CPWF Project Proposals

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Water Management across scales in the Sao Francisco Basin: Policy options and poverty consequences
(Internal Document, 2005-06-20) University of California
The São Francisco River provides about 70% of the surface water in Northeast Brazil and like much of Brazil the basin includes communities characterized by a broad range of incomes and persistent poverty (Brito and Gichuki 2003). The basin’s agricultural systems cover a similar range between capitalized export-focused enterprises and subsistence farms. Major corporations and cottage industries comprise the industrial water use sector while cities and towns tap the basin for municipal supplies. The basin also hosts several important water-dependent ecological zones. Increasingly, the complex web linking water availability, water quality, water productivity, economic growth, poverty alleviation and community and ecosystem health is coming into focus. Conflict for water among various water user communities and sectors is becoming common, often with negative consequences for resource-poor stakeholders. Surface water shortfalls in some areas have increased groundwater utilization leading to soil salination
V1: Targeting and Scaling Out
(Proposal, 2010-08) Barron, Jennie; Chadwick, Matthew; Cinderby, Steve; Kemp-Benedict, Eric
Numerous pilot studies and case studies in the Volta Basin have evaluated practices, methods, and tools that could prove beneficial to others, both within the basin and outside of it. However, the question whether an intervention successfully applied in one location has a reasonable chance of success at any other location remains extremely difficult to answer. A consistent finding in pilot studies is that detailed characteristics of the study location – economic, biophysical, institutional, and cultural – can all play an essential role in the eventual success, and failure of achieving a successful outcome. For out-scaling of initiatives it is impractical to collect detailed information at every potential site where an agricultural land and water management (AWM) intervention might be introduced. This project starts with the premise that, while certainty is unobtainable, degrees of certainty are both obtainable, using available information in a systematic way, and useful.The CPWF Project V1, “Targeting and Scaling Out”, proposal aims to develop an evidence and knowledge-based tool that will map the likelihood that a given intervention will be successful in given locations. The proposed V1 project will contribute to achieving the BDC challenge of improving rainwater and small reservoir management to contribute to poverty reduction and improved livelihoods resilience by producing a framework and web-based and electronic “decision support”, (or targeting and scaling out tool) that will identify likely sites to introduce AWM interventions for smallholder farming systems.
V3: Integrated Management of Small Reservoirs for Multiple Uses
(Proposal, 2010-10) Jamin, Jean-Yves; Cecchi, P.; Poussin, Jean-Christophe; Fusillier, J.L.
V3 project focuses on integrated management options at local scale for small reservoirs (SR), in a multiple use context. Integrated management of SR can aim at several objectives: (i) perpetuating infrastructures, obvious condition for socio-agro-ecosystem durability; (ii) protecting and if necessary improving the water quality for the various uses; (iii) reaching and enhancing water productivity potentials; (iv) seeking for equity (pro-poor position). These goals have to be compared and discussed with stakeholders’ perceptions and expectations: participative diagnosis and modeling will constitute a methodological baseline. For local management of SR, the sustainable enhancement of water productivity will require (i) to assess the different aspects of water productivity (present and its past evolution), and (ii) to test options for sustainable improvements. Assessment and test will be made with the stakeholders adopting two main ways: (1) through participative modeling of the SR functioning for testing possible evolutions, and (2) through implementing pilot operations to test some options in field conditions. Geographical analyses focusing on both diachronic (temporal evolution) and synchronic (spatial diversity) processes are thus required and will also constitute a baseline in our methodology. Developing descriptive and prospective models requires knowledge on processes and data. Quantification of local biophysical and socio-economical processes and their interactions will be addressed through combined approaches (field analyzes, experimental approaches, participative diagnosis and modeling, simulation games, etc.) Fluxes (of water, of matter, of chemicals, etc.), exchanges (of crops, of money, of information, etc.) and mobility (of people, of opportunities, etc.) will thus be specifically targeted. The externality of these flows may constitute a linchpin for further up- and out-scaling, as should be developed by V1, V2 and V4 projects. All these studies will be carried out in targeted illustrative pilot-sites located in Burkina Faso and in Ghana, and belonging to contrasted areas of the Volta Basin.
