IWMI Briefs
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Item Solar Pumps as Micro-Enterprises for Women Leveraging Bihar’s Self-Help Groups for Equitable Irrigation Access(Brief, 2025-06-06) Verma, Shilp; Singh, M.; Kuriachen, Philip; Uppal, A.; Bhattacharjee, Suchiradipta; Usadadia, Nikunj; Anand, AbhishekThis brief presents an action research pilot in Lohsari village of north Bihar, India, implemented by the Aga Khan Rural Support Program, India (AKRSP-I), with support from the IWMI-Tata Water Policy Program and the Solar Energy for Rural Livelihoods (SE4RL) project. In India’s eastern Gangetic plains, solar pumps can offer clean energy for pumping water – to replace highly polluting and costly diesel-based irrigation. However, highly fragmented land holdings make investments in individual solar pumps unattractive and unviable. Since 2016, IWMI and AKRSP-I have been working in north Bihar to pilot solar irrigation entrepreneurs – who can deliver high quality and affordable solar irrigation as a service through a solar pump coupled with a network of buried pipes. Through the flagship rural livelihoods initiative, Jeevika, the government of Bihar has also promoted women Self-Help Groups (SHGs) across the state – to promote micro-saving and micro-lending. As these SHGs mature, they are also encouraging women members to take up micro-enterprises to enhance their incomes. Through this pilot, we are field testing a model that offers solar pumps as a micro-enterprise for SHG women. The innovative pilot aims to demonstrate how such enterprises can eliminate diesel use, boost women’s economic agency, and enhance irrigation coverage.Item Farmer Producer Organizations as Solar Entrepreneurs: The Case for Solar Pumps as Business Investments(Brief, 2025-06-06) Verma, Shilp; Murmu, S.; Kuriachen, Philip; Kumar, D.; Bhattacharjee, Suchiradipta; Usadadia, Nikunj; Mahto, Bhawani ShankharThis brief presents an action research pilot in Kuyani village of Jharkhand, India, implemented jointly by Collectives for Integrated Livelihood Initiatives (CInI) and a local Farmer Producer Organization (FPO), with support from the IWMI-Tata Water Policy Program and the Solar Energy for Rural Livelihoods (SE4RL) project. The objective is to reduce entry barriers and enable small and marginal farmers to benefit from solar-powered irrigation. This innovative business model tests the theory that deploying solar pumps and offering solar irrigation as a service to member farmers would make a good business investment for FPOs. By enabling member farmers to shift from expensive diesel-based irrigation, the model improves agricultural productivity – positively affecting the FPO’s core business activity – and enables improved access and livelihoods for small and marginal farmers. The pilot offers useful field evidence and insights for India’s growing number of FPOs to consider investing in solar irrigation systems.Item Benchmarking Solar Pump Performance: Off-Grid Solar Irrigation Pumps in Eastern and Central India(Brief, 2025-06-06) Verma, Shilp; Kuriachen, Philip; Bhattacharjee, Suchiradipta; Sharma, Laxmi; Basu, Subhodeep; Usadadia, NikunjThis brief describes a three-state field study initiated by the Solar Energy for Rural Livelihoods (SE4RL) project with the objective of understanding the drivers of performance for off-grid solar irrigation pumps. The study covered approximately 300 solar irrigation systems in Bahraich (Uttar Pradesh), Samastipur and Muzaffarpur (north Bihar), and East Singbhum (Jharkhand) to document usage patterns, irrigated area, revenue generation, equity of access, and operational efficiency. By analyzing these parameters, the study seeks to identify what drives high performance and where improvements are needed.Item Brief: intergenerational intersections and the economics of water(Brief, 2025-05-27) Adolfsson, Elin; Avila, J. D.Item Bridging the gap: gender-inclusive policies for a sustainable water future in Pakistan(Brief, 2025-05-15) Waqar, Kanwal; Hafeez, MohsinItem Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Mozambique. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons(Brief, 2025-05-02) Popat, M.; Wilson, D.; Cunguara, B.; Matchaya, Greenwell C.The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief assesses Mozambique’s progress in aligning agricultural policies, strategies, and programs with the Malabo Declaration commitments. The authors analyze gaps and strengths within the existing agricultural policy environment and institutional capacity vis-à-vis various evidence-based achievements. For Mozambique to meet the Malabo Declaration commitments, the analysis highlights that the country should increase public expenditure on agriculture, prioritize investments in public goods, and place less emphasis on market-distorted forms of support.Item Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Mauritius. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons(Brief, 2025-05-02) Hagos, Fitsum; Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Chikhuri, K.; Dreepaul-Dabee, V.The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). Mauritius has consistently submitted reports for all BR cycles except for BR3. In this brief, the authors present the BR4 review findings for Mauritius, including its progress in achieving commitments at the country level and its performance relative to the SADC region. The brief concludes by highlighting the required policy actions for the country to meet the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. The authors recommend that Mauritius increase the share of its national budget to the agricultural sector from the current low levels of under 2 percent to the 10 percent target. This will strengthen the sector and boost its role in the economy.Item Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Angola. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons(Brief, 2025-05-02) Kasoma-Pele, W.; Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Manuvanga, K.The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief assesses Angola’s performance toward meeting the Malabo Declaration commitments across the four BR rounds. Furthermore, it highlights the challenges faced and lessons learned by Angola during BR4 in 2023. The brief also outlines policy and programmatic measures required for Angola to meet the Malabo Declaration commitment targets by 2025. A key recommendation from the analysis indicates that Improving Angola’s performance on all commitments calls for increased funding for data generation, management, analysis, utilization, and monitoring and evaluation in the agricultural sector.Item Fourth CAADP Fourth Biennial Review Brief: Botswana. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons(Brief, 2025-01-01) Kasoma-Pele, W.; Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Keboneilwe, D.The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief draws on the BR4 to summarize Botswana’s performance in pursuit of the seven Malabo Declaration commitments. In addition, the brief assesses the challenges faced and lessons learned by the country. The brief also reviews policy, programmatic, and investment changes in Botswana induced by the inaugural BR (BR1), the BR2, the BR3, and the most recent BR4. The final section of the brief highlights policy actions and programmatic measures Botswana should take in order to meet its Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. A key recommendation from the analysis indicates that Botswana needs to pay more attention to putting in place evidence-based policies and strategies aligned with the CAADP process through a strong multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder coordination body to guide its actions in this regard.Item Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Lesotho. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons(Brief, 2025-01-01) Hagos, Fitsum; Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Moloinyane, S.The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief focuses on Lesotho's performance in BR4. The authors assess Lesotho's progress at the country level before presenting a regional comparison between Lesotho and other countries in the SADC region. They conclude by highlighting the required policy actions for the country to meet the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. A key recommendation from the analysis indicates that Lesotho needs to strengthen data systems tracking CAADP Process Completion Index parameters, as well as general agricultural performance data, while enhancing government agricultural expenditure as a share of total public expenditure.Item Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Ethiopia. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons(Brief, 2025-01-01) Hagos, Fitsum; Matchaya, Greenwell C.The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief focuses on the performance of Ethiopia in BR4, assessing the challenges faced and lessons learned. The brief also conducts a regional comparison between Ethiopia and other countries in the Eastern Africa region. It concludes by highlighting the required policy actions for the country to meet the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. A key recommendation from the analysis indicates that Ethiopia needs to scale up efforts to increase yields for the country’s priority agricultural commodities while simultaneously reducing post-harvest losses.Item Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Eswatini. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons(Brief, 2025-01-01) Hagos, Fitsum; Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Mamba-Hlophe, N. S.The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief highlights Eswatini’s performance against the 46 indicators in the inaugural, second, and third BRs (2017, 2019, and 2021) and compares this to the fourth BR (2023) to track progress toward a fully transformed agricultural sector. A key recommendation from the analysis indicates that the country needs to strengthen its efforts toward meeting all the Malabo/CAADP commitments. Agricultural investments can be increased by expanding the share of the national budget allocated to the sector and creating a conducive environment for attracting domestic and foreign private investors, as well as public-private partnerships.Item Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Comoros. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: Performance and Lessons(Brief, 2025-01-01) Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Miradji, A. I.The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief focuses on the performance of the Union of Comoros in BR4, assessing the challenges faced and lessons learned. The brief also reviews policy and programmatic changes in the Comoros following the third BR. It concludes by highlighting the required policy actions for the country to meet the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. A key recommendation from the analysis indicates that while Comoros has made notable progress in promoting sustainable land management practices, it is critical to implement policies that expand the size of irrigated areas. This will enhance the resilience of agricultural systems to climatic shocks and support increased productivity.Item Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Madagascar. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons(Brief, 2025-01-01) Solonitompoarinony, J.; Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Randrianaivomanana, A. L.The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief focuses on the performance of Madagascar in BR4, assessing the challenges faced and lessons learned. The brief also conducts a regional comparison between Madagascar and other countries in the SADC Africa region. It concludes by highlighting the required policy actions for the country to meet the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. A key recommendation from the analysis indicates that Madagascar needs to invest in its agricultural data collection, reporting, and management systems to address persistent data gaps and inconsistencies.Item Fourth CAADP Fourth Biennial Review Brief: Malawi. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: Performance and Lessons(Brief, 2025-01-01) Kanyamuka, J.; Mwanaleza, E.; Pangapanga, I.; Musopole, R.; Chinkhuntha, C.; Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Chiwewe, C.The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief focuses on Malawi’s performance in BR4. The authors compare the results against those of earlier BRs, discuss challenges and lessons learned from BR4, review any policy, programmatic, and investment changes resulting from the BRs, and highlight the policy and programmatic measures needed for Malawi to meet the Malabo Commitments by 2025. This report presents a snapshot of Malawi’s performance in the four BRs. A key recommendation from the analysis indicates that Malawi needs to pay special attention to all Malabo commitments in order to be on track for the next BR. The country needs to commit itself to the continued domestication of CAADP processes and developing beneficial partnerships and alliances with all stakeholders.Item Assessing the potential outcomes of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS)(Brief, 2025-04-30) Alam, Mohammad Faiz ; Taneja, Garima; Malaiappan, Sudharsan; Sikka, Alok; Purohit, J.; Dohm, S.Item Unlocking financial inclusion for cocoa farmers: catalyzing solar irrigation investment in Ghana(Brief, 2025-04-30) Gbodji, Kekeli Kofi; Quarmine, William; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Mitra, Archisman; Schmitter, Petra S.; Muzata, Barbra SehluleGhanaian cocoa farmers, who provide livelihoods for over 800,000 households, face significant threats from climate change, including erratic rainfall patterns and droughts lasting up to six months. These conditions jeopardize productivity and income stability. To address this, IWMI conducted research that informed innovative financial models now adopted by Access Bank through the Bridge-In Agric Loan. This loan program leverages IWMI’s financing framework to enable smallholder farmers to invest in solar-powered irrigation systems, fostering resilience against climate change, boosting cocoa yields, and improving economic stability. This brief captures the research process, outlines the Bridge-In Agric Loan’s impact, and offers actionable recommendations to scale the initiative for nationwide benefits.Item Rural business establishment and interconnections with natural resources in Halaba, Central Ethiopia(Brief, 2025-03-26) Tesfaye, Y.; Moges, A.; Teshale, T.; Girma, R.; Mekuria, Wolde; Phimister, E.; Smith, J.; Hallet, P.This brief outlines key recommendations from research projects aimed at (i) addressing governance challenges that impede the effective establishment of rural businesses, and (ii) ensuring the sustainable integration of rural businesses with natural resources in Halaba in Ethiopia. The studies were supported by projects such as Local-Level Land Degradation Assessment Towards Sustainable Land Management for Improved Livelihoods in the Ethiopian Rift Valley (SMILE-REDAA) and Reducing land degradation and carbon loss from Ethiopia’s soils to strengthen livelihoods and resilience (RALENTIR). The brief sets the context for rural employment and businesses, going on to discuss the relationship between rural businesses, natural resources, stakeholders, institutional structures, and start-up activities in Halaba. Following this, the challenges and opportunities of establishing rural businesses are explored. Finally, it presents the implications of successful interventions and offers recommendations for policymakers and other stakeholders to effectively establish rural businesses, with a focus on sustainable natural resource management.Item Overcoming barriers to the adoption of water-saving technologies in Jordan: policy pathways for transforming knowledge, attitudes and practices(Brief, 2025-03-26) Al-Zubi, Maha; Amdar, Nafn; Brouziyne, YoussefJordan faces severe water scarcity, worsened by rapid population growth, climate change, and overuse of limited groundwater. With per capita water availability at just 61 m³/year—well below the global threshold of 500 m³/year—Jordan is one of the most water-scarce countries. Agriculture, which consumes 48% of the country's freshwater, is particularly affected. The sector relies on inefficient irrigation, leading to low water productivity, especially in the highlands, where productivity is only JOD 0.36 per m³, much lower than the potential achievable with Water Saving Technologies (WSTs).Several challenges hinder the adoption of WSTs, including financial constraints, limited extension services, technical gaps, and unequal access, particularly for smallholders and marginalized communities. The lack of pre- and post-installation support from WST suppliers and extension services limits the effectiveness of these technologies. Without adequate guidance, many farmers struggle to integrate them into their farming practices, preventing full utilization. Therefore, aligning farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) with water conservation goals is essential for the successful adoption of WSTs. To address these challenges, research and tailored support are crucial. Researchers can identify obstacles to WST adoption, while practitioners can offer targeted support to overcome these issues. Policymakers can create policies that encourage WST adoption through financial incentives, education, and research. Education and awareness campaigns can help farmers understand the benefits of WSTs, while financial mechanisms, like subsidies or low-interest loans, can make these technologies more accessible.A farmer-centric approach is key to driving adoption. A Market Systems Development (MSD) strategy, which improves the entire market system surrounding WSTs, can promote wider adoption. Peer learning, where farmers share experiences and knowledge, can boost confidence in these technologies. Extension services play an important role by providing ongoing support and helping farmers adapt technologies to their needs. In conclusion, overcoming barriers to WST adoption and aligning farmers’ practices with water conservation goals is crucial for Jordan’s agricultural sustainability. With targeted education, financial support, and strong extension services, Jordan can ensure long-term water security and agricultural productivity.Item Water connects us: empowering youth to strengthen water cooperation in the Middle East and North Africa Region(Brief, 2025-03-21) Al-Zu’bi, Maha; Al Kreidy, S.; Freihat, O.; Al Khafaji, D.