SLP - books and reports
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Item Item Crop residue management and farm productivity in smallholder crop-livestock system of dry land North Wollo, Ethiopia(Thesis, 2011-05-15) Diressie, Hailu TerefeItem Increasing livestock productivity in mixed crop-livestock systems in South Asia(Book, 2004) Rao, P.P.; Birthal, P.S.; Kar, D.; Wickramaratne, S.H.G.; Shrestha, H.R.Item Feed, food and fuel: Competition and potential impacts on small-scale crop-livestock-energy farming systems(Report, 2010-12-15) Dixon, John A.; Li, X.; Msangi, Siwa; Amede, Tilahun; Bossio, Deborah A.; Ceballos, H.; Ospina, B.; Howeler, Reinhardt H.; Reddy, B.V.S.; Abaidoo, Robert C.; Timsina, J.; Crissman, C.C.; Mares, V.; Quiróz, R.; León Velarde, C.U.; Herrero, Mario; Blümmel, Michael; Holmann, Federico J.; Peters, Michael; White, D.; Qadir, Manzoor; Szonyi, J.A.Item Increasing livestock productivity in mixed crop-livestock systems in South Asia: Proceedings of the planning workshop of regional stakeholders, ICRISAT, India, 15-17 November 1999(Report, 1999) Thomas, D.The purpose of the project "Increasing livestock productivity in mixed crop-livestock systems in South Asia" is to develop a crop-livestock typology that will ultimately improve the effectiveness of technical and socio-economic interventions aimed at improving animal performance and protecting the natural resource base at farm level in South Asia. The workshop provides an overview of the project proposal, the allocation of resources for specific activities, the definition of specific milestones, a description of crop-livestock systems in the regions and the status of data available on livestock production in the four countries, viz, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Gujarat.Item Technology options for sustainable livestock production in India: Proceedings of the workshop on documentation, adoption, and impact of livestock technologies in India, Hiderabad, India, 18–19 January 2001(Conference Proceedings, 2002) Birthal, P.S.; Parthasarathy Rao, P.Item Improvement of livestock production in crop-animal systems in the agro-ecological zones of South Asia(Book, 2000) Devendra, C.; Thomas, D.; Jabbar, M.A.; Zerbini, E.This document presents the results of a study conducted to assess the constraints to production and research opportunities for enhancing the contribution of livestock in crop-animal systems in agro-ecological zones of South Asia. The study involves six countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The study aims at helping set priorities and focus the limited resources in order that livestock research can be most effective. The document is divided in six parts. The first part is background. The second and third parts discuss characterisation and importance of agro-ecological zones in South Asia, and characterisation of farming systems and review of research respectively. The fourth part outlines field assessment of crop-animal systems and the fifth part highlights key researchable issues in crop-animal systems. Strategy for research and recommendations are presented in the last section. An outline on animal agriculture in the six countries is attached as an appendix.Item Genetic enhancement of sorghum and millet residues fed to ruminants: farmers' perceptions of fodder quality in livelihood systems(Book, 2000) Underwood, M.P.; Hall, A.J.; Zerbini, E.This report summarises the results of a study of farmer perceptions of sorghum and millet biomass traits with specific reference to livestock feeding practices. The results reported here form part of a larger ILRI/ICRISAT study undertaken to identify genotypes of sorghum and millet with improved biomass characteristics. The approach of this study is to use on station assessment of plant material in conjunction with a survey of farmers' perceptions of preferred quality traits reported here. A series of 13 intensive village case studies were carried out over 11 districts in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Rajastan and Maharashtra. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) methods were used to gain an understanding of farmers' perceptions of crop-residue-quality parameters and to gauge the trade-off between grain and fodder yields. The techniques used were: wealth ranking; focus group discussions; variety matrix ranking; fodder calendar; and household case studies on feeding systems. Wealth ranking information was used to select farmers from all categories for the household case studies and to relate findings from discussions to the wealth status of the participants.Item Sustainable crop-livestock production for improved livelihoods and natural resource management in West Africa. Proceedings of an international conference(Conference Proceedings, 2004) Williams, Timothy O.; Tarawali, Shirley A.; Hiernaux, Pierre H.Y.; Fernández Rivera, S.This conference was conducted to review the development of crop-livestock farming systems in West Africa over the preceding two decades with particular reference to the constraints, productivity, livelihood