Alliance Bioversity CIAT Book Chapters
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Item Gendered value chains, market segmentation, and customer profiling for breeding programs(Book Chapter, 2024-01-01) Katungi, Enid; Tufan, Hale Ann; Isoto, RosemaryItem Los servicios climáticos como bienes públicos codiseñados por entidades del sector agroalimentario latinoamericano: caso de estudio en Guatemala(Book Chapter, 2024-12-01) Zapata-Caldas, Emmanuel; Giraldo, Diana; Bonilla Barillas, Melissa; Navarro Racines, Carlos Eduardo; Orrego, Elmer; Gardeazabal, Andrea; Low, Juan Francisco; Müller, AnnaItem How to reduce agrifood systems' future hidden costs? A multicountry case study(Book Chapter, 2024-11-02) Getaneh, Yonas; Nigussie, Yirgalem; Abera, Wuletawu; Mulatu, Kalkidan; Balcha, Yodit; Tibebe, Degefie; Eshete, Meron; Mekonen, Bekele; Tamene, LulsegedDespite the significant role of agriculture in Ethiopia's economy, the economic damage caused by negative externalities within the agri-food system has been largely unknown due to the intangible nature of these impacts. This research aimed to evaluate the evolution of hidden costs in Ethiopia's agri-food system by leveraging the 2023 FAO-SOFA flagship report through literature review, stakeholder consultation, and FABLE-based modeling. The total hidden costs of Ethiopia's agri-food system were estimated to be 51 billion 2020 PPP dollars per year. The most significant contributor to these hidden costs was the social sector, particularly poverty among agri-food workers, accounting for 24.3 billion 2020 PPP dollars annually. Environmental externalities related to climate change and land-use change were the second-largest contributors, reaching 19 billion 2020 PPP dollars per year. Specific recommendations to reduce hidden costs include a lower population growth path, decreasing livestock numbers, and increasing crop and livestock productivity.Item Digitizing development: Enablers and inhibitors of mobile app-based population census adoption(Book Chapter, 2024-06-04) Ofosu-ampong, KingsleyLimited understanding exists regarding the involvement of digital technologies in population and housing censuses (PHCs) or national housing survey (NHS) due to the historical dominance of paper-and-pencil interviewing (PAPI). To address this gap, this study investigates the adoption of digital census methods in Ghana's PHC using mixed-methods approach. The qualitative analysis identified challenges related to household surveys, including political interference, inadequate remuneration for census officers, financial constraints, and difficulties with software upgrades and GPS access. These inhibitors can be categorized into individual, technological, environmental and administrative factors. Quantitative findings revealed that performance expectance, social influence, facilitating conditions and organizational influence significantly influence field officers' intention to use digital census tools. Given the nascent research on digital technologies in the NHS, the empirical findings from this study provide a valuable foundation for informing their use in various countries.Item Global progress on adaptation implementation(Book Chapter, 2024-11-07) Leiter, Timo; Njuguna, Lucy Wanjiku; Singh, Chandni; Bours, DennisThe UNEP Adaptation Gap Report (AGR) series provides an annual science-based assessment of the global progress on adaptation planning, financing, and implementation. It also explores options for enhancing and advancing national and global adaptation efforts and provides an in-depth analysis of selected issues of interest.Item Synthesis of the agrifood systems’ hidden costs analysis in the six FABLE country case studies(Report, 2024) Vittis, Yiorgos; Mosnier, Aline; Smith, Alison; Arguello, Ricardo; Chavarro Diaz, John; Costa, Wanderson; Köberle, Alexandre; Singh, Vartika; Getaneh, Yonas; Nigussie, Yirgalem; Navarro, Javier; Sperling, Frank; Cozza, Davide; Orduña-Cabrera, Fernando; Lord, Steven; Benitez Humanes, MiguelThis chapter summarizes the main findings about hidden costs in agrifood systems across six countries, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, Ethiopia, India, and the United Kingdom building on the results from SOFA 2023, the FABLE Consortium, and the Food System Economic Commission (FSEC) initiative. While the fact that unhealthy diets currently trigger the biggest hidden costs in most countries was a surprise for some stakeholders, there was a consensus that this is an important and growing issue that urgently needs to be addressed. Changing diets and increasing agricultural productivity have the largest impact on reducing the agrifood system’s hidden costs in the future, but implementing an integrated strategy that can also target environmental protection has the largest benefits. Some hidden costs related to undernourishment are covered in the analysis, but they do not accurately reflect the size of the problem, particularly in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Better local datasets should be used in hidden costs computation for GHG emissions and land cover change, and thresholds for poverty and undernourishment should be aligned with national statistics. There are challenges to communicating the complexity of the hidden costs method, but this topic is gaining momentum for policy planning, and several governments are already either utilizing or planning to develop similar metrics, so this analysis was a timely exercise.Item Diversidad genética de cacao en el Ecuador(Book