G5: Coordination and Change Enabling
(Proposal, 2011-02) Collis, William
Project G5 is the “Coordination and Change-Enabling” project for the Ganges Basin Development Challenge. The Project G5 objective is “To enhance impacts in Bangladesh and India through stakeholder participation, policy dialogue and effective coordination among other Government, NGO’s, CGIAR and donors sponsored projects and programs in the Ganges BDC research Program” There are two major, inter-related activities: (i) coordination with our partners in Project G1-G4; and (ii) enabling change. Project G5 is responsible for maintaining the coherence, integration and focus with our partners leading Projects G1 to G4, through active leadership and ensuring effective communication among projects. Building upon the Ganges BDC impact pathways, Project G5 will lead and coordinate monitoring and evaluation of project progress and integration, with close attention to the quality of implementation, and research products emerging from individual projects. Project G5 will utilize tools of Results Based Management (RBM) to ensure that Projects 1-4 are well integrated into a program of research that ultimately delivers change – development outcomes and impacts. RBM is an approach to adaptive management that strongly emphasizes participation and learning. Learning depends on good information and feedback that will be derived from and delivered by an effective M&E system. G5 connects the research under each project across topics and scales, from household agriculture-aquaculture farming systems to community polder water management through to broader land use planning. The project is also an interface between the program and a variety of existing and potential stakeholders and works towards scaling out of research results to multiple stakeholders with common interest in achieving the BDC. Project G5 outputs are knowledge sharing products such as: (i) policy briefs and other interventions tailored for policy makers; (ii) capacity building tools; (iii) demonstrated approaches for scaling out; (iv) scenarios for climate and hydrological change; and (v) outputs from innovation research. These will be achieved in various ways through activities involving coordination, identifying and enabling partnerships for change; innovation research; development and implementation of a communications strategy; operation of an adaptive management system; support to capacity building; and more generally serving in a leadership and team building role for the Ganges BDC. Impacts will include reduced poverty, improved food security and strengthened livelihood resilience for people in coastal Bangladesh and India.
G1 Resource profiles, extrapolation domains, and land-use patterns
(Proposal, 2011-04) Nelson, Andrew
The Ganges Basin Development Challenge (BDC) research program will focus on brackish-water coastal zones in the Ganges Basin, where agricultural lands have a maximum salinity greater than 5 ppt (parts per thousand) in the dry season (salinity is lower in the wet season). The BDC vision of success requires innovations in water governance, improved availability of dry-season water, improved practices for managing salt-affected lands, and intensification and diversification of farm systems. In short, the program requires technological innovation and effective dissemination of those technologies. Before a technology can be disseminated beyond the study site where it is developed, it is important to identify its “extrapolation domain.” This requires matching the resource profile of an area with the resource requirements of a technology. The goals of these technologies—increased resilience, improved livelihoods, increased production—also require an understanding of how can the land in the coastal zones best be zoned and used to meet different goals and objectives? And, how should land use change for anticipated hydrological change scenarios? This project aims to answer the question of “what works where” now and under climate change scenarios. The G1 project has four activities, each with one output. 1) Compilation of a geodatabase covering all spatial information related to the project. 2) Characterization of the test sites and study areas from projects G2 and G3. 3) Mapping extrapolation domains for each technology from G2. 4) Development of future land-use plans based on historical land-use trends, assumed changes, constraints, and interventions from future scenarios. The likely impacts of G1 are i) Better targeting information for local government and extension services, which in turn leads to a higher likelihood of adoption of new crop intensification and water governance strategies. ii) Better decision making at the local government level due to improved awareness of land-use options.
