Economics and Impact Assessment (EcIA)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/110271

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Direct seeded rice in Haryana (India) ABY districts: impact and lessons for scaling
(Report, 2025-05-30) Mutum, Lamnganbi; Mizan, Syed Adil; Bhatpuria, Dhyey; Taneja, Garima; Mitra, Archisman; Gupta, S. K.; Sikka, Alok
Rice is a staple crop in India, traditionally cultivated using the Transplanted Puddled Rice (TPR) method. This traditional method, while effective and very popular amongst farmers, is highly labour, water, and energy-intensive, that leads to significant groundwater depletion and higher energy usage in pumping groundwater. In response to these challenges, the Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) method has been introduced as a more sustainable alternative. DSR involves sowing seeds directly into the field, eliminating the need for growing and transplanting seedlings. This method, tested in various field trials, promises to have several benefits, including water savings, reduced labour and production costs, higher economic returns, and lower methane emissions. However, the success in farmer fields when adopted at scale outside trials remains to be analysed critically. In that context, this study was commissioned through a MoU with National Project Management Unit (NPMU), Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABY). ABY, also known as Atal Jal, is a central sector scheme aimed at sustainable groundwater management with community participation. Launched in December 2019, ABY focuses on improving groundwater management in water-stressed areas across seven states, including Haryana. The adoption of DSR in Haryana has been gradual but promising. The area under rice cultivation in the state has increased significantly over the years, with initial efforts to introduce DSR beginning around 2009. The state government has played a crucial role in promoting DSR by offering financial incentives to farmers. In 2022, an incentive of INR 4000 per acre1 was introduced to encourage farmers to adopt DSR. Given its uptake in Haryana, the objective of this study is to assess the socio-economic and environmental benefits of DSR, identify the challenges, and offer recommendations for scaling up this technology in Haryana and other regions. The study employed a multi-faceted approach including qualitative surveys with stakeholders, focus group discussions, field visits, and a large-scale quantitative survey (sample size is 809) of DSR and TPR farmers across selected districts in Haryana to assess the impact of DSR. These farmer-level sources were complemented by water flow meter data analysis and remote sensing analysis.
Brief: intergenerational intersections and the economics of water
(Brief, 2025-05-27) Adolfsson, Elin; Avila, J. D.
Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Mozambique. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons
(Brief, 2025-05-02) Popat, M.; Wilson, D.; Cunguara, B.; Matchaya, Greenwell C.
The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief assesses Mozambique’s progress in aligning agricultural policies, strategies, and programs with the Malabo Declaration commitments. The authors analyze gaps and strengths within the existing agricultural policy environment and institutional capacity vis-à-vis various evidence-based achievements. For Mozambique to meet the Malabo Declaration commitments, the analysis highlights that the country should increase public expenditure on agriculture, prioritize investments in public goods, and place less emphasis on market-distorted forms of support.
Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Mauritius. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons
(Brief, 2025-05-02) Hagos, Fitsum; Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Chikhuri, K.; Dreepaul-Dabee, V.
The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). Mauritius has consistently submitted reports for all BR cycles except for BR3. In this brief, the authors present the BR4 review findings for Mauritius, including its progress in achieving commitments at the country level and its performance relative to the SADC region. The brief concludes by highlighting the required policy actions for the country to meet the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. The authors recommend that Mauritius increase the share of its national budget to the agricultural sector from the current low levels of under 2 percent to the 10 percent target. This will strengthen the sector and boost its role in the economy.
Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Angola. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons
(Brief, 2025-05-02) Kasoma-Pele, W.; Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Manuvanga, K.
The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief assesses Angola’s performance toward meeting the Malabo Declaration commitments across the four BR rounds. Furthermore, it highlights the challenges faced and lessons learned by Angola during BR4 in 2023. The brief also outlines policy and programmatic measures required for Angola to meet the Malabo Declaration commitment targets by 2025. A key recommendation from the analysis indicates that Improving Angola’s performance on all commitments calls for increased funding for data generation, management, analysis, utilization, and monitoring and evaluation in the agricultural sector.
Fourth CAADP Fourth Biennial Review Brief: Botswana. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons
(Brief, 2025-01-01) Kasoma-Pele, W.; Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Keboneilwe, D.
The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief draws on the BR4 to summarize Botswana’s performance in pursuit of the seven Malabo Declaration commitments. In addition, the brief assesses the challenges faced and lessons learned by the country. The brief also reviews policy, programmatic, and investment changes in Botswana induced by the inaugural BR (BR1), the BR2, the BR3, and the most recent BR4. The final section of the brief highlights policy actions and programmatic measures Botswana should take in order to meet its Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. A key recommendation from the analysis indicates that Botswana needs to pay more attention to putting in place evidence-based policies and strategies aligned with the CAADP process through a strong multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder coordination body to guide its actions in this regard.
Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Lesotho. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons
(Brief, 2025-01-01) Hagos, Fitsum; Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Moloinyane, S.
The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief focuses on Lesotho's performance in BR4. The authors assess Lesotho's progress at the country level before presenting a regional comparison between Lesotho and other countries in the SADC region. They conclude by highlighting the required policy actions for the country to meet the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. A key recommendation from the analysis indicates that Lesotho needs to strengthen data systems tracking CAADP Process Completion Index parameters, as well as general agricultural performance data, while enhancing government agricultural expenditure as a share of total public expenditure.
Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Ethiopia. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons
(Brief, 2025-01-01) Hagos, Fitsum; Matchaya, Greenwell C.
The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief focuses on the performance of Ethiopia in BR4, assessing the challenges faced and lessons learned. The brief also conducts a regional comparison between Ethiopia and other countries in the Eastern Africa region. It concludes by highlighting the required policy actions for the country to meet the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. A key recommendation from the analysis indicates that Ethiopia needs to scale up efforts to increase yields for the country’s priority agricultural commodities while simultaneously reducing post-harvest losses.
Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Eswatini. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons
(Brief, 2025-01-01) Hagos, Fitsum; Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Mamba-Hlophe, N. S.
The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief highlights Eswatini’s performance against the 46 indicators in the inaugural, second, and third BRs (2017, 2019, and 2021) and compares this to the fourth BR (2023) to track progress toward a fully transformed agricultural sector. A key recommendation from the analysis indicates that the country needs to strengthen its efforts toward meeting all the Malabo/CAADP commitments. Agricultural investments can be increased by expanding the share of the national budget allocated to the sector and creating a conducive environment for attracting domestic and foreign private investors, as well as public-private partnerships.
Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Comoros. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: Performance and Lessons
(Brief, 2025-01-01) Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Miradji, A. I.
The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief focuses on the performance of the Union of Comoros in BR4, assessing the challenges faced and lessons learned. The brief also reviews policy and programmatic changes in the Comoros following the third BR. It concludes by highlighting the required policy actions for the country to meet the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. A key recommendation from the analysis indicates that while Comoros has made notable progress in promoting sustainable land management practices, it is critical to implement policies that expand the size of irrigated areas. This will enhance the resilience of agricultural systems to climatic shocks and support increased productivity.
Fourth CAADP Biennial Review Brief: Madagascar. Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard Performance and Lessons
(Brief, 2025-01-01) Solonitompoarinony, J.; Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Randrianaivomanana, A. L.
The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Government for the African Union Commission (AUC) and the African Union Development Agency NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress toward achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Four Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, the third BR in 2021, and the most recent BR concluded in 2023. As part of fulfilling Commitment 7 on mutual accountability, the fourth BR Report (BR4) and the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) were launched at the 37th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the AU Heads of State and Government in March 2024 (AUC 2024). This brief focuses on the performance of Madagascar in BR4, assessing the challenges faced and lessons learned. The brief also conducts a regional comparison between Madagascar and other countries in the SADC Africa region. It concludes by highlighting the required policy actions for the country to meet the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. A key recommendation from the analysis indicates that Madagascar needs to invest in its agricultural data collection, reporting, and management systems to address persistent data gaps and inconsistencies.
Unlocking financial inclusion for cocoa farmers: catalyzing solar irrigation investment in Ghana
(Brief, 2025-04-30) Gbodji, Kekeli Kofi; Quarmine, William; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Mitra, Archisman; Schmitter, Petra S.; Muzata, Barbra Sehlule
Ghanaian cocoa farmers, who provide livelihoods for over 800,000 households, face significant threats from climate change, including erratic rainfall patterns and droughts lasting up to six months. These conditions jeopardize productivity and income stability. To address this, IWMI conducted research that informed innovative financial models now adopted by Access Bank through the Bridge-In Agric Loan. This loan program leverages IWMI’s financing framework to enable smallholder farmers to invest in solar-powered irrigation systems, fostering resilience against climate change, boosting cocoa yields, and improving economic stability. This brief captures the research process, outlines the Bridge-In Agric Loan’s impact, and offers actionable recommendations to scale the initiative for nationwide benefits.
State level stakeholder consultation on participatory groundwater governance in Madhya Pradesh, India: learnings from Atal Bhujal Yojana and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)
(Conference Proceedings, 2024-12-30) Patidar, P.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Taneja, Garima; Bhattacharjee, Suchiradipta; Mitra, Archisman; Bhaduri, Tanmoy
State level stakeholder consultation on participatory groundwater governance in Rajasthan, India: learnings from Atal Bhujal Yojana and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)
(Conference Proceedings, 2024-12-30) Banerjee, H.; Papnoi, P.; Kaur, J.; Taneja, Garima; Bhattacharjee, Suchiradipta; Mitra, Archisman
State-level multi-stakeholder consultation workshop on policy coherence in the food, land, and water systems: case study of Rajasthan, India
(Conference Proceedings, 2024-12-31) Taneja, Garima; Joshi, T.; Gulati, G.; Katyaini, S.; Neog, K.; Paul, D. M.; Bassi, N.
