ILRI PTVC program outputs
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Item Report from the CTA-ILRI African Dairy Value Chain Seminar, Nairobi, Kenya, 21-24 September 2014(Report, 2014-09-24) Cadilhon, Joseph J.Item Cadre de politique pour le développement de la filière laitière au Sénégal(Report, 2016-10-30) Seck, M.; Marshall, Karen; Fadiga, M.L.Item Analyse de la chaîne de valeur du matériel génétique bovin laitier au Sénégal(Report, 2016-10-30) Diouf, M.; Marshall, Karen; Fadiga, M.L.Item Dairy systems for smallholders in poor countries: Options for improving livelihoods(Presentation, 2016-10-21) Baltenweck, IsabelleItem Analysis of the dairy germplasm value chain in Senegal(Report, 2016-10-30) Diouf, M.; Marshall, Karen; Fadiga, M.L.Item Food safety along informal pork value chains in Vietnam: Success and challenges from an interdisciplinary research team view(Presentation, 2016-12-07) Unger, Fred; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Lapar, Ma. Lucila; Phuc Pham Duc; Pham Van Hung; Pham Hong Ngan; Barot, M.; Grace, DeliaPork is widely consumed meat in Vietnam, making up 56% of total meat intake. While delivering significant benefits to smallholders who supply 80% of the market, pork could also cause substantial health consequences due to poor hygiene along the pork chain. To identify feasible interventions along the pork chain, a better understanding of disease risks is needed and addressed in an ongoing research project (PigRISK) presented here. PigRISK uses an interdisciplinary research approach, bringing together livestock economic, animal health, risk assessors, environmental and public health expertise targeting smallholder pig value chains in Hung Yen and Nghe An provinces, Vietnam. Selected technical achievements include value chain maps, hazard estimates (>40% of pork Salmonella contaminated) and health risks which will be presented. From an interdisciplinary research perspective and documented using outcome harvesting/mapping, PigRISK builds capacity on assessing health risks, value chains and also enhances collaboration among teams. This was achieved through providing the opportunity for researchers to work "day to day" across disciplines and institutions, a new experience for most of them. Challenges include high turnover of team members or analysis and synthesis of results outside the team member's common expertise. Interventions, currently developed, will be piloted in a second project phase.Item Food safety along informal pork market chains in Vietnam: Experience from an integrated research team(Presentation, 2016-01-14) Unger, Fred; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Lapar, Ma. Lucila; Marshall, Karen; Grace, DeliaItem Transition of Salmonella prevalence in pork value chain from pig slaughterhouses to markets in Hung Yen, Vietnam(Journal Article, 2016) Yokozawa, T.; Sinh Dang Xuan; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Lapar, Ma. Lucila; Makita, K.In Vietnam, pork is the most consumed meat, and contamination of pork with Salmonella spp. is a serious public health problem. This study aimed to trace the value chain forward from pig slaughterhouses to markets in order to elucidate the dynamics of Salmonella contamination on the pork value chain in Hung Yen, Vietnam. This survey was conducted between January and February 2014 in two randomly selected slaughterhouses in Hung Yen. Swab samples were collected from 88 carcasses and of them, 21 carcasses were traced to the markets and pork samples were collected from these samples. Microbial tests were performed to detect the presence of Salmonella from carcass samples at slaughterhouses. MPN was determined in addition to the presence of Salmonella for pork at markets. The Salmonella prevalence on carcasses was 25.0% (22/88, 95%CI : 16.7%-35.6%), and on pork at markets was 28.6% (6/21, 95%CI : 12.2%-52.3%). There was no significant difference in prevalence between carcasses (25.0%) and pork (28.6%, x2＝0.0034, df＝1, p＝0.95). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of Salmonella on pig carcass samples between the two slaughterhouses (22.2% (10/45) and 27.9% (12/43), x2＝0.18, df＝1, p＝0.71). The transition of Salmonella contamination status on pork was observed, and the kappa value 0.53, and attributable risk percent 53.3% calculated suggested that more than half of the Salmonella prevalence in marketed pork can be attributable to contamination in slaughterhouse. MPN of positive pork samples ranged from < 0.3 to 1.5MPN/g. The prevalence remained high at the same level between the slaughterhouse and market, and the contamination largely occurs before the end of slaughtering due to inadequate hygiene, but cross-contamination during transportation and marketing also poses a risk to humans.Item Consumers’ preferences for animal-source foods and retail outlets: The case of Tanzania(Journal Article, 2016-09-30) Baker, Derek; Mtimet, Nadhem; Pica-Ciamarra, U.; Nsiima, L.Growth in population and income, as well as urbanisation, are contributing to the growing consumption of high-value foods in developing countries. However, public and private investments targeting high-value agricultural markets are constrained by limited information on the quality dimensions of the market, the nature of traditional retail formats, and consumer segmentation. This paper presents a simple and appropriate methodology to provide such information, and applies it in Tanzania to animal-sourced foods. It features a rapid survey, which is then aligned with nationally representative survey data. The results show that Tanzanian consumers demand, and are anticipated to continue demanding, relatively good-quality animal products but in rather low-valued product forms. Consumer segments are differentiated by level of wealth and by choice of retail format and retail product form, rather than by quality per se.Item