Gender Equity

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/75617

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Time allocation to energy resource collection in rural Ethiopia: Gender-disaggregated household responses to changes in firewood availability
(Working Paper, 2015-02-13) Scheurlen, Elena
This paper presents evidence on rural Ethiopian households’ time allocation to different activities, especially fuel collection work, and examines the effect of changes in the availability of firewood resources on households’ time allocation to fuel collection and on- and off-farm income generation. Based on firsthand insights from focus group discussions conducted with farmers in three rural villages of Ethiopia and data from an IFPRI-CIMMYT (International Food Policy Research Institute/International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) household survey implemented by the Association of Ethiopian Microfinance Institutions, the results show that women are involved in more time-consuming and simultaneous work activities than men and hold the primary responsibility for fuel collection
Reducing the gender asset gap through agricultural development: A technical resource guide
(Manual, 2014) Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth S.; Johnson, Nancy L.; Njuki, Jemimah; Behrman, Julia A.; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Kovarik, Chiara; Peterman, Amber; Roy, Shalini; Waithanji, Elizabeth; Rubin, Deborah; Manfre, Cristina
This guide explores the intersection of gender and assets in the context of agricultural interventions. It grows out of a collaborative effort among international agricultural research organizations, implementing partners, and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) partners who came together to evaluate the impact of agricultural interventions on the ability of men and women to use, control, and own key productive assets. The project was implemented by researchers at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) under the Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Project (GAAP) with primary support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF).
Gender, assets, and agricultural development: Lessons from eight projects
(Working Paper, 2015-04-15) Johnson, Nancy L.; Kovarik, Chiara; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth S.; Njuki, Jemimah; Quisumbing, Agnes R.
Ownership of assets is important for poverty alleviation, and women’s control of assets is associated with positive development outcomes at the household and individual levels. This research was undertaken to provide guidance for agricultural development programs on how to incorporate gender and assets in the design, implementation, and evaluation of interventions. This paper synthesizes the findings of eight mixed-method evaluations of the impacts of agricultural development projects on individual and household assets in seven countries in Africa and South Asia. The results show that assets both affect and are affected by projects, indicating that it is both feasible and important to consider assets in the design, implementation, and evaluation of agricultural development projects. All projects were associated with increases in asset levels and other benefits at the household level; however, only four projects documented significant, positive impacts in women’s ownership or control of assets relative to a control group, and of those only one project provided evidence of a reduction in the gender asset gap. The quantitative and qualitative findings suggest ways that greater attention to gender and assets by researchers and development implementers could improve outcomes for women in future projects.
Promoting gender equality in irrigation
(Brief, 2016-07-13) Theis, Sophie; Passarelli, Simone; Bryan, Elizabeth; Lefore, Nicole; Deneke, Seblewongle; Nyamadi, Ben; Mlote, Sophia
Small-scale irrigation is increasingly recognized as a key strategy for enhancing agricultural productivity and food security under growing climate uncertainty in Africa south of the Sahara. Rainfed production dominates the region, but governments and other stakeholders are increasing investments in irrigation. As these efforts are being rolled out, the gender implications of irrigation must be consid-ered to ensure that both men and women have the opportunity to adopt irrigation technologies and benefit from these investments.
Estudio cualitativo sobre roles de género en la producción de arroz en Ecuador
(Dataset, 2016-12-22) García, María Alejandra; Twyman, Jennifer; Bermúdez, Hector Fabio
El arroz es un cultivo importante para la economía y el consumo nacional de Ecuador. Usualmente, se considera que este cultivo es de actividades masculinas y que las mujeres no cumplen roles en su producción. Teniendo en cuenta la poca información sobre género y arroz en este país, se ejecutó un análisis cualitativo de carácter exploratorio con el objetivo de describir los roles de las mujeres, en comparación al de los hombres en las fincas arroceras. Con el propósito de dar los primeros lineamientos del por qué es importante este tema para la entrega de tecnologías y servicios agrícolas enfocados en este grano básico. El análisis cualitativo se basó en la aplicación de 55 entrevistas semi-estructuradas, 28 a hombres y 26 a mujeres. Igualmente, se entrevistaron a cada uno de los líderes comunitarios de las cuatros comunidades. Y se llevaron a cabo grupos focales tanto con hombres y mujeres – en algunas comunidades se hicieron grupos separados de hombres y mujeres y en otras comunidades se hicieron grupos focales mixtos-; en los grupos participaron un total de 61 personas, 27 hombres y 34 mujeres. Las personas que participaron, fueron de hogares arroceros de dos comunidades ubicadas en la provincia de Guayas y dos ubicadas en la provincia de Los Ríos.
