Smallholder dairy project

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/1207

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Policies to support smallholder dairy for sustainable employment and incomes in Kenya
(Brief, 2004-05-30) Smallholder Dairy Project
Changing dairy marketing policy in Kenya: The impact of the Smallholder Dairy Project
(Brief, 2008-11) Kaitibie, S.; Omore, Amos O.; Rich, Karl M.; Kristjanson, Patricia M.
Building on an earlier exploratory study, in 2007–2008 the CGIAR's Standing Panel on Impact Assessment (SPIA) undertook an initiative in collaboration with seven CGIAR centers to augment the evidence of policy-oriented research (POR) impacts within the CGIAR system and to further the development of methodologies in this challenging area of impact assessment. Seven case studies were commissioned. This impact brief describes the major results that emerged from the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). The summary version of the full case study report can be found in: Kaitibie, S., Omore, A., Rich, K., Salasya, B., Hooten, N., Mwero, D., and Kristjanson, P. 2008. Policy change in dairy marketing in Kenya: economic impact and pathways to influence from research. In: CGIAR Science Council. 2008. Impact Assessment of Policy-Oriented Research in the CGIAR: Evidence and Insights from Case Studies. A study commissioned by the Science Council Standing Panel on Impact Assessment. CGIAR Science Council Secretariat: Rome, Italy. (Available at http://impact.cgiar.org/)
Risk of infection with Brucella abortus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with marketing of unpasteurized milk in Kenya
(Journal Article, 2005-10) Arimi, S.M.; Koroti, E.; Kang'ethe, Erastus K.; Omore, Amos O.; McDermott, John J.
As part of a study to assess zoonotic milk-borne health risks, seasonal survey data and unpasteurized milk samples were collected between January 1999 and February 2000 from randomly selected informal milk market agents (220 and 236 samples in the dry and wet seasons, respectively) and from households purchasing raw milk (213 and 219 samples in the dry and wet seasons, respectively) in rural and urban locations in central Kenya and screened for antibodies to Brucella abortus (B. abortus) and presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7. The latter was assessed based on samples from consumer households only. Antibodies to B. abortus were screened using the indirect antibody Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and the Milk Ring Test (MRT). The presence of E. coli O157:H7 was assessed by culture, biochemical characterisation, serological testing for production of verocytotoxin one (VT1) and two (VT2) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the presence of genes encoding for the toxins. The prevalence of antibodies to B. abortus varied considerably ranging from none in milk sold in small units and originating from intensive production systems to over 10% in samples that were bulked or originating from extensive production systems. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from two samples (0.8%), one of which produced VT1. All urban consumers (100%) and nearly all rural consumers (96%) of marketed milk boiled the milk before consumption, mainly in tea, thus greatly reducing chances of exposure to live pathogens and potential health risks.
Investigation of the risk of consuming marketed milk with antimicrobial residues in Kenya
(Journal Article, 2005-04) Kang'ethe, Erastus K.; Aboge, G.O.; Arimi, S.M.; Kanja, L.W.; Omore, Amos O.; McDermott, John J.
The risk of consuming marketed milk containing antimicrobial residues was investigated by testing 854 unpasteurized and 110 pasteurized milk samples collected from contrasting locations, market outlets and consumer households in Kenya during 1999 and 2000. The Charm-AIM screening kit used detected antimicrobial residues in up to 16% of marketed milk samples, suggesting an average risk of exposure by consumers of up to five times every month. Higher prevalence levels of the residues were mainly associated with samples obtained lower in the market chain before bulking. Agreement between the Charm-AIM and Charm-SL test, that was used to specifically confirm the presence of β-lactams and tetracyclines, was poor beyond 72 h following drug administration due to differences in detectable limits of the tests.
The Smallholder Dairy Project, Kenya: ILRI outcome story 2004
(News Item, 2005-03-15) International Livestock Research Institute
Policy change: Milking the benefits for smallscale vendors
(Brief, 2010-06-15) WRENmedia
Making a difference to the milk business in Kenya
(Video, 2010-07-21) WRENmedia
In Kenya, Margaret Wambugu explains how Kenya's small scale milk vendors have improved handling and hygiene of milk, raised their profit margins and increased milk supplies to consumers at home or in milk bars. This progress in the milk supply chain contributes US$33 million annually to the Kenyan economy.
