Poverty dynamics and the determining factors among East African smallholder farmers

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cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and advanced research instituteen
cg.contributor.affiliationInternational Livestock Research Instituteen
cg.contributor.affiliationBangor Universityen
cg.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Edinburghen
cg.contributor.affiliationRhine-Waal University of Applied Sciencesen
cg.contributor.affiliationCornell Universityen
cg.contributor.affiliationBioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agricultureen
cg.contributor.donorCGIAR Trust Funden
cg.contributor.donorUnited States Agency for International Developmenten
cg.contributor.donorBill & Melinda Gates Foundationen
cg.contributor.donorEuropean Unionen
cg.contributor.initiativeMixed Farming Systems
cg.coverage.countryTanzania
cg.coverage.countryUganda
cg.coverage.countryKenya
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2TZ
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2UG
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2KE
cg.coverage.regionAfrica
cg.coverage.regionEastern Africa
cg.coverage.regionSub-Saharan Africa
cg.creator.identifierSimon Fraval: 0000-0002-2936-2537en
cg.creator.identifierNils Teufel: 0000-0001-5305-6620en
cg.creator.identifierMario Herrero: 0000-0002-7741-5090en
cg.creator.identifierMark van Wijk: 0000-0003-0728-8839en
cg.creator.identifierTodd Rosenstock: 0000-0002-1958-9500en
cg.howPublishedFormally Publisheden
cg.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103611en
cg.isijournalISI Journalen
cg.issn1873-2267en
cg.journalAgricultural Systemsen
cg.reviewStatusPeer Reviewen
cg.subject.actionAreaResilient Agrifood Systems
cg.subject.ilriCROP-LIVESTOCKen
cg.subject.ilriFARMING SYSTEMSen
cg.subject.ilriLIVELIHOODSen
cg.subject.ilriLIVESTOCKen
cg.subject.impactAreaNutrition, health and food security
cg.volume206en
dc.contributor.authorHammond, Jamesen
dc.contributor.authorPagella, Timen
dc.contributor.authorCaulfield, Mark E.en
dc.contributor.authorFraval, Simonen
dc.contributor.authorTeufel, Nilsen
dc.contributor.authorWichern, J.en
dc.contributor.authorKihoro, Estheren
dc.contributor.authorHerrero, Marioen
dc.contributor.authorRosenstock, Todd S.en
dc.contributor.authorWijk, Mark T. vanen
dc.date.accessioned2023-01-26T17:17:24Zen
dc.date.available2023-01-26T17:17:24Zen
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/128298
dc.titlePoverty dynamics and the determining factors among East African smallholder farmersen
dcterms.abstractRapid economic development in East Africa is matched by extremely dynamic smallholder livelihoods.To quantify the changes in poverty of smallholder farmers, to evaluate the potential of farm and off-farm activities to alleviate poverty, and to evaluate the potential barriers to poverty alleviation.The analyses were based on a panel survey of 600 households undertaken in 2012 and re-visited approximately four years later in four sites in East Africa. The sites represented contrasting smallholder farming systems, linked to urban centres undergoing rapid economic and social change (Nairobi, Kampala, Kisumu, and Dar-es-Salaam). The surveys assessed farm management, farm productivity, livelihoods, and various measures of household welfare.Almost two thirds of households rose above or fell below meaningful poverty thresholds - more than previously measured in this context - but overall poverty rates remained constant. Enhanced farm value production and off-farm income proved to be important mechanisms to rise out of poverty for households that were already resource-endowed. However, households in the poorest stratum in both panels appeared to be stuck in a poverty trap. They owned significantly fewer productive assets in the first panel compared to other groups (land and livestock), and these baseline assets were found to be positively correlated with farm income in the second panel survey. Equally these households were also found to be among the least educated, while education was found to be an important enabling factor for the generation of high value off-farm income.Rural development that aims to stimulate increases in farm produce value as a means to alleviate poverty are only viable for already resource-endowed households, as they have the capacity to enhance farm value production. Conversely, the alleviation of extreme poverty should focus on different means, perhaps cash transfers, or the development of more sophisticated social safety nets. Furthermore, while off-farm income presents another important mechanism for poverty alleviation in rural areas, these opportunities are restricted to those households that have had access to education. As more households turn to off-farm activities to supplement or replace their livelihoods, farming approaches will also change affecting the management of natural resources. These dynamics ought to be better understood to better manage land-use transitions.en
dcterms.accessRightsOpen Access
dcterms.audienceScientistsen
dcterms.bibliographicCitationHammond, J., Pagella, T., Caulfield, M.E., Fraval, S., Teufel, N., Wichern, J., Kihoro, E., Herrero, M., Rosenstock, T.S. and Wijk, M.T. van 2023. Poverty dynamics and the determining factors among East African smallholder farmers. Agricultural Systems 206:103611.en
dcterms.issued2023-03en
dcterms.languageen
dcterms.licenseCC-BY-4.0
dcterms.publisherElsevieren
dcterms.subjectpovertyen
dcterms.subjectsmallholdersen
dcterms.subjectlivelihoodsen
dcterms.subjectlivestocken
dcterms.subjectmixed farmingen
dcterms.typeJournal Article

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