Chapter, 2024-07-10) Thomas, Evert; Loor, Rey; Argout, Xavier; Fouet, Olivier; Zambrano Flores, Fanny; Zhang, DapengItem Análisis multinivel: Retos y oportunidades para el estudio de los procesos de innovación en América Latina(Book Chapter, 2024-06-01) Orjuela Ramirez, Guillermo Alejandro; Zuluaga, Julio CesarItem Coconut conservation and propagation(Book Chapter, 2024-01-25) Wilms, Hannes; Bazrafshan, Amirhossein; Panis, Bart; Adkins, Steve W.The conservation of coconut genetic resources is essential for the industry to thrive. For thousands of years, people have adapted to new situations by breeding crops; however, breeding programmes rely on the diversity present within a species – diversity that is, in the case of coconut, under threat. To conserve coconut diversity, both in situ and ex situ approaches have been developed. For in situ conservation, on-farm conservation has been implemented as well as protecting areas containing wild coconut palms. These methods allow some natural adaptation over time but are generally not accessible to other farmers or breeders, so gene banks play an important role. To date, field collections have been the main coconut conservation method, but these collections face challenges, so complimentary in vitro alternatives are being developed. This chapter tackles all coconut conservation methods and gives an overview of the benefits, drawbacks and complementary approaches.Item Coconut Biotechnology(Book Chapter, 2024-01-25) Kong, Eveline Y.Y.; Mu, ZhiHua; Vidhanaarachchi, Vijitha R. M.; Nguyen, Quang Thien; Sisunandar, Sisunandar; Kalaipandian, Sundaravelpandian; Panis, BartholomeusCoconut is a valuable industrial crop that has a multitude of uses and applications, such as in the production of copra, various foods and drinks, soaps and detergents, furniture and household goods, and bulk materials for manufacturing, medicines and cosmetics. A wide range of biotechnology approaches are available to bring advancements in coconut propagation, conservation, crop improvement, and tolerance to pests and diseases. Many have been accomplished with great success, while others still require further optimization prior to commercial application. This chapter provides a summary of these advancements, in particular a history of the advancements in coconut tissue culture, as well as the challenges and opportunities of this technology.Item Enhancing gender equality in agroforestry systems(Book Chapter, 2024-05-31) Elias, Marlene; Adeyiga, Gloria; Simelton, Elisabeth; Ivanova, Yovita; Paez Valencia, Ana Maria; Vinceti, Barbara; Pagella, TimAgroforestry systems contribute to provisioning food and nutrition, medicine, and income to rural households and play critical cultural roles and regulatory functions around the world. As such, agroforestry is central to the resilience of rural people and landscapes globally. Yet these socio-ecological systems embed and (re)produce significant gender differences and inequalities. This chapter conceptualizes gender in agroforestry, provides illuminating case studies, and outlines a path forward for enhancing gender equality in agroforestry systems Chapter taken from: Sachs, C. and Castellanos, P. (ed.), Women and smallholder farming: Addressing global inequities in agriculture, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2024, (ISBN: 978 1 80146 805 3; (www.bdspublishing.com)Item Are rural smallholders ready for agricultural digitalization? Farmer (In)competencies and the political economy of access in digital agricultural extension and advisories in Northern Ghana(Book Chapter, 2024-04-30) Abdulai, Abdul-RahimDigitalization and digital agricultural extension and advisories are heralded to transform the conditions of smallholder farmers by increasing access to practical knowledge and information. However, critical questions on inclusivity and inaccessibility for farmers persist. This chapter uses a mixed-method approach—surveys of 386 farmers and three focus groups—in Northern Ghana to examine the barriers to farmers' utilization of digital agricultural extension and advisories and the underlying political-economic drivers. Farmers perceived the lack of digital literacy as the main barrier, as most of them do not have 'the ability to' undertake basic tasks, such as Internet browsing, following Interactive Voice Response, using a computer, social media, and sending short message services. The chapter argues that the lack of (digital) literacies results from deeply rooted political and economic structures in educational inequities that create literacy divides among farmers. Ultimately, the lingering digital illiteracy and divide undermine smallholders' access—ability to benefit—and power to influence digitalization futures. Thus, this chapter questions the inclusivity of digital agricultural extension and advisories and calls for matching digitalization processes to the realities of farmers by focusing on advisories that require minimal digital competencies and incorporating digital literacy/training programs into interventions. This work empirically contributes to the nascent agricultural digitalization literature as it critically positions the challenges to inclusive digitalization within broader political-economic structures dictating digital inequities.Item Estudio de asociación del genoma completo para contenido de cianuro en clones de yuca(Book Chapter, 2023-12) Ospina, Maria Alejandra; Gkanogiannis, Anestis; Londoño, Luis; Tran, Thierry; Salazar, Sandra; Newby, Jonathan; Becerra