and environmental impacts; to assess future trends and determine new opportunities for sustainable intensification of crop-livestock systems; to identify research priorities and collaborative mechanisms to foster improved productivity, natural resource management and livelihoods of crop-livestock producers in West Africa. This volume presents a subset of papers presented at the conference. It is divided into four parts. Part I presents background papers that examine the impacts of population pressure, agroecology and economic policies on the evolution of crop-livestock systems and draws implications for future development of these systems. Part II begins with a comparative analysis of crop-livestock systems in West Africa, Asia and Latin America and goes on to present various research results and natural resource management options used by smallholder farmers, carefully drawing out implications for the future development of crop-livestock systems in West Africa. Papers in Part III examine future trends and emerging opportunities in Science, economic environment and research collaboration and emerging opportunities in science, economic environment, and research collaboration and discusses how these can be exploited to foster sustainable intensification of crop-livestock systems. Part IV includes two short papers that demonstrate the relevance of farmers' ethno-veterinary and soil fertility knowledge in the design and evaluation of new technologies and management practices.. The volume is a blend of studies focusing on site-specific factors, processes and wider policy options which, appropriately combined, can improve the productivity and sustainability of crop-livestock systems in West Africa and other regions with similar characteristics.Item Global agenda for livestock research: Proceedings of a consultation(Conference Proceedings, 1995) Gardiner, Peter R.; Devendra, C.The objectives of this consultation are to identify priority requirements for improved livestock productivity and development of the sustainable production systems in the developing regions; to identify cross-regional priorities, major constraints, the researchable areas and issues in livestock production most likely to bring distinct benefits and impacts; and to assist identification of participants and planning for future regional research workshops. The report summarises the priority researchable issues suggested during the consultation to be considered for ILRI's broader agenda for livestock and related research. These issues include livestock production systems and feed development and improvement.Item Improvement of livestock production in crop-animal systems in rainfed agro-ecological zones of South-East Asia(Book, 1997) Devendra, C.; Thomas, D.; Jabbar, M.A.Item Coping with feed scarcity in smallholder livestock systems in developing countries(Book, 2005) Ayantunde, Augustine A.; Fernández Rivera, S.; McCrabb, G.J.Item Feeding systems with forage legumes to intensify dairy production in Latin America and Caribbean: a project executed by the Tropileche Consortium(Book, 2004) Holmann, Federico J.; Lascano Aguilar, Carlos EduardoItem Policy and scale factors influencing efficiency in dairy and poultry production in Bangladesh(Book, 2005) Jabbar, M.A.; Islam, S.M.F.; Delgado, Christopher L.; Ehui, Simeon K.; Akanada, M.A.I.; Khan, M.I.; Kamruzzaman, M.Demand for animal products has been increasing rapidly in Bangladesh due to income and population growth and urbanisation. The expanding market has the potential to create income and employment opportunities for small-scale and poor livestock producers if they can produce and sell market-demanded products at competitive costs and prices. This opportunity may be lost if investment, fiscal and capital market policies are distorted in a way that favour large-scale producers. Therefore, the overall objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of dairy and poultry producers in Bangladesh to identify policy options for assisting small-scale operators to develop economically viable and ecologically sustainable production enterprises for participating in the rapidly-expanding urban and rural markets for milk, poultry and eggs. The theoretical framework was based on the premise that small-scale producers may be able to compete with large-scale producers in the expanding market if they fulfil two conditions: if smallholders earn higher profit/unit of output as they need to earn a reasonable income to stay in business with low volume of output, and if smallholders are more profit-efficient in the use of their limited resources, i.e. use fewer resources/unit of profit generated.Item Livestock and sustainable nutrient cycling in mixed farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa. Volume II: Technical papers. Proceedings of an international conference(Conference Proceedings, 1995) Powell, J.M.; Fernández Rivera, S.; Williams, Timothy O.; Renard, C.Achieving sustainable increases in agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa is both a regional and a