Spatial clustering of livestock anthrax events associated with agro-ecological zones in Kenya, 1957-2017

Simple item page
cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and developing country instituteen_US
cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and advanced research instituteen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationWashington State Universityen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technologyen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationInternational Livestock Research Instituteen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Nairobien_US
cg.contributor.affiliationZoonotic Disease Unit, Kenyaen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationUnited States Centers for Disease Control and Preventionen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationMinistry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries, Kenyaen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationInstitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen_US
cg.contributor.crpAgriculture for Nutrition and Healthen_US
cg.contributor.donorUnited States Defense Threat Reduction Agencyen_US
cg.coverage.countryKenyaen_US
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2KEen_US
cg.coverage.regionAfricaen_US
cg.coverage.regionEastern Africaen_US
cg.creator.identifierBernard Bett: 0000-0001-9376-2941en_US
cg.howPublishedFormally Publisheden_US
cg.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-05871-9en_US
cg.isijournalISI Journalen_US
cg.issn1471-2334en_US
cg.issue1en_US
cg.journalBMC Infectious Diseasesen_US
cg.reviewStatusPeer Reviewen_US
cg.subject.ilriANIMAL DISEASESen_US
cg.subject.ilriLIVESTOCKen_US
cg.subject.ilriZOONOTIC DISEASESen_US
cg.subject.impactAreaNutrition, health and food securityen_US
cg.subject.sdgSDG 3 - Good health and well-beingen_US
cg.volume21en_US
dc.contributor.authorNderitu, L.M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorGachohi, John M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorOtieno, Fredrick T.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMogoa, E.G.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMuturi, M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMwatondo, A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorOsoro, E.M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorNgere, I.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMunyua, P.M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorOyas, H.en_US
dc.contributor.authorNjagi, O.en_US
dc.contributor.authorLofgren, E.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMarsh, T.en_US
dc.contributor.authorWiddowson, M.A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorBett, Bernard K.en_US
dc.contributor.authorNjenga, M.K.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2021-02-21T16:25:55Zen_US
dc.date.available2021-02-21T16:25:55Zen_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/111487en_US
dc.titleSpatial clustering of livestock anthrax events associated with agro-ecological zones in Kenya, 1957-2017en_US
dcterms.abstractBackground Developing disease risk maps for priority endemic and episodic diseases is becoming increasingly important for more effective disease management, particularly in resource limited countries. For endemic and easily diagnosed diseases such as anthrax, using historical data to identify hotspots and start to define ecological risk factors of its occurrence is a plausible approach. Using 666 livestock anthrax events reported in Kenya over 60 years (1957–2017), we determined the temporal and spatial patterns of the disease as a step towards identifying and characterizing anthrax hotspots in the region. Methods Data were initially aggregated by administrative unit and later analyzed by agro-ecological zones (AEZ) to reveal anthrax spatio-temporal trends and patterns. Variations in the occurrence of anthrax events were estimated by fitting Poisson generalized linear mixed-effects models to the data with AEZs and calendar months as fixed effects and sub-counties as random effects. Results The country reported approximately 10 anthrax events annually, with the number increasing to as many as 50 annually by the year 2005. Spatial classification of the events in eight counties that reported the highest numbers revealed spatial clustering in certain administrative sub-counties, with 12% of the sub-counties responsible for over 30% of anthrax events, whereas 36% did not report any anthrax disease over the 60-year period. When segregated by AEZs, there was significantly greater risk of anthrax disease occurring in agro-alpine, high, and medium potential AEZs when compared to the agriculturally low potential arid and semi-arid AEZs of the country (p < 0.05). Interestingly, cattle were > 10 times more likely to be infected by B. anthracis than sheep, goats, or camels. There was lower risk of anthrax events in August (P = 0.034) and December (P = 0.061), months that follow long and short rain periods, respectively. Conclusion Taken together, these findings suggest existence of certain geographic, ecological, and demographic risk factors that promote B. anthracis persistence and trasmission in the disease hotspots.en_US
dcterms.accessRightsOpen Accessen_US
dcterms.audienceScientistsen_US
dcterms.available2021-02-18en_US
dcterms.bibliographicCitationNderitu, L.M., Gachohi, J., Otieno, F., Mogoa, E.G., Muturi, M., Mwatondo, A., Osoro, E.M., Ngere, I., Munyua, P.M., Oyas, H., Njagi, O., Lofgren, E., Marsh, T., Widdowson, M.-A., Bett, B. and Njenga, M.K. 2021. Spatial clustering of livestock anthrax events associated with agro-ecological zones in Kenya, 1957-2017. BMC Infectious Diseases 21(1): 191.en_US
dcterms.issued2021-12en_US
dcterms.languageenen_US
dcterms.licenseCC-BY-4.0en_US
dcterms.publisherSpringeren_US
dcterms.subjectzoonosesen_US
dcterms.subjectanthraxen_US
dcterms.subjectlivestocken_US
dcterms.subjectanimal diseasesen_US
dcterms.typeJournal Articleen_US

Files

License bundle

Now showing 1 - 1 of 1
Thumbnail Image
Name:
license.txt
Size:
1.75 KB
Format:
Item-specific license agreed upon to submission
Description:
Download

Collections

ILRI articles in journals
CRP A4NH outputs
Identifying anthrax hotspots and associated ecological factors in Kenya
ILRI A4NH improving human health flagship outputs ( (2012-2021)
ILRI animal and human health program outputs (2017-2024)