Intensification and competitiveness of smallholder dairy production systems in the greater Nairobi Milk-Shed
(Conference Paper, 1998-09) Baltenweck, Isabelle; Staal, Steven J.; Owango, M.O.; Muriuki, H.; Lukuyu, Ben A.; Gichungu, G.; Kenyanjui, M.; Njubi, D.; Tanner, J.C.; Thorpe, W.R.
Analysis of public health risks from consumption of informally marketed milk in Kenya
(Conference Paper, 2000-08-30) Omore, Amos O.; Arimi, S.M.; Kang'ethe, Erastus K.; McDermott, John J.
Despite an unfavourable policy environment against informal milk markets, these markets account for most milk sales in Kenya. Convenient delivery and lower prices are the principal benefits for poor consumers. Current milk handling and safety regulations in Kenya are derived from models in industrialised countries. These may not be appropriate for local market conditions. An important step in targeting policies better is to collect quantitative and qualitative information about milk-borne health risks under different marketing situations. Preliminary results of assessments of milk quality and handling practices of informal milk market agents and consumers in central Kenya show very low apparent prevalence of zoonotic health hazards in milk from the smallholder herds that contribute most marketed milk. Higher bacterial counts were associated with longer market chains and distance to urban areas. Most (up to 80%) of samples did not meet national bacterial quality standards. Over 96% of consumers boiled milk before consumption mainly to lengthen shelf life but also for health reasons. The most important health risks were judged to be from anti-microbial residues found in up to 16% of milk samples tested.
Determinants of adoption of dairy cattle technology in the Kenyan highlands: a spatial and dynamic approach
(Conference Paper, 2000-08) Baltenweck, Isabelle; Staal, Steven J.
Adoption of high grade cows by smallholders is driven by the objective of increased milk production, for both home consumption and sale. Smallholders are believed to have a comparative advantage in rearing grade cows, but constraints to adoption are numerous: the cost of a grade cow is relatively high, and the dairy enterprise is risky. Risks include animal diseases and lack of reliable marketing outlets. Marketing risks are a common preoccupation for smallholders but it is particularly relevant for milk, which is bulky, highly perishable, and sold daily. Using a dynamic and spatial framework. this study tests the hypothesis that access to credit facilitates adoption. GIS-derived distances are computed and introduced in a duration model in order to control for market access. Time is expected to play a key role in adoption and two time dimensions are introduced: an idiosyncratic time describing the conditions faced by the household at the beginning of the spell and historical time accounting for the changes in the external conditions. Results show that access to credit cannot be excluded as a reason for delaying adoption of grade cows. Policy changes over time are also found to play a role in the adoption process, as the reduced availability of reliable market channels and veterinary services after liberalisation in 1992 are shown to have shifted down the adoption function.
The Kenyan cattle population: the need for better estimation methods
(Report, 2005-08) Wanyoike, Francis N.; Nyangaga, J.; Kariuki, Eunice; Mwangi, David Miano; Wokabi, A.; Kembe, M.; Staal, Steven J.
Analysis of milk-borne public health risks in milk markets in Kenya
(Conference Paper, 2002-05-09) Omore, Amos O.; Arimi, S.M.; Kang'ethe, Erastus K.; McDermott, John J.; Staal, Steven J.
The major role played by informal milk markets in Kenya and the benefits to those associated with it are now widely acknowledged. The benefits include higher prices for farmers, income generation for the market agents and convenient delivery and lower prices for poor consumers. However, in spite of these benefits, regulations governing informal marketing of milk continue to be unfavourable and do not reflect local realities of milk marketing, having been based on models derived from industrialised countries where virtually all milk destined for the market is pasteurised and packaged. Results of risk assessment, including HACCP analysis, of milk quality and handling practices of informal milk market agents and consumers in central and southern Kenya show variable apparent prevalence of zoonotic health hazards in marketed milk, high bacterial counts especially in outlets associated with longer market chains. Notably, the ineffectiveness of current regulations was reflected in the lack of difference in the quality of milk sold by licensed and non-licensed traders. The study shows that health risks from the bacterial hazards identified are mitigated by the common consumer practice of boiling milk before consumption. The most important health risks were judged to be from two main sources: (i) anti-microbial residues found in up to 15% of milk samples tested and (ii) consumption of naturally fermented milk. Proposals for management of these health risks and the engagement of stakeholders and key players in the process to achieve more favourable policy environment policy are presented and discussed.