Lopez-Lavalle, Luis AugustoEl cultivo de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) se considera de gran importancia para la seguridad alimentaria debido a que es la cuarta fuente de energía más importante para millones de personas de países tropicales. Un estudio de asociación de genoma completo (GWAS) se llevó a cabo para mapear loci de rasgos cuantitativos asociados con el contenido de cianuro en hojas y raíces de yuca un importante parámetro de calidad poscosecha, se utilizaron 230 genotipos de yuca con origen de diferentes países, una muestra representativa de la diversidad de germoplasma en la colección de yuca de CIAT. El estudio de GWAS utilizó 69.132 marcadores SNPs y un modelo MLM: PCA + K en el software TASSEL. Como resultado, se identificó que el contenido de HCN en las hojas de yuca varió de 538 ppm a 6181 ppm, mientras que en las raíces de yuca el contenido de HCN osciló desde 26 ppm a 1346 ppm. Se identificó una región genómica en el cromosoma 13 y 11 con cuatro SNPs significativamente asociados con el contenido de HCN. Una búsqueda en el genoma de la yuca ubicó estos SNPs en las cercanías de los genes Manes.13G079400, Manes.13G078400, Manes.13G084300, Manes.11G104200 y Manes.11G104100. Este estudio proporcionó información sobre la aplicación práctica de GWAS para diseccionar la base genética de los rasgos cuantitativos en la yuca. Los hallazgos presentados aquí ofrecen una base práctica para mejorar el contenido de HCN en la yuca a través de la selección Estudio de asociación del genoma completo para contenido de cianuro en clones asistida por marcadores y la selección genómica. Esta información es útil para ser aprovechada en el mejoramiento de genotipos de yuca que se adapten a los nuevos requerimientos de productividad futura, nutrición y el medio ambiente.Item Youth engagement in agriculture and food systems transformation in Kenya(Book Chapter, 2023-12-20) Mugo, Victor; Kinyua, Ivy WambuiFood systems incorporate many actors at different intersecting levels and spaces. Young people1 constitute one of the most significant groups of these actors and contribute significantly to food systems in a variety of ways, from agricultural production and processing to food-related retail services, through formal and informal employment, paid and unpaid labor, and self employment. In addition to engaging through work and livelihoods, young people are involved in research, conservation, and knowledge acquisition and transmission. They also participate in consumer pressure groups and social movements raising awareness on the need for food system transformation and demanding climate change action. Through all these contributions, young people support achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal targets such as those on food security, economic growth, poverty reduction, and environ mental sustainability (HLPE 2021; FAO and AUC 2022).Item Participatory plant breeding and participatory variety selection(Book Chapter, 2023-06-14) Mamo, Teshale ; Asheesh, Singh; Mahama, Anthony A.Formal or conventional plant breeding programs (centralized breeding programs) are often designed to meet specific requirements of different groups of farmers in different growing environments (regions, countries, soil, or climatic conditions). Formal or conventional plant breeding programs have generally been more beneficial to those farmers who either have good crop growing environments or have the capacity to modify growing environments through the application of additional inputs such as fertilizer, pesticides, and irrigation to create more favorable growing conditions for new varieties. However, the results of formal plant breeding may sometimes not meet the requirements of those farmers who grow their crops under marginal soils and high-stress environmental conditions (Sperling et al., 2001) thus necessitating different breeding approaches to be created to meet the needs of poor farmers. Participatory plant breeding (PPB) and participatory variety selection (PVS) have been developed and implemented over the past 10 years as an alternative and integral part of the breeding approach in traditional plant breeding. It has been mainly implemented in developing countries where farmers with limited resources grow their crops in marginal lands of remote regions. It is practically implemented in areas where the technology transfer or adoption of modern cultivars is low (as farmers are not comfortable with taking the risk to replace their well-known and reliable traditional varieties with new varieties) or where modern cultivars are not available. Therefore PPB has emerged to address the agricultural problems of poor farmers in developing countries where resources and modern technologies are limited. PPB has been widely considered to be more advantageous to use in areas where low yield potential, high stress (drought), and heterogeneous environments exist.Item Cascades of tipping in impacts(Book Chapter, 2023-12-06) Juhola, Sirkku; Rocha, Juan; Sillmann, Jana; Basel, Ashleigh; Constantino, Sara M.; Craparo, Alessandro C. W.; Cumming, Graeme S.; Donges, Jonathan F.; Filatova, Tatiana; Malmström, Alexandra; Mithal, Vidur; Scheffran, Jürgen; Tuhkanen, Heidi; Watson, TabithaThis chapter advances the state-of-the-art understanding of tipping cascades across scales and systems between Earth system and social tipping points. We consider a tipping cascade to occur when extremes or passing of a tipping point in one system triggers or increases the likelihood of reaching a