Do mature innovation platforms make a difference in agricultural research for development? a meta-analysis of case studies(Journal Article, 2018-02) Schut, Marc; Cadilhon, Joseph J.; Misiko, Michael T.; Dror, IddoInnovation Platforms (IPs) have become a popular vehicle in agricultural research for development (AR4D). The IP promise is that integrating scientific and local knowledge results in innovations that can have impact at scale. Many studies have uncovered how IPs work in various countries, value chains and themes. The conclusion is clear: IPs generate enthusiasm and can bring together stakeholders to effectively address specific problems and achieve ‘local’ impact. However, few studies focus on ‘mature’ IPs and whether or not these achieve impact at a ‘higher’ scale: address systems trade-offs to guide decision making, focus on integration of multiple commodities, reach a large number of beneficiaries and learn from their failures. This study evaluates the impact of mature IPs in AR4D by analysing the success factors of eight case studies across three continents. Although we found pockets of IP success and impact, these were rarely achieved at scale. We therefore critically question the use of IPs as a technology dissemination and scaling mechanism in AR4D programs that aim to benefit the livelihoods of many farmers in developing countries. Nevertheless, we do find that IPs can fulfil an important role in AR4D. If the IP processes are truly demand-driven, participatory and based on collective investment and action, they have the ability to bring together committed stakeholders, and result in innovations that are technically sound, locally adapted, economically feasible for farmers, and socially, culturally and politically acceptable. Several of our cases show that if these IPs are firmly embedded in other public and private extension mechanisms and networks, they can allow the technologies or other types of innovations to scale out beyond the original IP scope, geographical focus or target audience. We see a need for more rigorous, accurate and continuous measurement of IP performance which can contribute to adaptive management of IPs, better understanding of ‘what works’ in terms of process design and facilitation, as well as to cost-benefit analysis of IPs as compared to other approaches that aim to contribute to agricultural development.Item Site characterization and systems analysis in Central Mekong(Book Chapter, 2016-11-15) Staal, Steven J.; Njiru, Nelly M.; Thinh Nguyen; Kihoro, Esther; Karimov, A.A.; Teufel, Nils; Wijk, Mark T. van; Ritzema, Randall S.The systems addressed in this chapter and in the CGIAR Research Program on Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics (Humidtropics) broadly include natural systems comprising biophysical, resource and climate realities; social systems made up of people, societies and their institutions; and, what some term as artificial systems built on elements of the first two (Checkland 1981). Agricultural systems, for example, modify natural systems for productive use, add infrastructure to provide markets, and modify human institutions to organize labour and services to enable the agricultural system to function. Regardless of how systems are categorized, they can be simplistically deconstructed into components and the interactions between them. In this chapter we characterize some of the Central Mekong systems, and also address some of the system dynamics, at two basic levels of resolution. Section 2 addresses regional agricultural systems consisting of one or more districts within a country, and includes variations in natural and social systems in addition to agricultural systems. Five regional cases that reflect the diversity across the Central Mekong Action Area are examined and compared. The authors focus on systems at the community or local landscape level, particularly the individual farm household component, and the variation between households within the landscape. Variables include household agricultural practices, household resources, capacity, and links to markets and institutions. Section 3 looks at diversity in the variables among farm households and the implications for livelihoods and well-being. Section 4 examines food security levels arising from specific farm household strategies and performance, how the two are related, and the implications for potential farm interventions. We conclude by comparing the types of systems examined, the differences in types of tools needed, and the differences in questions asked and learning generated. Throughout this chapter, authors refer to data from reports and articles that interested readers can find in Annex I.Item Policy framework for dairy development in Senegal(Report, 2016-10) Seck, M.; Marshall, Karen; Fadiga, M.L.Item Sustainable management of endemic ruminant livestock of West Africa and their environment(Report, 2016-09-30) Fall, Abdou; Fadiga, M.L.; Ayantunde, Augustine A.; Marshall, Karen; Said, Mohammed YahyaItem Farmers’ preference for bundled input-output markets: Implications for adapting dairy market hubs in the Tanzania dairy value chain(Presentation, 2016-09-23) Rao, E.J.O.; Mtimet, Nadhem; Twine, Edgar E.; Baltenweck, Isabelle; Omore, Amos O.Item Dairy farmers’ access to markets in Uganda: Observing the unobservable(Presentation, 2016-09-23) Mtimet, Nadhem; Pica-Ciamarra, U.Item Innovation platforms as a tool for improving agricultural production: The case of Yatenga province, northern Burkina Faso(Journal Article, 2016-09-20) Teno, G.; Cadilhon, Joseph J.Innovation platforms are a development tool used increasingly to support the stakeholders in complex systems for agricultural development in developing countries. This article presents the results of a study measuring the impact of innovation platforms on improving agricultural production for the beneficiaries