Addressing the public health and quality concerns towards marketed milk in Kenya
(Report, 2005-02) Omore, Amos O.; Lore, Tezira A.; Staal, Steven J.; Kutwa, J.; Ouma, R.; Arimi, S.M.; Kang'ethe, Erastus K.
Gharama sawa, maziwa zaidi
(Training Material, 2004) Kariuki, Juliet B.; Wambugu, M.
Utoaji wa maziwa waadhiriwa!
(Training Material, 2004) Mwangi, David Miano; Mwendia, Solomon W.; Mwadime, E.
Characterisation of dairy systems supplying the Nairobi milk market: a pilot survey in Kiambu District for the identification of target groups of producers
(Report, 1997-05) Staal, Steven J.; Chege, L.; Kenyanjui, M.; Kimari, A.; Lukuyu, Ben A.; Njubi, D.; Owango, M.O.; Tanner, J.C.; Thorpe, W.R.; Wambugu, M.
Combined household and GIS analysis of farmer strategies: an application to feeding practices on smallholder Kenyan dairy farms
(Conference Paper, 2000-11) Staal, Steven J.; Wolff, T. de; Baltenweck, Isabelle; Romney, Dannie L.; Waithaka, M.M.; Njoroge, L.; Kruska, Russell L.; Wokabi, A.; Njubi, D.; Thorpe, W.R.
Traditional studies of agricultural technology adoption have long been constrained by a limited ability to include spatially-differentiated data. Typically, crude proxies or location dummy variables are used to approximate spatial effects. GIS tools, however, now allow spatially explicit data to be included in household econometric models of technology adoption. This paper describes a study that combined GIS and survey variables to examine the cattle feeding strategies on farms in highland Kenya. Data from a large geo-referenced household survey were combined with GIS-derived variables to comprehensively evaluate the spatial, agro-ecological, market and farm resource factors that determine variability of feeding strategies on smallholder dairy farms. Roads, urban populations, milk collection and processing facilities were digitised, and integrated with spatial coverages of agro-ecology. These were then combined, using econometric methods, to quantify the main spatial and local determinants of the probability of adoption of: a) stall feeding or zero-grazing, and b) planted fodder in the form of Napier grass. The results show the influence not only of agro-ecology, but also of market infrastructure and support services on the adoption of improved feeding strategies. A comparison of predicted uptake using GIS and household variables shows that after first calibrating GIS-derived variables through a household survey, broad but reliable predictions of technology uptake in other areas may be possible.
The Kenya dairy sub-sector: a rapid appraisal
(Report, 1999-01) Omore, Amos O.; Muriuki, H.; Kenyanjui, M.; Owango, M.O.; Staal, Steven J.
Women and the sustainable development of market-oriented dairying: evidence from the highlands of East Africa
(Conference Paper, 1999-03-25) Tangka, F.K.L.; Ouma, Emily A.; Staal, Steven J.
Spatial analysis of soil fertility management using integrated household and GIS data from smallholder Kenyan farms
(Conference Paper, 2003-08) Staal, Steven J.; Romney, Dannie L.; Baltenweck, Isabelle; Waithaka, M.M.; Muriuki, H.; Njoroge, L.
Although soil fertility is recognized as a primary constraint to agricultural production in developing countries, use of fertilizer in Sub-Saharan Africa is declining. Smallholder farmers still rely heavily on livestock manure for soil fertility management. To explore the determinants of soil fertility management practices, including both the use of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer, data are used from a sample of 3,330 geo-referenced farm households across Central and Western Kenya. A bivariate probit model is applied to jointly examine the use of the two technologies. Particular attention is given to measures of location related to market access and agroclimate, which in the adoption literature have typically been addressed using crude proxies. To avoid such proxies, GIS-derived variables are integrated into the household decision model. Their use also allows the spatial prediction of uptake based on parameter estimates. The results show clearly the derived-demand nature of soil fertility services, based on markets for farm outputs. They also illustrate that supply of manure for soil fertility amendments is conditioned by demand for livestock products, especially milk. The integration of GIS-derived variables is shown to better estimate the effects of location than the usual measures employed, and offers scope to wider use in technology adoption research.

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