tipping point in another. Here, this means that crossing an Earth system tipping point or experiencing an extreme volatility in the natural system can lead to cascading impacts that trigger social tipping points, and vice versa. Our analysis of the literature shows that most is known about the tipping cascades in the large-scale Earth System, while hardly any research analyses tipping cascades within socio-economic systems. We further illustrate the complexity of identifying tipping cascades with five case studies. These examples show the challenges in establishing the state of systems involved, identifying and modelling dynamics over time and space, as well as capturing the context dependency of interactions, especially in the social system. Further research steps include development of conceptual understanding of causal chains and feedbacks, as well as systematic accumulation of the empirical evidence base over temporal and across spatial scales. Research on governance of tipping cascades is in its infancy, with little insight into how the risks of tipping cascades can be identified and managed.Item Global progress on adaptation implementation(Book Chapter, 2023-11-20) Leiter, Timo; Ajibade, Idowu; Njuguna, LucyThe UNEP Adaptation Gap Report (AGR) series provides an annual science-based assessment of the global progress on adaptation planning, financing, and implementation. It also explores options for enhancing and advancing national and global adaptation efforts and provides an in-depth analysis of selected issues of interest. In addition to the update on adaptation planning and implementation, the 2023 edition provides a more in-depth finance assessment chapter and includes a thematic deep-dive chapter on loss and damage. The report also highlights key case studies.Item Silvopastoral systems and their role in climate change mitigation and nationally determined contributions in Latin America(Book Chapter, 2023-10-30) Rivera, Julián Esteban; Serna, Laura; Arango, Jacobo; Barahona, Rolando; Murgueitio, Enrique; Torres, Felipe; Chará, JuliánCattle ranching is a productive activity that generates high amounts of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), but can also provide effective alternatives to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Within the livestock sector, silvopastoral systems (SPS) have the capacity to reduce GHG emissions, increase carbon stocks, adapt to climate change, improve animal welfare and increase production of milk, beef and timber under different conditions. This chapter seeks to identify relevant elements related to the capacity of SPSs and livestock in general to meet the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of Latin American countries, and how nations are incorporating these systems into their mitigation policies. Different research and experiences demonstrating the mitigation potential of SPSs are presented, as well as those elements that must be considered for a successful upscale of these technologies. It also demonstrates the versatility of SPSs and the need for these systems to be incorporated into the NDCs and contribute to their achievement. Countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, highlight the need to have mitigation options in livestock activities in order to achieve the objectives proposed in their NDCs, which aim at reductions above 30% of the inertial scenarios.Item Measuring farm environmental sustainability in the Sierra del Rosario Biosphere Reserve(Book Chapter, 2023-07-12) Gullotta, Gaia; Bergamini, Nadia; De Santis, Paola; Álvarez, Alejandro González; Martín, Jorge Luis Zamora; Menéndez, José Manuel Guzmán; Tormen, Nicola; Ruzzier, EnricoThis chapter presents an integrated methodology that combines a household survey with direct observations and measurements to understand the role and impact of farming activities within the Sierra del Rosario Biosphere Reserve and assess their sustainability and the relationship with the protected area. The methodology, based on an existing protocol (Biodiversity Friend), was adapted to Cuban traditional farming systems and further developed to include cultural, socio-economic, structural and natural variables. The methodology was applied in 24 farms with a large participation of farmers, resulting in an important knowledge sharing opportunity. Preliminary results show a high degree of naturality and sustainability in the highlands, particularly within the shade coffee plantations, a unique agroecosystem that combines high species richness and traditional varieties with traditional knowledge.Item Boiling hot! Economy-wide impacts of climate change on Colombian coffee yields(Book Chapter, 2023-04-29) Sayon, Pedro Levy; Otero-Cortés, Andrea; Ceballos-Sierra, Federico; Haddad, Eduardo A.This chapter quantifies the effects of climate shocks on coffee yields within the ICGE framework. Although macro-results tend to be relatively small, they are very heterogeneous among sectors and regions. Even though the climate shock initially affects areas where coffee is grown, the most positively affected sector in the new equilibrium is coffee processing due to its interindustry chaining in the Colombian. Elevation plays a significant role in this simulation: Lower regions may become unsuitable for coffee, whereas Andean regions will potentially experience a sharp increase in productivity for this crop. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results for current producing regions, especially in terms of their labor force.