Comment l’accès des femmes aux petits réservoirs d’eau peut-il améliorer les moyens de subsistance des ménages dans le nord du Ghana
(Brief, 2016) Balana, Bedru; Appoh, Richard K.; Addy, Paulina S.; Ashitei, Gideon; Odonkor, Elsie; Nimoh, Fred
Fish feed in Bangladesh: Where are the women?
(Book Chapter, 2016-12-31) Mamun-Ur-Rashid, M.; Rahman, Fayzur; Sultana, Nasrin
Gendered knowledge sharing and management of Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) in Central-West Burkina Faso
(Book Chapter, 2016) Elias, Marlène
Gender and household decision-making in a Lao village: implications for livelihoods in hydropower development
(Journal Article, 2016-11) Weeratunge, N.; Joffre, Olivier M.; Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali; Bouahom, B.; Keophoxay, Anousith
Hydropower development with concomitant changes in water and land regimes often results in livelihood transformation of affected people, entailing changes in intra-household decision-making upon which livelihood strategies are based. Economic factors underlying gender dimensions of household decision-making have been studied rigorously since the 1970s. However, empirical data on gender and decision-making within households, needed for evidence-based action, remain scarce. This is more so in hydropower contexts. This article explores gender and livelihood-related decision-making within rural households in the context of hydropower development in Lao PDR. Based on a social well-being conceptual approach with data from a household survey and qualitative interviews, it focuses on household decisions in an ethnic minority resettlement site soon after displacement, from an interpretive perspective. The article, first, aims to assess the extent to which household decision-making is gendered and secondly, to understand the complex reasoning behind household decisions, especially the relevance of material, relational, and subjective factors. It argues that while most household decisions are ostensibly considered as ‘joint’ in the study site, the nuanced nature of gendered values, norms, practices, relations, attitudes, and feelings underlying these decisions are important to assessing why households might or might not adopt livelihood interventions proposed by hydropower developers.
Role of mobile phone-enabled climate information services in gender-inclusive agriculture
(Journal Article, 2016-01) Mittal, Surabhi
Closing the gender gap in agriculture
(Journal Article, 2016-01) Huyer, Sophia
Participación de mujeres y hombres en la producción de arroz en Ecuador
(Report, 2016-07) Clavijo, Mónica; Muriel, Juliana; García, María Alejandra; Twyman, Jennifer; Marín, Diego; Orrego-Varón, Mayra; Labarta, Ricardo Antonio; Mendoza, Luis; Yanez, Fernando
Combining technologies and transformative approaches to gender in livestock and fish research
(Video, 2016-11-21) Kruijssen, Froukje
The best way to shift gender norms and dynamics is to link gender to other interventions. Addressing gender norms by themselves is difficult and is not easily accepted. The researchers introduced a new type of fishing net designed to catch small, nutritious fish known as mola. They tested whether the combination of gender-transformative approaches and technology would improve benefits and empowerment and have an effect on food security. In some communities they tried making gender norms a topic of discussion, bringing men, women, mothers-in-law, and community leaders together. In other communities, they introduced only the nets, without trying the gender-transformative approaches. They hope both to measure empowerment and to improve food security. Interview with Froukje Kruijssen (WorldFish) for the book "A different kettle of fish? Gender integration in livestock and fish research": http://hdl.handle.net/10568/76684
Challenging gender roles in livestock research with radio messages
(Video, 2016-11-21) Mora Benard, María Alejandra
Interview with Alejandra Mora Benard (CIAT) for the book "A different kettle of fish? Gender integration in livestock and fish research". http://hdl.handle.net/10568/76684
Gender-based constraints and opportunities to agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A systematic review
(Report, 2016-08-30) Mulema, Annet A.; Damtew, Elias
We employ a community capital’s framework to provide a holistic perspective of the stock and interaction between the capitals required by men and women farmers for effective engagement in agricultural intensification. We reviewed literature which was validated by male and female farmers in four regions of Ethiopia. Ethiopia has relatively equitable land distribution due to the land reform. Although reform has enhanced women’s access to land, participation in decision-making and asset control are yet to be achieved. Female-headed household farm sizes are smaller compared to those of male-headed households. On average men possess more livestock species and numbers than women. Therefore, women have limited access to manure for soil fertility management and adoption of the practice. Time use studies show that women work longer hours compared to men, affecting their decisions to adopt time and labour intensive technologies. Due to cultural norms, there are discrepancies in access to information and extension services. Inadequate access to credit lowers women’s access to farm inputs, such as seeds, tools and fertilizers to invest in irrigation and land improvements. Women have lower membership to farmer-based organizations compared to men, and lesser for women in male-headed households. When women’s membership in informal groups is higher, women can achieve economies of scale in access to markets, build confidence, and leadership. The Ethiopian government has plans to develop the agricultural sector and gender equality is one of the pillar strategies. Policy enforcement, transformation of gender constraining norms, gender capacity development, development of women’s social capital, increasing women’s access to and control over resources and benefits from their investment will minimize the inequalities.
