The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru

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cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and developing country instituteen
cg.contributor.affiliationBioversity Internationalen
cg.contributor.affiliationServicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Peruen
cg.contributor.affiliationInstituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Peruen
cg.contributor.affiliationCooperativa Agraria Norandino, Peruen
cg.contributor.affiliationMinisterio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego del Perúen
cg.contributor.affiliationUniversidad Científica del Suren
cg.contributor.donorCGIAR Trust Funden
cg.contributor.initiativeNature-Positive Solutions
cg.coverage.countryPeru
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2PE
cg.coverage.regionAmericas
cg.coverage.regionSouth America
cg.coverage.regionLatin America and the Caribbean
cg.creator.identifierevert thomas: 0000-0002-7838-6228
cg.creator.identifierRachel Atkinson: 0000-0001-8977-5707
cg.creator.identifierCarlos Eduardo Gonzalez Rodriguez: 0000-0002-4167-0209
cg.creator.identifierSphyros Lastra: 0000-0001-9017-0852
cg.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163372en
cg.isijournalISI Journalen
cg.issn1879-1026en
cg.journalScience of the Total Environmenten
cg.reviewStatusPeer Reviewen
cg.subject.actionAreaResilient Agrifood Systems
cg.subject.alliancebiovciatAGRICULTUREen
cg.subject.alliancebiovciatCACAOen
cg.subject.alliancebiovciatMARKETSen
cg.subject.impactAreaNutrition, health and food security
cg.subject.sdgSDG 3 - Good health and well-beingen
cg.volume881en
dc.contributor.authorThomas, Everten
dc.contributor.authorAtkinson, Rachelen
dc.contributor.authorZavaleta, Diegoen
dc.contributor.authorRodríguez, Carlosen
dc.contributor.authorLastra, Sphyrosen
dc.contributor.authorYovera, Fredy F.en
dc.contributor.authorArango, Karinaen
dc.contributor.authorPezo, Abelen
dc.contributor.authorAguilar, Javieren
dc.contributor.authorTames, Miriamen
dc.contributor.authorRamos, Anaen
dc.contributor.authorCruz, Wilberten
dc.contributor.authorCosme, Robertoen
dc.contributor.authorEspinoza, Eduardoen
dc.contributor.authorChavez, Carmen Rosaen
dc.contributor.authorLadd, Brentonen
dc.date.accessioned2023-05-08T10:00:25Zen
dc.date.available2023-05-08T10:00:25Zen
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/130272
dc.titleThe distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peruen
dcterms.abstractPeru is the eighth largest producer of cacao beans globally, but high cadmium contents are constraining access to international markets which have set upper thresholds for permitted concentrations in chocolate and derivatives. Preliminary data have suggested that high cadmium concentrations in cacao beans are restricted to specific regions in the country, but to date no reliable maps exist of expected cadmium concentrations in soils and cacao beans. Drawing on >2,000 representative samples of cacao beans and soils we developed multiple national and regional random forest models to develop predictive maps of cadmium in soil and cacao beans across the area suitable for cacao cultivation. Our model projections show that elevated concentrations of cadmium in cacao soils and beans are large Loreto, as well as some very localized pockets in the central departments of Huánuco and San Martin. Unsurprisingly, soil cadmium was the by far most important predictor of bean cadmium. Aside from the south-eastern to north-western spatial trend of increasing cadmium values in soils and beans, the most important predictors of both variables in nation-wide models were geology, rainfall seasonality, soil pH and rainfall. At regional level, alluvial deposits and mining operations were also associated with higher cadmium levels in cacao beans. Based on our predictive map of cadmium in cacao beans we estimate that while at a national level less than twenty percent of cacao farming households might be impacted by the cadmium regulations, in the most affected department of Piura this could be as high as 89%.en
dcterms.accessRightsOpen Access
dcterms.bibliographicCitationThomas, E.; Atkinson, R.; Zavaleta, D.; Rodriguez, C.; Lastra, S.; Yovera, F.; Arango, K.; Pezo, A.; Aguilar, J.; Tames, M.; Ramos, A.; Cruz, W.; Cosme, R.; Espinoza, E.; Chavez, C.R.; Ladd, B. (2023) The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru. Science of the Total Environment 881, 163372. ISSN: 1879-1026en
dcterms.extent163372en
dcterms.issued2023-07
dcterms.languageen
dcterms.licenseCC-BY-4.0
dcterms.publisherElsevieren
dcterms.subjectcadmiumen
dcterms.subjectsoilen
dcterms.subjectcocoa beansen
dcterms.subjectgeologyen
dcterms.subjectseasonalityen
dcterms.subjectprecipitationen
dcterms.subjectsoil phen
dcterms.subjectsoil textureen
dcterms.typeJournal Article

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