Spatial clustering of livestock anthrax events associated with agro-ecological zones in Kenya, 1957-2017

Simple item page
cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and developing country instituteen
cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and advanced research instituteen
cg.contributor.affiliationWashington State Universityen
cg.contributor.affiliationJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technologyen
cg.contributor.affiliationInternational Livestock Research Instituteen
cg.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Nairobien
cg.contributor.affiliationZoonotic Disease Unit, Kenyaen
cg.contributor.affiliationUnited States Centers for Disease Control and Preventionen
cg.contributor.affiliationMinistry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries, Kenyaen
cg.contributor.affiliationInstitute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen
cg.contributor.crpAgriculture for Nutrition and Health
cg.contributor.donorUnited States Defense Threat Reduction Agencyen
cg.coverage.countryKenya
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2KE
cg.coverage.regionAfrica
cg.coverage.regionEastern Africa
cg.creator.identifierBernard Bett: 0000-0001-9376-2941en
cg.howPublishedFormally Publisheden
cg.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-05871-9en
cg.isijournalISI Journalen
cg.issn1471-2334en
cg.issue1en
cg.journalBMC Infectious Diseasesen
cg.reviewStatusPeer Reviewen
cg.subject.ilriANIMAL DISEASESen
cg.subject.ilriLIVESTOCKen
cg.subject.ilriZOONOTIC DISEASESen
cg.subject.impactAreaNutrition, health and food security
cg.subject.sdgSDG 3 - Good health and well-beingen
cg.volume21en
dc.contributor.authorNderitu, L.M.en
dc.contributor.authorGachohi, John M.en
dc.contributor.authorOtieno, Fredrick T.en
dc.contributor.authorMogoa, E.G.en
dc.contributor.authorMuturi, M.en
dc.contributor.authorMwatondo, A.en
dc.contributor.authorOsoro, E.M.en
dc.contributor.authorNgere, I.en
dc.contributor.authorMunyua, P.M.en
dc.contributor.authorOyas, H.en
dc.contributor.authorNjagi, O.en
dc.contributor.authorLofgren, E.en
dc.contributor.authorMarsh, T.en
dc.contributor.authorWiddowson, M.A.en
dc.contributor.authorBett, Bernard K.en
dc.contributor.authorNjenga, M.K.en
dc.date.accessioned2021-02-21T16:25:55Zen
dc.date.available2021-02-21T16:25:55Zen
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/111487
dc.titleSpatial clustering of livestock anthrax events associated with agro-ecological zones in Kenya, 1957-2017en
dcterms.abstractBackground Developing disease risk maps for priority endemic and episodic diseases is becoming increasingly important for more effective disease management, particularly in resource limited countries. For endemic and easily diagnosed diseases such as anthrax, using historical data to identify hotspots and start to define ecological risk factors of its occurrence is a plausible approach. Using 666 livestock anthrax events reported in Kenya over 60 years (1957–2017), we determined the temporal and spatial patterns of the disease as a step towards identifying and characterizing anthrax hotspots in the region. Methods Data were initially aggregated by administrative unit and later analyzed by agro-ecological zones (AEZ) to reveal anthrax spatio-temporal trends and patterns. Variations in the occurrence of anthrax events were estimated by fitting Poisson generalized linear mixed-effects models to the data with AEZs and calendar months as fixed effects and sub-counties as random effects. Results The country reported approximately 10 anthrax events annually, with the number increasing to as many as 50 annually by the year 2005. Spatial classification of the events in eight counties that reported the highest numbers revealed spatial clustering in certain administrative sub-counties, with 12% of the sub-counties responsible for over 30% of anthrax events, whereas 36% did not report any anthrax disease over the 60-year period. When segregated by AEZs, there was significantly greater risk of anthrax disease occurring in agro-alpine, high, and medium potential AEZs when compared to the agriculturally low potential arid and semi-arid AEZs of the country (p < 0.05). Interestingly, cattle were > 10 times more likely to be infected by B. anthracis than sheep, goats, or camels. There was lower risk of anthrax events in August (P = 0.034) and December (P = 0.061), months that follow long and short rain periods, respectively. Conclusion Taken together, these findings suggest existence of certain geographic, ecological, and demographic risk factors that promote B. anthracis persistence and trasmission in the disease hotspots.en
dcterms.accessRightsOpen Access
dcterms.audienceScientistsen
dcterms.available2021-02-18en
dcterms.bibliographicCitationNderitu, L.M., Gachohi, J., Otieno, F., Mogoa, E.G., Muturi, M., Mwatondo, A., Osoro, E.M., Ngere, I., Munyua, P.M., Oyas, H., Njagi, O., Lofgren, E., Marsh, T., Widdowson, M.-A., Bett, B. and Njenga, M.K. 2021. Spatial clustering of livestock anthrax events associated with agro-ecological zones in Kenya, 1957-2017. BMC Infectious Diseases 21(1): 191.en
dcterms.issued2021-12en
dcterms.languageen
dcterms.licenseCC-BY-4.0
dcterms.publisherSpringeren
dcterms.subjectzoonosesen
dcterms.subjectanthraxen
dcterms.subjectlivestocken
dcterms.subjectanimal diseasesen
dcterms.typeJournal Article

Files

License bundle

Now showing 1 - 1 of 1
Thumbnail Image
Name:
license.txt
Size:
1.75 KB
Format:
Item-specific license agreed upon to submission
Description:
Download

Collections

ILRI articles in journals
CRP A4NH outputs
Identifying anthrax hotspots and associated ecological factors in Kenya
ILRI A4NH improving human health flagship outputs ( (2012-2021)
ILRI animal and human health program outputs (2017–2024)