made since 2021. These roles and responsibilities include being able to identify Non-Market Approaches (NMAs), engagement with the Article 6.8 web platform, coordination with NFPs in other countries, ensuring participation of stakeholders, as well as other important roles, such as to ensure NMAs respect human rights, avoid negative impacts and promote synergies between mitigation and adaptation, and contribute to implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Hence, the expertise and capacity of NFPs is an extremely important consideration, requiring readiness support to enable the improved implementation of the work program during the second phase.
Submission by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and CGIAR to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in relation to the topic of the second dialogue under the United Arab Emirates Just Transition Work Programme
(Brief, 2024) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; CGIAR
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) welcome the opportunity to submit views on opportunities, best practices, actionable solutions, challenges and barriers relevant to the topic of the second dialogue on “Ensuring support for people-centric and equitable just transition pathways with a focus on the whole of-society approach and the workforce”, under the United Arab Emirates Just Transition Work Programme (UAE JTWP) in relation to decision 3/CMA.5, para. 3-4.Agriculture is highly vulnerable to and severely impacted by climate change, at the same time as being a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and water use globally. Today, 1.23 billion people are employed in agrifood systems, while 3.83 billion people worldwide live in households linked to agrifood systems-based livelihoods1 Moreover, over three quarters of the world’s poor live in rural areas and many of them depend on agrifood systems to make a living. Globally, 36 percent of working women are employed in agrifood systems, along with 38 percent of working men as of 20192. This demonstrates that agriculture is an important sector for the global workforce, even though for both women and men, these numbers represent a decline of about 10 percentage points since 2005, driven mainly by a reduction in employment in primary agricultural production. The transition to a greener economy is generally expected to result in a net employment gain. However, it is critical to recognize that achieving a just workforce transition in agrifood systems will require different policy considerations and actions than in other sectors.
Kenya's submission on progress, challenges, gaps and priorities in implementing the gender action plan to inform the review of the implementation of the enhanced Lima work programme on gender and its gender action plan
(Brief, 2024) Republic of Kenya
Kenya takes this opportunity to submit her views pursuant to Decision 15/CP.28 paragraph 2 that Invited Parties, UN entities, UNFCCC constituted bodies and relevant organizations to submit their inputs on progress, challenges, gaps and priorities in implementing the gender action plan, categorized by deliverable or output for each activity under the gender action plan, and on future work to be undertaken on gender and climate change, to inform the review of the implementation of the Enhanced Lima Work Programme on gender and its Gender Action Plan.
Joint submission of CGIAR and the Eastern Africa Farmers Federation in response to Decision 2/CMA.5, Paragraph 41 regarding the United Arab Emirates Belem Work Programme on indicators
(Report, 2024-03) CGIAR; Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT; International Livestock Research Institute; International Water Management Institute; Eastern Africa Farmers Federation
The GGA framework outlines eleven broad thematic and dimensional targets. The targets need to be unpacked to be operational. For example, Target 9 (b) on food and agriculture highlights elements critical to resilient food production, distribution, and consumption. The focus on resilience captures the outcomes that should collectively be achieved. However, it omits elements that are more practical to measure, including the adaptation practices and strategies that must be implemented across scales to achieve these outcomes. It will be essential to use a framework that can help identify the actions, outcomes, their connections, and corresponding indicators that are relevant and can be tailored for various vulnerability contexts. Impact pathways/ theories of change provide a scientifically validated and well-known approach to do so. For example, CGIAR’s analysis of investment priorities articulated in national investment plans across Africa distilled key impact pathways for adaptation and resilience. These impact pathways guided the selection of indicators corresponding to specific actions and expected outcomes. They also helped uncover diverse adaptation priorities of countries and their ambitions and the indicators for assessing progress at the farm, subnational, and national scales. The indicators also cover social, economic, and ecological components of agricultural systems, underscoring the linkages between the thematic targets of the GGA framework. The consideration of the contextually relevant hazards, adaptations, actions, and expected outcomes also helped identify indicators corresponding to the dimensional targets.

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