worldwide concern. High human and animal population densities in some areas have surpassed land-carrying capacities causing environmental degradation and undermining the long-term stability of these production systems. In attempts to meet the increasing food demands of larger populations, farmers are cultivating more land permanently, grazing lands have diminished and many traditional farming practices that formerly allowed land to rejuvenate are disappearing. An efficient cycling of nutrients among crops, animals and soil is crucial to the sustained productivity of low-input mixed farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Access to agricultural inputs such as fertiliser and improved seed is limited. Nutrient balances, or the difference between nutrient inputs and harvests, are negative for many production systems. Although animal manures are perhaps the most important fertility amendment that many farmers apply to cropland, livestock can also contribute to these nutrient imbalances. Excessive removal of vegetation by grazing animals or harvesting feeds can deplete soil-nutrient reserves and result in decreases in soil productivity. A major portion of nutrients consumed by livestock may also be unavailable for recycling due to volatilisation, erosion and leaching losses, and uneven deposition of nutrients by animals in the landscape. The climatic and socio-economic changes currently taking place in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa suggest that sustainable increases in agricultural production from an increasingly fragile ecosystem require new and innovative crop, livestock, and soil-management strategies. To further this objective, the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) and its cosponsors convened this conference to bring together national and international experts in livestock (cattle, sheep and goats) nutrition and management, ecology, agronomy, soil science and socio-economics to address fundamental issues of nutrient balances, agricultural productivity and the well being of the people, livestock and environment of sub-Saharan Africa.Item Livestock in mixed farming systems in South Asia(Book, 2008) Parthasarathy Rao, P.; Birthal, P.S.Animal production in South Asia is predominantly part of mixed crop-livestock farming systems vital for the security and survival of large numbers of poor people. In such systems, livestock generate cash income, provide draught power and manure, utilize crop residues and by-products making them partially, closed systems, and thus the most benign from the environmental perspective. Mixed farming systems however, are extremely complex and heterogeneous in terms of crops grown, livestock species raised and in their responses to development initiatives. Further, recent decades have seen significant changes in mixed systems in terms of livestock demography, increased commercialization (degree of integration with markets), etc. Factors contributing to this change include growing human population, mechanization of cultivation and rural transportation, use of inorganic fertilizers and government programs to promote animal production. On the demand side, an important factor contributing to the change has been the growing demand for livestock products (milk and meat) driven by income growth, urbanization and changes in tastes and preferences in the region. Meeting this growing demand is both an opportunity and a challenge for small-scale mixed crop-livestock farmers. Unlike in the past, productivity increases should contribute a larger share to output growth owing to increasing pressure on land and competing resources. Low productivity of livestock in mixed crop-livestock systems in South Asia is due to non-adoption of available technologies or their uptake has not been sustainable, because they were improperly targeted into the farming systems (for example, introducing cross-breeding technology in areas with poor feed resources, improved forage crops in low rainfall areas etc). To better understand the nature of small scale mixed farming systems in South Asia, the recognition of the strong nexus between crop and animal production, the striking variation in systems and the need for differential intervention, a Crop–Livestock Systems typology has been constructed that delineates the regions of each country into homogenous croplivestock zones /systems with similar response to technology uptake and development initiatives. Thus, the typology would enable better targeting of technical and socioeconomic interventions aimed at improving animal productivity and protecting the natural resource base on the farms in South Asia.Item Integrated crop-animal systems in Southeast Asia: current status and prospects(Book, 2005) Sombilla, M.A.; Hardy, B.Integration of rice and livestock production is not new. What have changed over the years are the nature and roles of the crop and animal components and the complexity of their interactions. The relationship between rice production and the raising of carabao and a few other animals approximately 40 years ago