of a project in Yatenga province, northern Burkina Faso. This innovation platform was installed in 2011 as part of the activities of the Volta2 project, operating jointly in Burkina Faso and Ghana. The results of surveys using Likert scales to quantify the project beneficiaries’ perceptions and qualitative surveys of the various partners revealed that there was an improvement in agricultural production. This improvement has been attributed to the Volta2 project’s innovation platforms, which enabled an increase in the beneficiaries’ social and human capital, empowering them to seek and find local solutions adapted to their problems.Item Processor linkages, farm productivity and household income in dairy farm households in East Africa(Presentation, 2016-10-04) Omondi, Immaculate A.; Rao, E.J.O.; Karimov, A.A.; Baltenweck, IsabelleItem Food safety assessment and challenges along small-scale pig systems in Vietnam(Presentation, 2016-09-04) Unger, Fred; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Sinh Dang Xuan; Phuc Pham Duc; Pham Van Hung; Lapar, Ma. Lucila; Marshall, Karen; Duong Van Nhiem; Makita, K.; Grace, DeliaFood borne diseases (FBD) are an increasing global public health concern with estimated 1 in 10 people falling ill every year from eating contaminated food causing 420,000 deaths. Diarrheal diseases accounted for more than half of the global burden with children at especial risk (WHO 2015). Evidence on FBD in low and middle income countries, including Vietnam, is still limited but the risk is considered to be higher than in high income countries due to poor hygiene, inadequate food production and storage, risky consumption habits, and weak legislation and enforcement. For Vietnam, pork is an important component of the diet and accounts for more than 70% of meat consumed: most (84%) is supplied by small and medium scale farmers. Recent ILRI studies have demonstrated strong preferences of Vietnamese consumers for fresh, un-chilled pork sold at conventional wet markets but also increasing concerns over food safety have been expressed by urban consumers. Existing food safety studies along the pig sector have focused on assessment of hazards (mainly Salmonella) at a specific actor of the pork chain while farm to fork approaches or studies measuring the impact of hazards to human are limited. Since 2012 ILRI has implemented specific studies assessing food safety issues including zoonoses along pig value chains in selected regions of Vietnam. This included risk assessments of food safety hazards in pork such as Salmonella along a more peri-urban value chain with mainly exotic pigs or their crosses (Hung Yen province). In addition, we assessed the presence of two major zoonoses (trichinellosis and cysticercosis) in a rural indigenous pig value chain in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Results for Hung Yen show a high presence of biological hazards (e.g. 43% pork cuts at market are Salmonella contaminated). Key challenges include poor slaughter and meat handling hygiene (eg. floor slaughter) aligned with low awareness on related health risks among interviewed actors. Another challenge is to identify feasible incentives to motivate change of behavior and practice of actors. For the native pig system (Central Highlands) sporadic infections with trichinellosis and cysticercosis were found. Key challenges include here predominant risky farm management practices (free roaming of pigs) but also very low awareness and knowledge on zoonoses of native pig producers who are often members of poor ethnic minorities.Item Prevalence of aflatoxin in feeds and cow milk from five counties in Kenya(Journal Article, 2016-07) Senerwa, D.M.; Sirma, A.J.; Mtimet, Nadhem; Kang'ethe, Erastus K.; Grace, Delia; Lindahl, Johanna F.Mycotoxin-producing fungi contaminate food and feeds before, during and after harvest. Aflatoxins are important mycotoxins and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a class 1 human carcinogen (definitely carcinogenic). Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a class 2B (possible) human carcinogen. Aflatoxin B1 in feeds can decrease milk production, reduce fertility and increase susceptibility to infections. A cross-sectional study of aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds was carried out in five counties in Kenya representing different agro-ecological zones: Kwale, Isiolo, Tharaka-Nithi, Kisii and Bungoma. Dairy feed concentrates and cattle milk were collected twice (dry season and rainy season) from 285 dairy farmers in the five counties and analysed for AFB1 and AFM1, using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the five counties, the proportion of farmers who fed cattle with dairy concentrates varied from zero to 68%. The dairy feed concentrates from farmers had AFB1 levels ranging from less than one part per billion (ppb) to 9661 ppb and the positive samples ranged from 47.8 to 90.3%. The percentages of dairy feeds from farmers with AFB1 above the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (WHO/FAO) limit of 5 ppb varied from 33.3% to 87.5 % while 83.3% to 100% of the feeds from retailers and 28.6% to 100% of the feeds from manufacturers exceeded the WHO/FAO limit. Aflatoxin M1 prevalence in milk was lowest in Kwale (13.6%) and highest in Tharaka-Nithi (65.1%). The proportion of milk samples with AFM1 above the WHO/FAO standard of 50 parts per trillion (ppt) varied from 3.4% (Kwale) to 26.2% (Tharaka-Nithi); the highest was 6999 ppt. This study shows that aflatoxin contamination is common in dairy feeds and in milk and concentrations may be high. This may contribute to ill health effects in both humans and animals and, therefore, there is need for better understanding of the impacts of aflatoxins in the feed–dairy value chain and appropriate interventions to control aflatoxin contamination in animal feeds.