G4: Assessment of the impact of anticipated external drivers of change on water resources of the coastal zone
(Proposal, 2011-04) Khan, Mohammed Zahir-ul Haque
This project will address the important external drivers that influence water resources of the coastal zone and to assess the anticipated changes in flooding, drainage congestions, salinity intrusion, water availability, sedimentation and risk of inundation of cyclone induced storm surge as a consequence of these drivers. The water resources in the coastal zone of the Ganges basin are vital for crop production, ecosystem sustenance and livelihoods. These resources are largely shaped by tidal dynamics and upstream flows, and are affected by changes in the natural, socio-economic and institutional systems. It is important to identify and prioritize these drivers, and assess their effects on water resources towards building resilient water governance and management to cope with the projected future conditions. Key activities of the project are: review of the existing model studies, literature, available data and collection of data; identification and ranking of external drivers; adaptation, calibration and validation of Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Water Evaluation And Planning System (WEAP) models for assessing baseline hydrological conditions; setup, calibration and validation of Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) basin model, South West Regional Model (SWRM), and Bay of Bengal (BoB) model; assessment of water flow pattern, salinity distribution, storm surge risk, sedimentation pattern in baseline and projected conditions; assessment of adaptation strategies to changes caused by key drivers; and exploration of policy implications for adaptation strategies and water governance. Key outputs of the project include: list of key external drivers; climate change projections for the study region; projection of scenarios for land-use and climate change; flow availability; salinity zoning map of the coastal Ganges; flood depth-duration map; water storage volume inside polders; storm surge risk map; sedimentation rate in peripheral rivers; plan for improvement of khal system, sluices and embankments; operation rules for sluices. Methodology: This project will develop a comprehensive list of external drivers based on past researches, global literature review, interaction with the major stakeholders and peers. This list will then be put under a well designed priority and ranking criteria for identification of the key drivers contributing to about 85-90% of the anticipated changes. On the basis of performance and field validation, appropriate models will be selected for studying the baseline conditions and effects of external drivers on salinity intrusion, water availability, drainage congestions and risk of inundation due to storm surges. The models available with IWM and partner organizations will be utilized to simulate the baseline and changed conditions in 2020, 2030 and 2050. The study will be conducted at two scales: regional level for the coastal regions of Bangladesh and at local level for the selected polders. On the basis of the anticipated impacts different adaptation strategies will be devised such as improvement of the land-use patterns, drainage canals, operation of sluices, strengthening of embankments, dredging, restoration of dry season freshwater flow for flushing salinity as well as restoration of the ecosystem. Specific adaptation strategies for choice and selection of the crops/aquaculture during different seasons and their salinity and submergence tolerance will be developed in consultation with G2 and G3 projects. Policy implications on these strategies and a required governance structure will be also explored in a participatory way. The implications of major national policies in the realm of national water policies, agricultural policy, environment policy, disaster management policy, and climate change adaptation strategy and action plan (BCCSAP) will be particularly emphasized. Likely Impacts: The output of this project is expected to be reflected in water use of local farmers and fishermen, water management by water control system managers and planning of the policymakers.
G3: Water governance and community based management
(Proposal, 2011-02) Mukherji, Aditi
Inundation and severe flooding in the coastal areas is a frequent occurrence in Bangladesh. This leads to loss of life and property as well as severe impacts on livelihoods. The government of Bangladesh has been investing steadily in coastal zone management through construction and rehabilitation of polders. This project is about water governance and community based management of polders in coastal zones in Bangladesh. The challenges facing the polder communities are complex and similar to those faced by many communities in which water is used for multiple purposes. But unlike other multiple use systems (such as canals, tanks), where there is rarely ever a commonality in interest, in case of polder communities, the fear that these polders may breach during a natural calamity and cause damage to life and property makes it easier to bring about a modicum of community action. However, beyond this commonality, the communities face conflicting interest. They must prioritize water use across different sectors (water for irrigation vs. water for shrimp cultivation, pond fisheries) or within the same sector (irrigation for boro crop vs. irrigation for upland crops) and also cope with prolonged periods of submergence and non-rainy days. They must also limit potential conflict between water users, as they endeavor to use water efficiently, without seriously compromising equity issues, such as those related to access to water by marginalized members of the community and women. The main objective of this research project is to understand the different modes and outcomes of water governance in selected polder sites and understand the role that communities play in such governance, conflict resolution and productive use of land and water resources. Given the complexity of issues, we will adopt a three phase research approach. In Phase I, we will conduct situation analysis in six selected polders. This will enable us to understand the different uses of water in polders, the conflicting interests arising thereof and the different governance mechanisms that are in place to manage these conflicts and their comparative advantage and disadvantages. In Phase II, we will zoom into community governance issues of two polders and do a detailed study on pros and cons of community management of polders. Phase III will run concurrently with Phase I and Phase II and we will do training and capacity activities in this phase. The main output of the project will be generation of knowledge aimed at sustaining high levels of polder governance through community participation.
G2 Productive, profitable, and resilient agriculture and aquaculture systems
(Proposal, 2011-04) To Phuc Tuong
MK2: On water valuation
(Proposal, 2009-07) Béné, Christophe; Dubois, Mark J.; Yumiko, Kura; Hooi Bing, Chin; Samonn, Mith; Suan Pheng, Kam
This project is about assessing the value of water in its various uses.It includes an assessment of water needs for major water uses and features the application of quantitative and qualitative valuation techniques to estimate costs and benefits associated with different water management strategies and scenarios. Water valuation means expressing the value of water-related goods and services so as to inform sharing and allocation decisions.It features quantitative and qualitative approaches and considers relationships between interconnected and interdependent water uses. Valuation is seen as essential to well-informed water resource management. Valuation will support a structured mechanism of multi-stakeholder dialogues, helping stakeholders to express their values and perceptions on the use and management of water resources.