was based purely on need for subsistence. This relationship has now evolved into more complex systems, as influenced by various socioeconomic, environmental, and political factors. This limited proceedings consists mainly of country monographs that describe the status and direction of development of integrated crop-animal systems in the five main rice-growing countries of Southeast Asia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand. It emphasizes the growing importance of crop-livestock integration as a path for agricultural intensification, especially among small producers on marginal farm lands.Item Reframing technical change: Livestock fodder scarcity revisited as innovation capacity scarcity - A conceptual framework(Book, 2007-06) Hall, A.; Sulaiman, R.; Bezkorowajnyj, P.G.This document, divided into three sections, develops a conceptual framework for a project on livestock fodder innovation – the Fodder Innovation Project (FIP). Livestock is important to the livelihoods of poor people in many regions of the developing world. A generic problem found across this diverse range of production and marketing contexts is the shortage of fodder. This paper argues that to address this problem it is necessary to frame the question of fodder shortage not from the perspective of information and technological scarcity, but from the perspective of capacity scarcity in relation to fodder innovation. To support this position the first section presents case studies of experience, from an earlier fodder innovation project, that suggest that while fodder technology is important, it is not enough. There is a large institutional dimension to bringing about innovation, particularly with respect to the effectiveness of networks and alliances needed to put technology into use. The second section begins by reviewing the evolving paradigms of agricultural research and innovation over the last 30 years or so and explains the emergence and relevance of the innovation systems concept to agricultural development. It then presents a framework for exploring fodder innovation capacity, with particular emphasis on the patterns of interaction needed for innovation and the policy and institutional settings needed to enable these processes. The third section reviews the wide range of existing tools available to investigate institutional change. It then recommends that an eclectic approach of mixing and matching tools to the emerging circumstances of the research is the best way forward.Item Crop-livestock interactions and livelihoods in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, India: A regional synthesis(Book, 2007-12) Erenstein, Olaf; Thorpe, W.R.; Singh, J.; Varma, A.The research and development community faces the challenge of sustaining crop productivity gains, improving rural livelihoods, and securing environmental sustainability in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This calls for a better understanding of farming systems and of rural livelihoods, particularly with the advent of, and strong advocacy for, conservation farming and resource-conserving technologies. This report presents a regional synthesis of four scoping studies to assess croplivestock interactions and rural livelihoods in each of the four subregions of the Indian IGP: the Trans-Gangetic Plains (TGP: Punjab and Haryana), the Gangetic Plains of Uttar Pradesh (UP), Bihar, and West Bengal.Item Swine production simulation model: LIFE SIM(Book, 2007-10) León Velarde, C.U.; Cañas, R.; Osorio, J.; Guerrero, J.; Quiróz, R.Non-ruminant animals are essential in many resource-poor production systems, particularly in Asia. The feeding strategies are as varied as the different agro ecosystems, thus increasing the challenge faced by researchers and extension agents in the search for appropriate solutions to feeding limitations. Systems analysis provides a unique opportunity to translate existing knowledge into process-based models that can be used to assess year-round feeding strategies at the farm level. Although livestock models have been developed to address similar situations for ruminant animals, swine are seldom included. The present work describes a swine model that analyzes the bioeconomic response to feeding strategies in different production systems. This swine model has been incorporated into the software Livestock Feeding Strategies Simulation Model (LIFE-SIM) complementing the existing models for ruminant species: Dairy, Beef, Goat, and Buffalo (León-Velarde et al., 2006) The model simulates a confined group of animals (at least two females or males) with a weight ranging from 15 to 120 kg, under either an ad libitum or controlled feeding regime with a feed value characterized in terms of dry matter (%), metabolizable energy (ME/kg), crude fiber (%), lysine (%), methionine + cystine (%), threonine (%), and tryptophan (%). The model can store a number of different rations and their prices allowing a comparison during a defined fattening period. Weight gain and the bioeconomic performance of each ration can then be estimated and analyzed.