The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru

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cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and developing country instituteen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationBioversity Internationalen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationServicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Peruen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationInstituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Peruen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationCooperativa Agraria Norandino, Peruen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationMinisterio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego del Perúen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationUniversidad Científica del Suren_US
cg.contributor.donorCGIAR Trust Funden_US
cg.contributor.initiativeNature-Positive Solutionsen_US
cg.coverage.countryPeruen_US
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2PEen_US
cg.coverage.regionAmericasen_US
cg.coverage.regionSouth Americaen_US
cg.coverage.regionLatin America and the Caribbeanen_US
cg.creator.identifierevert thomas: 0000-0002-7838-6228en_US
cg.creator.identifierRachel Atkinson: 0000-0001-8977-5707en_US
cg.creator.identifierCarlos Eduardo Gonzalez Rodriguez: 0000-0002-4167-0209en_US
cg.creator.identifierSphyros Lastra: 0000-0001-9017-0852en_US
cg.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163372en_US
cg.isijournalISI Journalen_US
cg.issn1879-1026en_US
cg.journalScience of the Total Environmenten_US
cg.reviewStatusPeer Reviewen_US
cg.subject.actionAreaResilient Agrifood Systemsen_US
cg.subject.alliancebiovciatAGRICULTUREen_US
cg.subject.alliancebiovciatCACAOen_US
cg.subject.alliancebiovciatMARKETSen_US
cg.subject.impactAreaNutrition, health and food securityen_US
cg.subject.sdgSDG 3 - Good health and well-beingen_US
cg.volume881en_US
dc.contributor.authorThomas, Everten_US
dc.contributor.authorAtkinson, Rachelen_US
dc.contributor.authorZavaleta, Diegoen_US
dc.contributor.authorRodríguez, Carlosen_US
dc.contributor.authorLastra, Sphyrosen_US
dc.contributor.authorYovera, Fredy F.en_US
dc.contributor.authorArango, Karinaen_US
dc.contributor.authorPezo, Abelen_US
dc.contributor.authorAguilar, Javieren_US
dc.contributor.authorTames, Miriamen_US
dc.contributor.authorRamos, Anaen_US
dc.contributor.authorCruz, Wilberten_US
dc.contributor.authorCosme, Robertoen_US
dc.contributor.authorEspinoza, Eduardoen_US
dc.contributor.authorChavez, Carmen Rosaen_US
dc.contributor.authorLadd, Brentonen_US
dc.date.accessioned2023-05-08T10:00:25Zen_US
dc.date.available2023-05-08T10:00:25Zen_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/130272en_US
dc.titleThe distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peruen_US
dcterms.abstractPeru is the eighth largest producer of cacao beans globally, but high cadmium contents are constraining access to international markets which have set upper thresholds for permitted concentrations in chocolate and derivatives. Preliminary data have suggested that high cadmium concentrations in cacao beans are restricted to specific regions in the country, but to date no reliable maps exist of expected cadmium concentrations in soils and cacao beans. Drawing on >2,000 representative samples of cacao beans and soils we developed multiple national and regional random forest models to develop predictive maps of cadmium in soil and cacao beans across the area suitable for cacao cultivation. Our model projections show that elevated concentrations of cadmium in cacao soils and beans are large Loreto, as well as some very localized pockets in the central departments of Huánuco and San Martin. Unsurprisingly, soil cadmium was the by far most important predictor of bean cadmium. Aside from the south-eastern to north-western spatial trend of increasing cadmium values in soils and beans, the most important predictors of both variables in nation-wide models were geology, rainfall seasonality, soil pH and rainfall. At regional level, alluvial deposits and mining operations were also associated with higher cadmium levels in cacao beans. Based on our predictive map of cadmium in cacao beans we estimate that while at a national level less than twenty percent of cacao farming households might be impacted by the cadmium regulations, in the most affected department of Piura this could be as high as 89%.en_US
dcterms.accessRightsOpen Accessen_US
dcterms.bibliographicCitationThomas, E.; Atkinson, R.; Zavaleta, D.; Rodriguez, C.; Lastra, S.; Yovera, F.; Arango, K.; Pezo, A.; Aguilar, J.; Tames, M.; Ramos, A.; Cruz, W.; Cosme, R.; Espinoza, E.; Chavez, C.R.; Ladd, B. (2023) The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru. Science of the Total Environment 881, 163372. ISSN: 1879-1026en_US
dcterms.extent163372en_US
dcterms.issued2023-07en_US
dcterms.languageenen_US
dcterms.licenseCC-BY-4.0en_US
dcterms.publisherElsevieren_US
dcterms.subjectcadmiumen_US
dcterms.subjectsoilen_US
dcterms.subjectcocoa beansen_US
dcterms.subjectgeologyen_US
dcterms.subjectseasonalityen_US
dcterms.subjectprecipitationen_US
dcterms.subjectsoil phen_US
dcterms.subjectsoil textureen_US
dcterms.typeJournal Articleen_US

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