Intensifying inequality? Gendered trends in commercializing and diversifying smallholder farming systems in East Africa

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cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and advanced research instituteen_US
cg.authorship.typesNot CGIAR international instituteen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationInternational Livestock Research Instituteen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationBioversity Internationalen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationTree-Aiden_US
cg.contributor.affiliationWorld Agroforestry Centreen_US
cg.contributor.crpLivestocken_US
cg.contributor.donorUnited States Agency for International Developmenten_US
cg.coverage.regionAfricaen_US
cg.coverage.regionEastern Africaen_US
cg.creator.identifierKatie Tavenner: 0000-0002-6070-5921en_US
cg.creator.identifierNils Teufel: 0000-0001-5305-6620en_US
cg.creator.identifierMark van Wijk: 0000-0003-0728-8839en_US
cg.creator.identifierSimon Fraval: 0000-0002-2936-2537en_US
cg.creator.identifierTodd Rosenstock: 0000-0002-1958-9500en_US
cg.creator.identifierIsabelle Baltenweck: 0000-0002-4147-5921en_US
cg.creator.identifierNicoline de Haan: 0000-0002-6392-7079en_US
cg.creator.identifierJacob van Etten: 0000-0001-7554-2558en_US
cg.creator.identifierJonathan Steinke: 0000-0001-5742-702Xen_US
cg.howPublishedFormally Publisheden_US
cg.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00010en_US
cg.isijournalISI Journalen_US
cg.issn2571-581Xen_US
cg.journalFrontiers in Sustainable Food Systemsen_US
cg.reviewStatusPeer Reviewen_US
cg.subject.ilriFARMING SYSTEMSen_US
cg.subject.ilriGENDERen_US
cg.subject.ilriINTENSIFICATIONen_US
cg.subject.ilriLIVELIHOODSen_US
cg.subject.ilriLIVESTOCK SYSTEMSen_US
cg.subject.ilriRESEARCHen_US
cg.subject.ilriWOMENen_US
cg.volume3en_US
dc.contributor.authorTavenner, Katieen_US
dc.contributor.authorWijk, Mark T. vanen_US
dc.contributor.authorFraval, Simonen_US
dc.contributor.authorHammond, Jamesen_US
dc.contributor.authorBaltenweck, Isabelleen_US
dc.contributor.authorTeufel, Nilsen_US
dc.contributor.authorKihoro, Estheren_US
dc.contributor.authorHaan, Nicoline C. deen_US
dc.contributor.authorEtten, Jacob vanen_US
dc.contributor.authorSteinke, J.en_US
dc.contributor.authorBaines, D.en_US
dc.contributor.authorCarpena, Pietroen_US
dc.contributor.authorSkirrow, T.en_US
dc.contributor.authorRosenstock, Todd S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorLamanna, C.en_US
dc.contributor.authorNg'endo, M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorChesterman, Sabrinaen_US
dc.contributor.authorNamoi, N.en_US
dc.contributor.authorManda, L.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2019-03-29T13:57:46Zen_US
dc.date.available2019-03-29T13:57:46Zen_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/100648en_US
dc.titleIntensifying inequality? Gendered trends in commercializing and diversifying smallholder farming systems in East Africaen_US
dcterms.abstractWhile the commercialization and diversification of agricultural and livestock systems have been identified as key global strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation, less is known as to the large-scale gendered impacts that are implicated in these transformations among smallholder crop and livestock farmers. This study explores these gender impacts across different farming systems and gender-respondent-household typologies using data from the Rural Household Multiple Indicator Survey (RHoMIS) in 2,859 households in three East African countries—Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. Female control scores over incomes or foodstuffs produced through both on and off farm activities were highest in farming systems that had more land and more livestock. However, increasing commercialization—defined herein as the increasing importance of crop and livestock sales to farm households—resulted in an overall decline in female control across all farming systems and gender-respondent-household typologies. In contrast, crop and livestock diversification were positively associated with female control across gender-respondent-household typologies. Analysis of specific crops and livestock products across farming systems and respondent typologies revealed women have far greater control over decisions related to consumption than decisions related to sales, although the gap between the two were less pronounced in lesser-valued livestock products (chickens, eggs). However, the analyses suggest that as sale of crops and livestock increase, female control over these areas could likely diminish, regardless of specific activity. The authors conclude that approaches to adapt to or mitigate climate change that rely on increasing market orientation of smallholder production will likely intensify men's control over benefits from production, whereas diversification will likely have a more positive impact on female control. Thus, climate adaptation strategies promoting increased diversification will likely have a more positive impact on women smallholders than commercialization alone. The authors recommend that when commercialization is the target intervention, it must be accompanied by a gender differentiated analysis of trade-offs and risks to mitigate the potential negative consequences shown in this study.en_US
dcterms.accessRightsOpen Accessen_US
dcterms.audienceScientistsen_US
dcterms.available2019-02-27en_US
dcterms.bibliographicCitationTavenner, K., Wijk, M.T. van., Fraval, S., Hammond, J., Baltenweck, I., Teufel, N., Kihoro, E., Haan, N. de., Etten, J. van, Steinke, J., Baines, D., Carpena, P., Skirrow, T., Rosenstock, T., Lamanna, C., Ng'endo, M., Chesterman, S., Namoi, N. and Manda, L. 2019. Intensifying inequality? Gendered trends in commercializing and diversifying smallholder farming systems in East Africa. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systemsen_US
dcterms.issued2019-02-27en_US
dcterms.languageenen_US
dcterms.licenseCC-BY-4.0en_US
dcterms.publisherFrontiers Mediaen_US
dcterms.subjectfood securityen_US
dcterms.subjectlivestock systemsen_US
dcterms.subjectclimate changeen_US
dcterms.subjectgenderen_US
dcterms.subjectfarming systemsen_US
dcterms.typeJournal Articleen_US

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