PN47 - African Transboundary Governance
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Item Challenge Program # 47 – African Models of Transboundary Governance November 2007(Other, 2012-02-20) Lautze, Jonathan F.; Giordano, MarkItem Economic Analysis of Benefits and Costs: Multiple Uses Water Services Project supported by the Challenge Programme on Water and Food(Report, 2008-10) Jumbe, C.B.L.; Chinangwa, S.M.J.The Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) contracted the Center for Agriculture Research and Development (CARD) to undertake the economic analysis of the benefits and costs of the MUS Project with the principal aim of drawing lessons from the project’s experience with regard to achieving developmental impacts through research as well as providing basis for addressing “efficiency and effectiveness” questions of multiple-use approaches over single-use approaches. The analysis was conducted at the request of the Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) “CPWF Adoption and Cost-Benefit Analysis Project” against the background that the MUS Project, implemented in eight countries since 2004, had identified considerable change/impact at local, national and even global levels in terms of adoption of the concept of supplying water to meet multiple needs. The analysis of benefits and costs in this report was meant to build on the Winrock study whose analysis centered on the incremental benefits, poverty impacts and costs of multiple use approaches relative to single use approaches. While the Winrock study provided useful and important information and guided the identification of benefits and costs of the MUS Project, the analysis in this report also uses the technical approach for evaluating research and advocay projects. The use of the latter approach is due to data limitations as a result of the research nature of the MUS Project. The analysis focuses on the extent of influence the MUS Project appeared to have had on the changes/impacts observed in the basins/countries rather than whether the MUS Project directly produced the observed results. The analysis merely relates the MUS Project activities with the results reported in the five basins by examining the benefits that have accrued or are likely to accrue in the future that would not have happened without the CPWF project investment support.Item Quantity and Qualities: The Development and Extent of Transboundary Water Law in Africa(Image, 2006-06) Lautze, Jonathan F.; Giordano, MarkThis article documents and analyzes the largest collection of transboundary water agreements related to Africa. Collection contents are categorized to provide insights into the evolution and geography of transboundary water law in Africa, and – when possible - to situate that law within a global context. The findings reveal that both historic and geographic factors have influenced African agreements. Historically, there is a trend toward increasing robustness generally consistent with global trends. Geographically, agreements vary by the degree and type of water scarcity in associated basins. The findings help answer questions related to current transboundary water management in Africa and provide guidanceforfuture institutional development.Item African models for transnational river basin organizations in Africa: An unexplored dimension(Journal Article, 2009-07) Merrey, Douglas J.One of the many legacies of colonialism in Africa is the multiplicity of river basins shared by two or more – and often far more – countries. Since changing national boundaries is not an option, African governments have no choice but to develop transnational institutions for developing shared water resources. Therefore, one finds a plethora of bilateral and multilateral committees, commissions, and authorities intended to facilitate agreements for infrastructural investments, management of water flows (quantity and quality), and response to disasters, especially floods. These efforts are supported by – indeed often, at least behind the scenes, driven by – western and international development partners. With few exceptions, the results to date are not impressive, as governments drag their feet on ratifying or implementing agreements and investing in creating the necessary institutional infrastructure, and donors’ funds go unspent because such agreements are conditions precedent for investment. Despite the work done by many international and local non‐government organisations (NGOs) as well as some governments, hardly any of the residents of African river basins are aware of these commissions. All of them are based on organisational models derived from western experiences and governing principles and are created by inter‐governmental agreements. The citizens residing in the basin are rarely consulted. In some cases, powerful national hydraulic bureaucracies seek to control the process in an effort to gain leverage over infrastructural investments. There is a body of literature seeking to explain the ineffectiveness of transnational river basin management to date, largely based on political science, sociology and economics. Some but not all observers are concerned with the degree of democracy in the political process. This paper addresses a