Intensifying inequality? Gendered trends in commercializing and diversifying smallholder farming systems in East Africa

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cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and advanced research instituteen
cg.authorship.typesNot CGIAR international instituteen
cg.contributor.affiliationInternational Livestock Research Instituteen
cg.contributor.affiliationBioversity Internationalen
cg.contributor.affiliationTree-Aiden
cg.contributor.affiliationWorld Agroforestry Centreen
cg.contributor.crpLivestock
cg.contributor.donorUnited States Agency for International Developmenten
cg.coverage.countryEthiopia
cg.coverage.countryKenya
cg.coverage.countryTanzania
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2ET
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2KE
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2TZ
cg.coverage.regionAfrica
cg.coverage.regionEastern Africa
cg.creator.identifierKatie Tavenner: 0000-0002-6070-5921en
cg.creator.identifierNils Teufel: 0000-0001-5305-6620en
cg.creator.identifierMark van Wijk: 0000-0003-0728-8839en
cg.creator.identifierSimon Fraval: 0000-0002-2936-2537en
cg.creator.identifierTodd Rosenstock: 0000-0002-1958-9500en
cg.creator.identifierIsabelle Baltenweck: 0000-0002-4147-5921en
cg.creator.identifierNicoline de Haan: 0000-0002-6392-7079en
cg.creator.identifierJacob van Etten: 0000-0001-7554-2558en
cg.creator.identifierJonathan Steinke: 0000-0001-5742-702Xen
cg.howPublishedFormally Publisheden
cg.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00010en
cg.isijournalISI Journalen
cg.issn2571-581Xen
cg.journalFrontiers in Sustainable Food Systemsen
cg.reviewStatusPeer Reviewen
cg.subject.ilriFARMING SYSTEMSen
cg.subject.ilriGENDERen
cg.subject.ilriINTENSIFICATIONen
cg.subject.ilriLIVELIHOODSen
cg.subject.ilriLIVESTOCK SYSTEMSen
cg.subject.ilriRESEARCHen
cg.subject.ilriWOMENen
cg.volume3en
dc.contributor.authorTavenner, Katieen
dc.contributor.authorWijk, Mark T. vanen
dc.contributor.authorFraval, Simonen
dc.contributor.authorHammond, Jamesen
dc.contributor.authorBaltenweck, Isabelleen
dc.contributor.authorTeufel, Nilsen
dc.contributor.authorKihoro, Estheren
dc.contributor.authorHaan, Nicoline C. deen
dc.contributor.authorEtten, Jacob vanen
dc.contributor.authorSteinke, J.en
dc.contributor.authorBaines, D.en
dc.contributor.authorCarpena, Pietroen
dc.contributor.authorSkirrow, T.en
dc.contributor.authorRosenstock, Todd S.en
dc.contributor.authorLamanna, C.en
dc.contributor.authorNg'endo, M.en
dc.contributor.authorChesterman, Sabrinaen
dc.contributor.authorNamoi, N.en
dc.contributor.authorManda, L.en
dc.date.accessioned2019-03-29T13:57:46Zen
dc.date.available2019-03-29T13:57:46Zen
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/100648
dc.titleIntensifying inequality? Gendered trends in commercializing and diversifying smallholder farming systems in East Africaen
dcterms.abstractWhile the commercialization and diversification of agricultural and livestock systems have been identified as key global strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation, less is known as to the large-scale gendered impacts that are implicated in these transformations among smallholder crop and livestock farmers. This study explores these gender impacts across different farming systems and gender-respondent-household typologies using data from the Rural Household Multiple Indicator Survey (RHoMIS) in 2,859 households in three East African countries—Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. Female control scores over incomes or foodstuffs produced through both on and off farm activities were highest in farming systems that had more land and more livestock. However, increasing commercialization—defined herein as the increasing importance of crop and livestock sales to farm households—resulted in an overall decline in female control across all farming systems and gender-respondent-household typologies. In contrast, crop and livestock diversification were positively associated with female control across gender-respondent-household typologies. Analysis of specific crops and livestock products across farming systems and respondent typologies revealed women have far greater control over decisions related to consumption than decisions related to sales, although the gap between the two were less pronounced in lesser-valued livestock products (chickens, eggs). However, the analyses suggest that as sale of crops and livestock increase, female control over these areas could likely diminish, regardless of specific activity. The authors conclude that approaches to adapt to or mitigate climate change that rely on increasing market orientation of smallholder production will likely intensify men's control over benefits from production, whereas diversification will likely have a more positive impact on female control. Thus, climate adaptation strategies promoting increased diversification will likely have a more positive impact on women smallholders than commercialization alone. The authors recommend that when commercialization is the target intervention, it must be accompanied by a gender differentiated analysis of trade-offs and risks to mitigate the potential negative consequences shown in this study.en
dcterms.accessRightsOpen Access
dcterms.audienceScientistsen
dcterms.available2019-02-27en
dcterms.bibliographicCitationTavenner, K., Wijk, M.T. van., Fraval, S., Hammond, J., Baltenweck, I., Teufel, N., Kihoro, E., Haan, N. de., Etten, J. van, Steinke, J., Baines, D., Carpena, P., Skirrow, T., Rosenstock, T., Lamanna, C., Ng'endo, M., Chesterman, S., Namoi, N. and Manda, L. 2019. Intensifying inequality? Gendered trends in commercializing and diversifying smallholder farming systems in East Africa. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systemsen
dcterms.issued2019-02-27en
dcterms.languageen
dcterms.licenseCC-BY-4.0
dcterms.publisherFrontiersen
dcterms.subjectfood securityen
dcterms.subjectlivestock systemsen
dcterms.subjectclimate changeen
dcterms.subjectgenderen
dcterms.subjectfarming systemsen
dcterms.typeJournal Article

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