L3: On Farm systems and risk management
(Internal Document, 2010-04) Dimes, John P.; Minde, Isaac; Rooyen, Andre F. van
This project seeks to define the interplay between market access, crop and livestock technologies, and investment risks in water- and market-scarce environments that leads to technology adoption by farm families, enabling them to enhance food security and incomes through more efficient water use. Water efficient farm enterprises and climate risk management Innovation Platforms will be established at project sites to bring together all role players necessary to increase investments in farm management strategies to improve productivity of crop and livestock systems through improved fodder production. Investment choices matched to farmer capacities and climatic risk environment Understanding how the capacity of farmers and their ability to make use of new opportunities is affected by their wealth status, investment priorities and variable climate will assist in the design of new and more target-specific crop-livestock management strategies. Market-led technologies for smallholder farmers developed and tested The project will use market access as the driver of crop and livestock technology uptake. Market development initiatives such as contract farming, voucher-based input distribution schemes for seed and fertilizer and innovative fertilizer marketing strategies will be implemented by project partners, technically supported by research and extension and monitored for impacts across the value chain.
MK1: On optimizing reservoir management for livelihoods
(Proposal, 2009-08) Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali
This project is about livelihoods, and how they can be improved through reservoir management for multiple uses and users.It is about developing strategies for optimizing the benefits of WSI and increasing the ways in which water can be utilized for the benefit of the poor. This project will explore ways in which riparian communities can improve their livelihoods by taking advantage of agricultural, fisheries and other opportunities afforded by WSI development. Suitable strategies will broaden the uses of reservoir water to support livelihoods, benefit riparian and downstream communities alike, increase the lifespan of reservoirs, and maintain hydropower generating capacity. Research on water use and livelihoods will take account of different needs (agriculture, fisheries, hydropower, and the environment ) for different user groups (including gender differentiation). These needs can be direct or indirect , or for consumptive or non-consumptive use of water .
L5: Learning for innovation and adaptive management: Coordination Project Project Lead Organization: FANRPAN
(Internal Document, 2010-08-13) Sullivan, Amy; Sibanda, Lindiwe Majele
The Coordination and Change project of the Limpopo Basin Development Challenge (L5) is designed to help the four BDC projects conduct quality, coherent, and problem oriented research to contribute to beneficial change in the basin. L5 will develop and implement a communication and knowledge management strategy to facilitate integration of the major activities; capture, store and distribute relevant data; and identify and address capacity building needs—both within the BDC team—and among key external stakeholders.
L4: Water Governance in the Limpopo Basin
(Internal Document, 2011-01-16) Love, David; Kileshye Onema, Jean-Marie; Goldin, Jacqui
The project focuses on access and control of water/land, and the associated management and governance mechanisms. L4 seeks to provide the people and governments of the Limpopo Basin with: 1. A package of ways to better understand and organise access rights to water for multiple uses from farm level to the basin and regional level, 2. A package of ways to organise technologies for different physical and socio-economic contexts so as to improve the management and control of water for multiple uses from one or more water sources, 3. A suite of policy and legal options to support agriculture-based livelihoods in which water plays a vital role, and 4. A set of institutional arrangements that is appropriate for different classes of smallholder farmers including the resource poor, women farmers, and other disadvantaged groups. The issues that have been raised above encompass the full water cycle, which makes it important to consider at the same time management of rainwater (for rainfed agriculture and rainfed pasture, for example) – the green water component – alongside the better management of runoff, groundwater and stored surface water - the blue water component. This has important social and institutional implications – and also policy and legal implications, as southern Africa moves from the management of shared flowing water to the management of rainfall across the shared basins such as the Limpopo (Ncube et al, 2009).
V5: Coordination and Change
(Proposal, 2010-05) Andah, Winston; Biney, Charles
The Coordination Project V5 will ensure coherence amongst the other 4 Volta BDC Projects, manage their interdependence and data protocols in such a way to allow smooth running of the program and also monitor and evaluate the quality of research outputs. Through communication strategies to be developed, V5 will assist in linking projects with policy makers and other stakeholders to create opportunities that will enrich the research process and subsequently the uptake of research outputs
L1: Targeting and scaling out
(Internal Document, 2010-08) Barron, Jennie; Chadwick, Matthew; Cinderby, Steve; Kemp Benedict, Eric; Kongo, Victor; Noel, Stacey
Despite hosting some of the most developed sub Saharan countries, a majority of rural smallholder farmers in the Limpopo basin still live in poverty. The challenge of low and highly variable rainfall together with inadequate technology transfers, inadequate policy and investment context all act to disable successful transitions out of poverty. The CPWF Phase I identified several opportunities to manage rainfall in more efficient and productive manners at field to basin scales. The challenge of successful targeting and scaling out is still a key research and development area to contribute towards the Limpopo development challenges with opportunities to enable transformations of rural livelihoods at a greater scale. The project L1 ”Targeting and scaling out” aims to develop an evidence and knowledge-based tool that will map the likelihood that a given intervention will be successful in given locations. The tool would be intended for non-expert users and would be available via the World Wide Web. The proposed L1 project will contribute to achieving the BDC challenge of improving rainwater and small reservoir management to contribute to poverty reduction and improved livelihoods resilience. It will do this by producing a framework and web-based and electronic “decision support”, (or targeting and scaling out tool) that will identify likely sites to introduce AWM interventions for smallholder farming systems.
