Prevalence and risk factors associated with Campylobacter infection in diarrheal patients in Busia County, Kenya

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cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and developing country instituteen_US
cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and advanced research instituteen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationKenya Medical Research Instituteen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technologyen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Liverpoolen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationInternational Livestock Research Instituteen_US
cg.contributor.crpAgriculture for Nutrition and Healthen_US
cg.contributor.donorKenya Medical Research Instituteen_US
cg.coverage.countryKenyaen_US
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2KEen_US
cg.coverage.regionAfricaen_US
cg.coverage.regionEastern Africaen_US
cg.creator.identifierEric M. Fèvre: 0000-0001-8931-4986en_US
cg.howPublishedFormally Publisheden_US
cg.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2021.1111048en_US
cg.issn2165-3402en_US
cg.issue11en_US
cg.journalAdvances in Microbiologyen_US
cg.reviewStatusPeer Reviewen_US
cg.subject.ilriHUMAN HEALTHen_US
cg.subject.ilriZOONOTIC DISEASESen_US
cg.subject.impactAreaNutrition, health and food securityen_US
cg.subject.sdgSDG 3 - Good health and well-beingen_US
cg.volume11en_US
dc.contributor.authorOuko, T.T.en_US
dc.contributor.authorNyerere, A.K.en_US
dc.contributor.authorNjeru, J.M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorFèvre, Eric M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKariuki, S.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2021-11-30T07:14:20Zen_US
dc.date.available2021-11-30T07:14:20Zen_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/116388en_US
dc.titlePrevalence and risk factors associated with Campylobacter infection in diarrheal patients in Busia County, Kenyaen_US
dcterms.abstractIntroduction: Campylobacter are zoonotic bacteria that cause gastroenteritis worldwide with the species, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli commonly associated with human diarrhea. Transmission is mainly through direct contact with farm animals, consumption of chicken and contaminated water. There is paucity of data on the epidemiology of Campylobacter in developing countries despite its global widespread and expansion of poultry farming; hence there is the need to explore and build on the available data. This study aimed at determining prevalence and homestead risk practices associated with Campylobacter infection in diarrheal patients in Busia County. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February, 2017 to April, 2019. Stool samples were collected from patients of all ages attending Busia County referral Hospital and structured questionnaires on homestead associated risk practices administered. Isolation and identification of Campylobacter species was performed using standard culture method on Modified Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate medium and confirmed by mPCR. Factors associated with Campylobacter infection were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 132 (11.6%) Campylobacter comprising 89.2% C. jejuni and 10.8% C. coli were isolated from 1200 diarrhoegenic patients sampled. Isolation rate was higher in children aged < 2 years (13.7%) as compared to 2 - 5 years (10.2%) and >5 years (9.4%). Multilevel logistic models showed that homestead poultry farming was a significant risk associated with Campylobacter infection in <2 years [odds ratio (OR) 9.02; 95% CI: 3.19 - 25.47, P < 0.001], 2 - 5 years (OR 6.47, 95% CI: 2.71 - 15.45, P < 0.001) and >5 years (OR 10.05; 95% CI: 2.60 - 24.29, P < 0.001). Other homestead risk practices linked to children < 2 years were drinking of pond water (OR 7.43, 95% CI: 1.70 - 16.33, P < 0.001), repeated use of same food cutting board without soap wash by food handlers during food preparation (OR 3.32, 95% CI: 1.28 - 8.62, P = 0.014) and female gender (OR 6.68, 95% CI: 2.51 - 17.75, P < 0.001). However, use of toilet (OR 0.08, 95% CI: 0.02 - 0.27, P < 0.001) and breast feeding practices (OR 0.24, 95% CI: 0.11 - 0.52, P < 0.001) were protective. Patients aged 2 - 5 years who had contact with domestic pets (OR 5.72, 95% CI: 1.21 - 10.04, P = 0.016), fed on chicken meat (OR 2.83, 95% CI: 1.32 - 6.04, P = 0.007), drunk untreated pond water (OR 6.51, 95% CI: 1.57 - 13.59, P = 0.001) and female gender (OR 8.25, 95% CI: 3.43 - 19.81, P < 0.001) were at risk of Campylobacter infection while those who lived in urban areas (OR 0.47, 95% CI: 0.20 - 0.82, P = 0.041) were protected. Contact with infected diarrheal person from the same household (OR 4.72, 95% CI: 2.10 - 10.52, P = 0.006) and consumption of raw milk (OR 7.14, 95% CI: 1.96 - 18.24, P = 0.001) posed risk among those aged > 5 years respectively. Conclusion: Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of Campylobacter infections in diarrheal patients. Personal hygiene awareness of mothers/caregivers and proper animal husbandry especially where livestock-human interaction is common are important practices which require the County government support. Further studies are required on sex specific age difference, other social economic factors, domestic animals and the role played by the environment in the transmission of Campylobacter infection. These would advance knowledge and understanding on source attribution and transmission dynamics for effective control and management of the infection.en_US
dcterms.accessRightsOpen Accessen_US
dcterms.audienceAcademicsen_US
dcterms.audienceScientistsen_US
dcterms.bibliographicCitationOuko, T.T., Nyerere, A.K., Njeru, J.M., Fèvre, E.M. and Kariuki, S. 2021. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Campylobacter infection in diarrheal patients in Busia County, Kenya. Advances in Microbiology 11(11): 657–680.en_US
dcterms.extentp. 657-680en_US
dcterms.issued2021en_US
dcterms.languageenen_US
dcterms.licenseCC-BY-4.0en_US
dcterms.publisherScientific Research Publishing, Inc.en_US
dcterms.subjectzoonosesen_US
dcterms.subjecthealthen_US
dcterms.typeJournal Articleen_US

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