Addressing bovine tuberculosis at the human-animal interface and veterinary antibiotic use in peri-urban dairy farms in India

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/42205

The complete project title is: "Addressing bovine tuberculosis at the human-animal interface and veterinary antibiotic use in smallholder peri-urban dairy farms in India to ensure safe and sustainable milk production".

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The extent and structure of peri-urban smallholder dairy farming in five cities in India
(Journal Article, 2020-07-03) Lindahl, Johanna F.; Chauhan, A.; Gill, J.P.S.; Hazarika, R.A.; Fairoze, N.M.; Grace, Delia; Gaurav, A.; Satpathy, S.K.; Kakkar, M.
Livestock keeping is common in many cities in India, driven by the demand for animal-source foods, particularly perishable milk. We selected five cities from different regions of the country and conducted a census in 34 randomly selected peri-urban villages to identify and describe all smallholder dairy farms. In total 1,690 smallholder dairy farms were identified, keeping on average 2.2 milking cows and 0.7 milking buffaloes. In Bhubaneswar, the proportion of cows milking was only 50%, but in other cities it was 63–73%. In two of the five cities, more than 90% of the farmers stated that dairy production was their main source of income, while <50% in the other cities reported this. In one of the cities, only 36% of the households kept milk for themselves. Market channels varied considerably; in one city about 90% of farms sold milk to traders, in another, 90% sold to the dairy cooperative, and in another around 90% sold directly to consumers. In conclusion, peri-urban dairy systems in India are important but also varying between different cities, with only one city, Bengaluru, having a well-developed cooperative system, and the northeastern poorer region being more dependent on traders. Further studies may be needed to elucidate the importance and to design appropriate developmental interventions.
Pesticide residues in peri-urban bovine milk from India and risk assessment: A multicenter study
(Journal Article, 2020-05-15) Gill, J.P.S.; Bedi, J.S.; Singh, R.; Fairoze, M.N.; Hazarika, R.A.; Gaurav, A.; Satpathy, S.K.; Chauhan, A.S.; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Grace, Delia; Kumar, A.; Kakkar, M.
Pesticides residue poses serious concerns to human health. The present study was carried out to determine the pesticide residues of peri-urban bovine milk (n = 1183) from five different sites (Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Guwahati, Ludhiana and Udaipur) in India and dietary exposure risk assessment to adults and children. Pesticide residues were estimated using gas chromatography with flame thermionic and electron capture detectors followed by confirmation on gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The results noticed the contamination of milk with hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichloro-diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), endosulfan, cypermethrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, chlorpyrifos, ethion and profenophos pesticides. The residue levels in some of the milk samples were observed to be higher than the respective maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticide. Milk samples contamination was found highest in Bhubaneswar (11.2%) followed by Bangalore (9.3%), Ludhiana (6.9%), Udaipur (6.4%) and Guwahati (6.3%). The dietary risk assessment of pesticides under two scenarios i.e. lower-bound scenario (LB) and upper-bound (UB) revealed that daily intake of pesticides was substantially below the prescribed acceptable daily intake except for fipronil in children at UB. The non-cancer risk by estimation of hazard index (HI) was found to be below the target value of one in adults at all five sites in India. However, for children at the UB level, the HI for lindane, DDT and ethion exceeded the value of one in Ludhiana and Udaipur. Cancer risk for adults was found to be in the recommended range of United States environment protection agency (USEPA), while it exceeded the USEPA values for children.
Risk factors for Brucella seroprevalence in peri-urban dairy farms in five Indian cities
(Journal Article, 2019-06-30) Lindahl, Johanna F.; Gill, J.P.S.; Hazarika, R.A.; Fairoze, N.M.; Bedi, J.S.; Dohoo, I.; Chauhan, A.S.; Grace, Delia; Kakkar, M.