MK3: On optimizing the management of cascades or systems of reservoirs at catchment level
(Proposal, 2010-03) Meynell, Peter-John; Carew-Reid, Jeremy; Ward, Peter; Sawdon, John; Ketelsen, Tarek
This project is about scaling up to the catchment level the results obtained from optimizing the management of individual reservoirs. As such, it draws on results from MKs 1 and 2. It seeks to understand at the catchment scale the cumulative upstream and downstream consequences of management decisions taken for multiple reservoirs. It includes the study of land degradation and reservoir siltation processes.
A2: On assessing and anticipating the consequences of introducing benefit-sharing mechanisms
(Proposal, 2009-07) Quintero, Marcela; Ball, C.; Estrada, R.D.
This project is about showing whether BSM are effective. It seeks to quantify the consequences of BSM-driven changes in land and water management for livelihoods in upstream rural communities, and for water supplies for downstream water consumers. It will develop methods to anticipate ex ante the likely consequences of introducing BSM as well as monitoring and measuring these consequences ex post. Finally, it will introduce methods for adaptive management in BSM design and planning, so that new instances of BSM can benefit from lessons already learned – for example, so that BSM design is more likely to result in benefits to the upstream rural poor, and to the environment, as well as for downstream water consumers
A1: Benefit Sharing Mechanisms to imrpove Water Productivity and Reduce Water-Related Conflict in Selected Basins
(Proposal, 2009) Estrada, R.D.; Escobar, G.
This project proposal deals with approaches to improving water usage in order to increase productivity and alternative water allocation and create conditions for designing and operating Benefit-Sharing Mechanisms. This project uses a potent water-soil model to identify areas in the Andes in which water use could be improved by making more water available.It also is expected that any surplus will benefit the poor in the watershed as part of an effort to alleviate poverty. Field activities will be designed based on the community’s interest in and potential for establishing mechanisms that can increase the final output and allow the poor to appropriate the surplus of the mechanism.
L2: Reworked Project proposal-Small-scale Water Infrastructure
(Internal Document, 2010-08-13) Jiyane, Jabulani; Senzanje, Aidan
The Limpopo Basin is prone to frequent droughts and short season rainfall making agricultural production a very risky enterprise. The need assist to farmers and rural communities to optimize the utilization of low rainwater and existing SWI to boost agricultural productivity, standard of living and reduce poverty. A multi-level participatory approach shall be used to assess the causes of the SWIs failure in all the four basin countries. Rehabilitation guidelines which shall consider governance, institutional issues, technical, environmental compliance issues and multiple use systems (MUS) shall be produced by a team of multi-disciplinary experts. Additionally, the study shall explore alternative design approaches of new SWIs that will support multiple use systems (small-scale cash crop irrigation schemes, domestic use, livestock watering, aquaculture, rural industries, etc), improve livelihood of the rural community, improved food security and nutritional requirements for children and women. Field trials and demonstrations of rain water harvesting (RWH) techniques shall be done with the utmost cooperation of the farming community as a way of empowering them, fostering ownership and ultimate adoption of the recommended technologies
MK4: On water governance
(Proposal, 2006-09-10) Sajor, Edsel
This project focuses on the governance structures and mechanisms needed to enable, support and maintain successful WSI optimization strategies.The latter research relates not only to individual reservoirs, but also to cascades, including transboundary cascades. It draws on other Mekong BDC projects as well as institutional analysis of current water governance for different uses. Water management and governance for multiple uses need to move beyond traditional and sectoral approaches.This project will not aim at developing a single blue-print for governance, but rather will identify and evaluate a range of options that can support stakeholders’ choices and decisions – link with Project 5 for stakeholder participation in resource research development and resource management.

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