Evaluation and mapping of snow characteristics using remote sensing data in Astore River Basin, Pakistan

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cg.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan
cg.contributor.affiliationInternational Water Management Institute (IWMI)
cg.contributor.affiliationGuangzhou University
cg.contributor.affiliationSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, India
cg.contributor.donorNational Natural Science Foundation of China
cg.contributor.donorGuangdong Natural Science Research Projects
cg.coverage.countryPakistan
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2PK
cg.coverage.subregionAstore River Basin
cg.creator.identifierZeshan Ali: 0000-0002-7175-4139
cg.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050550
cg.identifier.iwmilibraryH053879
cg.isijournalISI Journal
cg.issn2073-4433
cg.issue5
cg.journalAtmosphere
cg.reviewStatusPeer Review
cg.river.basinINDUS
cg.volume16
dc.contributor.authorKhan, Ihsan Ullah
dc.contributor.authorIqbal, M.
dc.contributor.authorAli, Zeshan
dc.contributor.authorArshed, A. B.
dc.contributor.authorWang, M.
dc.contributor.authorAdnan, R. M.
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-28T08:51:53Z
dc.date.available2025-05-28T08:51:53Z
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/174854
dc.titleEvaluation and mapping of snow characteristics using remote sensing data in Astore River Basin, Pakistanen
dcterms.abstractBeing an agricultural country, Pakistan requires lots of water for irrigation. A major portion of its water resources is located in the upper Indus basin (UIB). The snowmelt runoff generated from high-altitude areas of the UIB provides inflow into the Indus river system that boosts the water supply. Snow accumulation during the winter period in the highlands in the watershed(s) becomes a source of water inflow during the snow-melting period, which is described according to characteristics like snow depth, snow density, and snow water equivalent. Snowmelt water release (SWE) and snowmelt water depth (SD) maps are generated by tracing snow occurrence from MODIS-based images of the snow-cover area, evaluating the heating degree days (HDDs) from MODIS-derived images of the land surface temperature, computing the solar radiation, and then assimilating all the previous data in the form of the snowmelt model and ground measurements of the snowmelt water release (SWE). The results show that the average snow-cover area in the Astore river basin, in the upper Indus basin, ranges from 94% in winter to 20% in summer. The maps reveal that the annual average values of the SWE range from 150 mm to 535 mm, and the SD values range from 600 mm to 2135 mm, for the snowmelt period (April–September) over the years 2010–2020. The areas linked with vegetation experience low SWE accumulation because of the low slopes in the elevated regions. The meteorological parameters and basin characteristics affect the SWE and can determine the SD values.en
dcterms.accessRightsOpen Access
dcterms.available2025-05-06
dcterms.bibliographicCitationKhan, Ihsan Ullah; Iqbal, M.; Ali, Zeshan; Arshed, A. B.; Wang, M.; Adnan, R. M. 2025. Evaluation and mapping of snow characteristics using remote sensing data in Astore River Basin, Pakistan. Atmosphere, 16(5), 550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050550
dcterms.extent550
dcterms.issued2025-05
dcterms.languageen
dcterms.licenseCC-BY-4.0
dcterms.publisherMDPI
dcterms.subjectsnow cover
dcterms.subjectsnowmelt
dcterms.subjectremote sensing
dcterms.subjectriver basins
dcterms.subjectmoderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer
dcterms.typeJournal Article

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