The impact of gender-blindness on social-ecological resilience: The case of a communal pasture in the highlands of Ethiopia
(Journal Article, 2016-12) Aregu, Lemlem; Darnhofer, Ika; Tegegne, Azage; Hoekstra, Dirk; Wurzinger, Maria
We studied how the failure to take into account gendered roles in the management of a communal pasture can affect the resilience of this social-ecological system. Data were collected using qualitative methods, including focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and participant observations from one community in the highlands of Ethiopia. The results show that women are excluded from the informal institution that defines the access and use rules which guide the management of the communal pasture. Consequently, women’s knowledge, preferences, and needs are not taken into account. This negatively affects the resilience of the communal pasture in two ways. Firstly, the exclusion of women’s knowledge leads to future adaptation options being overlooked. Secondly, as a result of the failure to address women’s needs, they start to question the legitimacy of the informal institution. The case study thus shows how excluding women, i.e., side-lining their knowledge and needs, weakens social learning and the adaptiveness of the management rules. Being blind to gender-related issues may thus undermine the resilience of a social-ecological system.
Gender and ethnic dynamics of household decision making in hydropower-related resettlement
(Brief, 2016) CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems
Gender dynamics in rice-farming households in Vietnam: A literature review
(Working Paper, 2016-11-15) Gallina, Ambra; Farnworth, Cathy Rozel
This literature review is part of the CCAFS program on low emission agriculture flagship of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security. It serves as a background document to better understand gender roles and dynamics in the rice sector in Vietnam, and provides input into research activities on the gender dimensions of mitigation options such as alternate wetting and drying. An understanding of gender issues helps to both improve effective design and delivery of mitigation technologies and ensure that the benefits of mitigation technologies reach women and men equitably. This will enable mitigation technologies to contribute to livelihood resilience, gender equity, and other development objectives as well as to lowering greenhouse gas emissions.
Who are the managers of diversity? Characterizing the social, cultural, and economic environments
(Book Chapter, 2016) Jarvis, Devra I.; Hodgkin, T.; Brown, A.H.D.; Tuxill, J.; López Noriega, Isabel; Smale, Melinda; Sthapit, B.R.
Building a resilient city for whom? Exploring the gendered processes of adaptation to change: A case study of street vendors in Hanoi.
(Working Paper, 2016) Kawarazuka, Nozomi
Drawing upon examples of street vendors in Hanoi, this study explores gendered strategies to adapt to change and transform, and how street vendors’ responses, in turn, shape the current informal food systems in Hanoi. To do this, the study employs gender analysis drawn from critical social theory. The findings show that a vast majority of these street vendors are women, and for those women, informal food systems are operated based on social, rather than economic, mechanisms through which those women are able to sustain their livelihoods in the face of policy and/or economic changes. In contrast, male street vendors’ activities are closer to the formal market systems in the sense that their business is based on capital and economic interactions rather than social relations. Most of the female vendors also often allow their regular customers to buy their produce on credit or purchase low-value or leftover items at lower prices, facilitating poor people’s daily access to micro-nutrient-rich food meanwhile minimising food waste. In that context, and without a clear appreciation of these gendered adaptive strategies, policy which encourage the formalisation of food systems, run the risk to exclude or marginalize further urban and rural poor female smallholders and low-income consumers. The analysis also shows that some street vendors target not only urban poor but also rich and middle-class people by investing in livestock or fruits production to meet the increasing demand from middle-class for those products. Other vendors grow and sell local vegetables, remaining with limited provision for future change. The study concludes with a series of policy recommendations for building a climate resilient city for the poor.

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