Proceedings of Science–Policy Dialogue on Groundwater Governance
(Conference Proceedings, 2024-12-30) Taneja, Garima; Lamnganbi, Mutum; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth S.; Sikka, Alok
Impact assessment of aquaculture in small reservoirs pilots in northern Ghana: a baseline technical report
(Report, 2024-12-30) Zane, Giulia; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Appiah, Sarah; Asare, G.
The CGIAR Resilient Aquatic Foods Systems Initiative (RAqFS) aims to enhance the resilience of aquatic food systems by addressing systemic challenges. As part of this initiative, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) partnered with the CSIR Water Research Institute and the Fisheries Commission of Ghana in 2023 to co-design and implement an aquaculture pilot in four small reservoirs across four communities in the North-East Region of Ghana. The pilot project engaged groups of 10-15 individuals in each community, ensuring the inclusion of youth and women, and provided them with technical training and essential inputs to undertake tilapia cage culture. The groups cultivated fish in August-September 2023 and completed the first cycle in September-October 2024.
SE4RL: piloting alternative models of solarization
(Presentation, 2024-08-08) Kuriachen, Philip
Solar energy for rural livelihoods has pilot tested solar irrigation enterprises as an alternative pathway for agriculture solarization. The project has field tested three models in Bihar, Eastern UP and Jharkhand which were tailored to local socio-ecological and agrarian conditions. Solar irrigation as a micro-enterprise was tested in Bihar with the objective of catalysing buyer friendly water markets. Solar irrigation enterprises have generated approximately cumulative revenue of 0.5 million rupees while reducing irrigation expenditure of water buyers by 80,000 rupees. In Jharkhand, to address the unique challenges of inadequate access to affordable power limiting irrigation and subsequently agriculture expansion, we pilot tested the feasibility of Farmer producer companies as irrigation service providers. The FPC model has shown better performance on key parameters like irrigation coverage and capacity utilization vis-à-vis PM-KUSUM and community lift irrigation schemes under JOHAR. In UP, working with Oorja SE4RL field tested the sensitivity of irrigation service fee on capacity utilization and revenues from irrigation sales. The field experiment reduced irrigation fee from Rs 4 to Rs 2 per cubic metre leading to a 7% increase in revenue and doubling of irrigation sales for Oorja. The pilots indicate that solar irrigation enterprises are a viable alternative to conventional strategy of promoting individual SIPs with large capital subsidies.
The business or financial models for solar irrigation pumps: unveiling Interconnections, advantages, and trade-offs
(Presentation, 2024-08-08) Mutum, Lamnganbi; Kuriachen, Philip; Taneja, Garima; M. P. M. Deepa; Sikka, Alok; Ringler, Claudia
In pursuit of underscoring the need for a nexus-driven approach in upcoming ventures to effectively manage limited resources, a comprehensive study was undertaken in the Indo-Gangetic plains to assess business and financial models. This exploration delved into four distinct models through intensive Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), totaling 3-4 sessions per model. Notably, the models were interconnected utilizing fuzzy cognitive mapping to visually depict their intricate interdependencies. In conclusion, the SIP model through the PM-KUSUM Scheme proves to be most suitable for large-scale farmers in regions lacking groundwater markets. Conversely, the Guarantee Fund Model provides customized solutions tailored for medium and small-scale farmers. In Bihar, Models SBIG and SBII are notably beneficial for marginal farmers managing small, fragmented land holdings. Moreover, ensuring gender inclusivity in these models underscores the importance of advocating capacity-building strategies, thereby enhancing their efficacy and ensuring equitable benefits for all beneficiaries.
Lessons from implementation models in Bangladesh
(Presentation, 2024-08-08) Mitra, Archisman
Diesel dependency creates energy insecurity and puts a financial burden on the country. To improve energy security, protect farmers from fuel price shocks and also reduce emissions from diesel usage, Bangladesh Government is promoting the implementation and use of solar irrigation pumps (SIPs). The study encountered three solar irrigation models as: (a) Free-for- Service (b) Individual Ownership model and (c) Community managed models in the country. Among these, the Free-for-Service model exhibited multiple benefits as this is funded by Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) a private company and is widely used among farmers of Bangladesh and it accounts for the ease of investment and financial viability of the system installed. Ultimately no single model fits all locations and they have to be context-specific and determined by the objectives.

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