dimension that has received very little attention and therefore complements the existing literature. It explores the hypothesis that transnational river basin management institutions will achieve a higher degree of legitimacy and effectiveness in the long run if they are based on African institutional models rather than pursuing the current approach of imposing external models. This assumes the existence of local African indigenous models or principles that can be adapted to such large‐scale hydraulic institutions. The paper argues this may indeed be the case though more detailed research is needed to document them, and a creative consultative political process would be needed to build on these foundations.Item Equity in transboundary water law: Valuable paradigm or merely semantics?(Journal Article, 2006) Lautze, Jonathan F.; Giordano, MarkEquity has emerged as an important principle in transboundary water law in recent years, particularly in relation to water allocation. Yet basic questions remain unanswered. What constitutes an equitable transboundary water agreement? What constitutes an equitable allocation of shared waters? And has the inclusion of equitable language really made a difference in transboundary water law at the basin level? This paper uses Africa as a case study to critically assess past efforts to integrate equity into transboundary water law. The qualitative characteristics of agreements claiming to consider equity are first compared to those making no such assertion to reveal what differences, if any, exist. The paper then develops a quantitative methodology to measure equity in transboundary water allocations. This methodology is used to compare codified water allocations in agreements that purport to consider equity with those that do not. The findings reveal that agreements referring to equity differ substantively from others and, in fact, divide water in a more equitable manner. While the study is limited to Africa, it at least suggests that the equity concepts behind the 1966 Helsinki Rules and the 1997 United Nations Convention on Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses have had a tangible impact on basin level agreements.Item Demanding supply management and supplying demand management: Transboundary waters in sub-Saharan Africa(Journal Article, 2007-09) Lautze, Jonathan F.; Giordano, MarkThe emphasis of the world's transboundary water law has gradually shifted in the past half century from water resources development to water resources management and environmental protection. This change in institutional focus is a natural outcome of changing resource conditions, in particular the high levels of water resources development achieved in many regions as well as rising economic prosperity and associated changes in environmental perception. Surprisingly, this analysis reveals that transboundary water law in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) follows these global trends even though SSA's levels of water resources development, economic prosperity, and food security are significantly lower than any other region in the world. These findings suggest that the nature of SSA's transboundary water law may be largely “handed down” from other parts of the world with different realities than those present in SSA. Recognizing this relationship can provide important lessons for improving transboundary water governance in the region.Item African models of transboundary governance(Brochure, 2007) International Water Management InstituteItem Transboundary water law in Africa: Development nature and geography(Journal Article, 2005) Lautze, Jonathan F.; Giordano, MarkThis article documents and analyzes the largest collection of transboundary water agreements related to Africa. Collection contents are categorized to provide insights into the evolution and geography of transboundary water law in Africa, and—when possible—to situate that law within a global context. The findings reveal that both historic and geographic factors have influenced African agreements. Historically, there is a trend toward increasing robustness generally consistent with global trends. Geographically, agreements vary by the degree and type of water scarcity in associated basins. The findings help answer questions related to current transboundary water management in Africa and provide guidance for future institutional development.Item From local to transboundary: Strengthening water institutions in the Volta and Limpopo Basins(Book Chapter, 2008) Sullivan, A.; Goldin, J.; Manzungu, Emmanuel; Ampomah, B.; Dembélé, Y.; Opoku-Ankomah, Y.; Ricardo, G.; Pereira, I.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth S.Item Indigenous strategies in water pollution control: A case study of Battor and Aveyime in the Lower Volta Basin(Thesis, 2007) Mensah, I.O.Item Study of the community management of reservoir water: The case of fishermen of Sourou [in French](Thesis, 2006) Dissa, A.Item Indigenous water management in Tolon Kumbungu: Towards sustainable livelihoods(Thesis, 2007) Ayertey, G.Item African models of transboundary water governance(Report, 2010) Sullivan, A.Item A History of transboundary water law in Africa(Book Chapter, 2007) Lautze, Jonathan F.; Giordano, Mark