Brucellosis is endemic among dairy animals in India, contributing to production losses and posing a health risk to people, especially farmers and others in close contact with dairy animals or their products. Growing urban populations demand increased milk supplies, resulting in intensifying dairy production at the peri-urban fringe. Peri-urban dairying is under-studied but has implications for disease transmission, both positive and negative. In this cross-sectional study, five Indian cities were selected to represent different geographies and urbanization extent. Around each, we randomly selected 34 peri-urban villages, and in each village three smallholder dairy farms (defined as having a maximum of 10 dairy animals) were randomly selected. The farmers were interviewed, and milk samples were taken from up to three animals. These were tested using a commercial ELISA for antibodies against Brucella abortus, and factors associated with herd seroprevalence were identified. In all, 164 out of 1163 cows (14.1%, 95% CI 12.2–16.2%) were seropositive for Brucella. In total, 91 out of 510 farms (17.8%, 95% CI 14.6–21.4%) had at least one positive animal, and out of these, just seven farmers stated that they had vaccinated against brucellosis. In four cities, the farm-level seroprevalence ranged between 1.4–5.2%, while the fifth city had a seroprevalence of 72.5%. This city had larger, zero-grazing herds, used artificial insemination to a much higher degree, replaced their animals by purchasing from their neighbors, were less likely to contact a veterinarian in case of sick animals, and were also judged to be less clean. Within the high-prevalence city, farms were at higher risk of being infected if they had a young owner and if they were judged less clean. In the low-prevalence cities, no risk factors could be identified. In conclusion, this study has identified that a city can have a high burden of infected animals in the peri-urban areas, but that seroprevalence is strongly influenced by the husbandry system. Increased intensification can be associated with increased risk, and thus the practices associated with this, such as artificial insemination, are also associated with increased risk. These results may be important to identify high-risk areas for prioritizing interventions and for policy decisions influencing the structure and development of the dairy industry.
Community, system and policy level drivers of bovine tuberculosis in smallholder periurban dairy farms in India: A qualitative enquiry
(Journal Article, 2019-12) Chauhan, A.S.; George, M.S.; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Grace, Delia; Kakkar, M.
Background Rapid urbanization has led to expansion of peri-urban fringes, where intensive, industry-style livestock rearing has led to emerging vulnerabilities at the human-animal-environment interface. This study was undertaken to understand the health system and farm-level factors that influenced the risk of transmission of bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) in animals and humans in peri-urban smallholder dairy farms of India. Methods Thematic guides were developing through literature review and expert consultation. In-depth interviews were conducted till attainment of saturation. Identification of core themes was followed by etiological enquiry and generation of a conceptual model. Results Veterinarians were consulted as a last resort after home-remedies and quacks had failed. Damage control measures, especially with respect to- selling or abandoning sick animals, added to the risk of disease transmission. Although civic authorities believed in the adequacy of a functioning laboratory network, end users were aggrieved at the lack of services. Despite the presence of extension services, knowledge and awareness was limited, promoting risky behaviour. The absence of cogent policies in dealing with bTB was a significant barrier. Stakeholders did not consider bTB to be a major concern. It is possible that they underestimate the problem. Conclusion The current study helps to identify gaps which need to be addressed through collaborative research, and OneHealth interventions to build community awareness.
Antimicrobial resistance in South East Asia: Time to ask the right questions
(Journal Article, 2018-01) Kakkar, M.; Chatterjee, P.; Chauhan, A.S.; Grace, Delia; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Beeche, A.; Jing, F.; Chotinan, S.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a major public health concern, around which the international leadership has come together to form strategic partnerships and action plans. The main driving force behind the emergence of AMR is selection pressure created due to consumption of antibiotics. Consumption of antibiotics in human as well as animal sectors are driven by a complex interplay of determinants, many of which are typical to the local settings. Several sensitive and essential realities are tied with antibiotic consumption – food security, livelihoods, poverty alleviation, healthcare access and national economies, to name a few. That makes one-size-fits-all policies, framed with the developed country context in mind, inappropriate for developing countries. Many countries in the South East Asian Region have some policy structures in place to deal with AMR, but most of them lack detailed implementation plans or monitoring structures. In this current debates piece, the authors argue that the principles driving the AMR agenda in the South East Asian countries need to be dealt with using locally relevant policy structures. Strategies, which have successfully reduced the burden of AMR in the developed countries, should be evaluated in the developing country contexts instead of ad hoc implementation. The Global Action Plan on AMR encourages member states to develop locally relevant National Action Plans on AMR. This policy position should be leveraged to develop and deploy locally relevant strategies, which are based on a situation analysis of the local systems, and are likely to meet the needs of the individual member states.
