Multi-mycotoxin occurrence in dairy cattle and poultry feeds and feed ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya

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cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and developing country instituteen_US
cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and advanced research instituteen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Nairobien_US
cg.contributor.affiliationChuka Universityen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationGhent Universityen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Liègeen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationBIOMIN Research Centeren_US
cg.contributor.affiliationInternational Livestock Research Instituteen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationUppsala Universityen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationSwedish University of Agricultural Sciencesen_US
cg.contributor.crpAgriculture for Nutrition and Healthen_US
cg.contributor.donorFederal Science Policy Office, Belgiumen_US
cg.contributor.donorFonds de la Recherche Scientifique, Belgiumen_US
cg.contributor.donorResearch Council of Norwayen_US
cg.contributor.donorMinistry of Education, Science and Technology, Kenyaen_US
cg.contributor.donorNational Research Foundation, South Africaen_US
cg.contributor.donorBIOMIN Holding GmbHen_US
cg.contributor.donorHarbro Ltd.en_US
cg.coverage.countryKenyaen_US
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2KEen_US
cg.coverage.regionAfricaen_US
cg.coverage.regionEastern Africaen_US
cg.creator.identifierJohanna Lindahl: 0000-0002-1175-0398en_US
cg.howPublishedFormally Publisheden_US
cg.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120762en_US
cg.isijournalISI Journalen_US
cg.issn2072-6651en_US
cg.issue12en_US
cg.journalToxinsen_US
cg.reviewStatusPeer Reviewen_US
cg.subject.ilriAFLATOXINSen_US
cg.subject.ilriDAIRYINGen_US
cg.subject.ilriFEEDSen_US
cg.subject.ilriFOOD SAFETYen_US
cg.subject.ilriPOULTRYen_US
cg.volume12en_US
dc.contributor.authorKemboi, D.C.en_US
dc.contributor.authorOchieng, P.E.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAntonissen, G.en_US
dc.contributor.authorCroubels, S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorScippo, M.-L.en_US
dc.contributor.authorOkoth, S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKang'ethe, Erastus K.en_US
dc.contributor.authorFaas, J.en_US
dc.contributor.authorDoupovec, B.en_US
dc.contributor.authorLindahl, Johanna F.en_US
dc.contributor.authorGathumbi, J.K.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2020-12-09T14:00:53Zen_US
dc.date.available2020-12-09T14:00:53Zen_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/110445en_US
dc.titleMulti-mycotoxin occurrence in dairy cattle and poultry feeds and feed ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenyaen_US
dcterms.abstractMycotoxins are common in grains in sub-Saharan Africa and negatively impact human and animal health and production. This study assessed occurrences of mycotoxins, some plant, and bacterial metabolites in 16 dairy and 27 poultry feeds, and 24 feed ingredients from Machakos town, Kenya, in February and August 2019. We analyzed the samples using a validated multi-toxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. A total of 153 mycotoxins, plant, and bacterial toxins, were detected in the samples. All the samples were co-contaminated with 21 to 116 different mycotoxins and/or metabolites. The commonly occurring and EU regulated mycotoxins reported were; aflatoxins (AFs) (70%; range 0.2-318.5 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (82%; range 22.2-1037 μg/kg), ergot alkaloids (70%; range 0.4-285.7 μg/kg), fumonisins (90%; range 32.4-14,346 μg/kg), HT-2 toxin (3%; range 11.9-13.8 μg/kg), ochratoxin A (24%; range 1.1-24.3 μg/kg), T-2 toxin (4%; range 2.7-5.2 μg/kg) and zearalenone (94%; range 0.3-910.4 μg/kg). Other unregulated emerging mycotoxins and metabolites including Alternaria toxins, Aspergillus toxins, bacterial metabolites, cytochalasins, depsipeptides, Fusarium metabolites, metabolites from other fungi, Penicillium toxins, phytoestrogens, plant metabolites, and unspecific metabolites were also detected at varying levels. Except for total AFs, where the average contamination level was above the EU regulatory limit, all the other mycotoxins detected had average contamination levels below the limits. Ninety-six percent of all the samples were contaminated with more than one of the EU regulated mycotoxins. These co-occurrences may cause synergistic and additive health effects thereby hindering the growth of the Kenyan livestock sector.en_US
dcterms.accessRightsOpen Accessen_US
dcterms.audienceScientistsen_US
dcterms.available2020-12-03en_US
dcterms.bibliographicCitationKemboi, D.C., Ochieng, P.E., Antonissen, G., Croubels, S., Scippo, M.-L., Okoth, S., Kang'ethe, E.K., Faas, J., Doupovec, B., Lindahl, J.F. and Gathumbi, J.K. 2020. Multi-mycotoxin occurrence in dairy cattle and poultry feeds and feed ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya. Toxins 12(12): 762.en_US
dcterms.extent762en_US
dcterms.issued2020-12-03en_US
dcterms.languageenen_US
dcterms.licenseCC-BY-4.0en_US
dcterms.publisherMDPIen_US
dcterms.replaceshttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/171364en_US
dcterms.subjectaflatoxinsen_US
dcterms.subjectcattleen_US
dcterms.subjectfeedsen_US
dcterms.subjectdairyingen_US
dcterms.subjectpoultryen_US
dcterms.subjectfood safetyen_US
dcterms.subjectfeed safetyen_US
dcterms.typeJournal Articleen_US

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