The social biography of antibiotic use in smallholder dairy farms in India
(Journal Article, 2018-12) Chauhan, A.S.; George, M.S.; Chatterjee, P.; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Grace, Delia; Kakkar, M.
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been identified as one of the major threats to global health, food security and development today. While there has been considerable attention about the use and misuse of antibiotics amongst human populations in both research and policy environments, there is no definitive estimate of the extent of misuse of antibiotics in the veterinary sector and its contribution to AMR in humans. In this study, we explored the drivers ofirrational usage of verterinary antibiotics in the dairy farming sector in peri-urban India. Methods and materials The study was conducted in the peri-urban belts of Ludhiana, Guwahati and Bangalore. A total of 54 interviews (formal and non-formal) were carried out across these three sites. Theme guides were developed to explore different drivers of veterinary antimicrobial use. Data was audio recorded and transcribed. Analysis of the coded data set was carried out using AtlasTi. Version 7. Themes emerged inductively from the set of codes. Results Findings were presented based on concept of ‘levels of analyses’. Emergent themes were categorised as individual, health systems, and policy level drivers. Low level of knowledge related to antibiotics among farmers, active informal service providers, direct marketing of drugs to the farmers and easily available antibiotics, dispensed without appropriate prescriptions contributed to easy access to antibiotics, and were identified to be the possible drivers contributing to the non-prescribed and self-administered use of antibiotics in the dairy farms. Conclusions Smallholding dairy farmers operated within very small margins of profits. The paucity of formal veterinary services at the community level, coupled with easy availability of antibiotics and the need to ensure profits and minimise losses, promoted non-prescribed antibiotic consumption. It is essential that these local drivers of irrational antibiotic use are understood in order to develop interventions and policies that seek to reduce antibiotic misuse.
Conducting EcoHealth research: Basic skills. Report of a training workshop held on 26–27 September 2016
(Report, 2016-09-26) Public Health Foundation of India; International Livestock Research Institute
Conducting EcoHealth research: Basic skills. Report of a training workshop held on 24–25 November 2016
(Report, 2016-11-24) Public Health Foundation of India; International Livestock Research Institute
Knowledge of smallholder dairy producers towards bovine brucellosis in Bihar, India
(Poster, 2016-11-17) Deka, Ram Pratim; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Grace, Delia; Magnusson, Ulf
Animal health and productivity among dairy cattle in Bihar, India
(Thesis, 2016-09-21) Hannfors, A.
Bihar lies in the north of India and is one of the poorest states in the country. Agriculture is very important in the local economy and the contribution of animal husbandry, where dairy animals are the most common, is considerable. A majority of dairy farmers are poor smallholder, to whom milk production is important both as a source of additional income as well as being a source of important nutrients to the farmers family. Milk yield per animal in Bihar has however been low compared to the rest of the country because of problems with disease, reproduction and animal management. The aim for this study was to investigate general animal health and management in dairy cattle, to identify ways to improve the milk yield of animals to improve the situation of local farmers. Factors included and registered in the study were related to animal management and health, and included milk yield, body condition scoring (BCS) and feed, water intake and hoof health and lameness. Data was collected through clinical examinations of individual animals and through the use of a questionnaire. A total of 229 households and 342 individual animals were included in the study. Dominance of smallholders in Bihar was verified in the study, with a mean of 3.5 animals per household, and an absolute majority of the animals surveyed were crossbred. Mean daily milk yield per animal in households was 8.3 L/day. Body condition and rumen fill were both found to be within adequate ranges, indicating a satisfactory energy intake for animals. Both inclusion of concentrate in the feed of animals and increased intake of water was found to be associated with a significant increase in milk yield. Inclusion of concentrates in feed led to an increase of 1.78 L/day in mean daily milk yield, and for every additional liter of water, mean daily milk yield increased by 0.1 L/day. Hoof status of surveyed animals was found to be normal in an absolute majority of cases, and the annual incidence rate of lameness was found to be extremely low when compared to previous studies. In conclusion, adequate BCS, rumen fill and good hoof status indicates a good general health of animals in Bihar. The good hoof status and low incidence rate of lameness indicate that hoof related lesions are not a major problem in the state. Proportion of crossbred animals and the daily milk yield of animals seem to be higher as compared to previous studies from Bihar, and a potential of increased milk yield through an increase of water intake as well as from inclusion of concentrates in the feed is shown. Further research would however be needed to verify the results of this study.
Clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle and buffaloes in Bihar, India: Prevalence, major pathogens and risk factors
(Thesis, 2016-03-03) Hardenberg, F.
Bihar, located in north-eastern India, is a state with a growing dairy sector. Many people live under the poverty line and depend on the livestock and dairy production from cattle and buffaloes for their livelihood. Mastitis is known to result in substantial production and economic losses which can be crucial for small-scale dairy farmers. The knowledge about the situation regarding mastitis in Bihar is limited. The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of mastitis in cattle and buffaloes, as well as to identify common udder pathogens and to identify possible risk factors of mastitis in cattle. The study was conducted in rural, peri-urban and urban households in Bihar during September and October 2015. In total, 285 cows and 28 buffaloes were included in the study. General information regarding herd and management factors was collected as well as details of the specific animals. The prevalence of subclinical and clinical mastitis was determined through clinical examination of the udder and by using California mastitis test (CMT) to evaluate somatic cell count in milk samples. Samples with CMT ≥3 were examined for presence of bacteria. Some of the samples were also tested with a rapid test (MastiTest) to evaluate sensitivity and resistance to antimicrobials. In cattle, the prevalence of subclinical and clinical mastitis was 35.4% and 11.6% respectively. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes was 28.6%, no cases of clinical mastitis were found. Out of 145 quarter milk samples from cattle, Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant bacteria (28.3%) followed by other Staphylococcus species (21.3%) and Streptococcus species (17.9%). Out of four quarter milk samples from buffaloes, three were negative for bacterial growth and one was contaminated. Floor type and presence of a drainage system had a significant association with prevalence of subclinical mastitis in cattle. Cows held on concrete floor had a lower prevalence of subclinical mastitis compared to cows kept on earthen or brick floor. Cows held in farms with a drainage system had a lower prevalence of subclinical mastitis. However, parity number, lactation stage and hygiene score had no association with the prevalence of mastitis in cattle. The results from the study indicate that the prevalence of mastitis in dairy cattle and buffaloes is high. Knowledge about preventive measures is essential to control mastitis. As for Bihar, preventive measures should be focused on emphasizing the importance of applying high hygienic standards of housing and milking practices.
One Health approaches to different problems: Work at the International Livestock Research Institute
(Presentation, 2015-04-08) Lindahl, Johanna F.
Challenges in intensifying India smallholder dairy production: Health risks and productivity gaps
(Presentation, 2015-09-23) Lindahl, Johanna F.; Deka, Ram Pratim; Randolph, Thomas F.; Grace, Delia
India has over 300 million buffaloes and cows, and is the country that produces the most milk. Even though the commercial sector is growing, a large part of the milk is still traded through informal value chains. Many households have only few milking animals, and production is hampered by poor health and lack of adequate feed and water. Multiple zoonotic diseases are circulating, and even though milk commonly is boiled, the trade with raw milk products and lacking hygienic measures pose a risk to human health. Informal value chains are unregulated and uncontrolled, and this increases the associated risks. In three projects, the International Livestock Research Institute is studying the white revolution of India. 1. Impact of an intervention on hygienic milk production on productivity, Assam. Farmers and milk traders had a low awareness about health hazards in milk, which improved after training, but the main impact noted by the farmers was healthier animals and better productivity. 2. Upstarting project on peri-urban dairy and risks of zoonotic disease and antibiotic misuse. 3. The dairy value chain in Bihar, one of the poorest states in India. Identifying the major limitations to efficient milk production, and the best bet interventions.
Antibiotic use and misuse in low-income countries: Research at the International Livestock Research Institute
(Poster, 2015-04) Lindahl, Johanna F.; Lunden, H.; Deka, Ram Pratim; Kakkar, M.; Grace, Delia
ILRI food safety and zoonoses: India and Bihar
(Presentation, 2015-10-09) Lindahl, Johanna F.
Policy and practice: Developing countries and livestock drug use
(Presentation, 2014-09-29) Grace, Delia; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Mehta-Bhatt, Purvi; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Kakkar, M.
Risks with urban and peri-urban milk production in India
(Presentation, 2014-08) Lindahl, Johanna F.; Kakkar, M.; Mehta-Bhatt, Purvi; Deka, Ram Pratim; Grace, Delia

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