CGIAR Initiative on Rethinking Food Markets

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/117905

Part of the CGIAR Action Area on Systems Transformation

Primary CGIAR impact area: Nutrition, health and food security

https://www.cgiar.org/initiative/29-rethinking-food-markets-and-value-chains-for-inclusion-and-sustainability/

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 248

Making agricultural supply chains deliver better for women
(Journal Article, 2025-04-10) Joya, Fernanda Soto; Shijagurumayum, Meghajit; Wiegel, Jenny; Elias, Marlene; González, Silvia; Rodríguez-Fabilena, René; Licona, Andrea; Sánchez, Liliana; Rodríguez, Ivan; Sosa, Ítalo
Farmers' pesticide use, disposal behavior, and pre-harvest interval: a case study from Nigeria
(Journal Article, 2025) Mesay Yami; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda O.; Richard Maiwad; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; Falade, Titilayo D. O.; Oyakhilomen Oyinbo; Futoshi Yamauchi; Chamberlin, Jordan; Feleke, Shiferaw; Abdoulaye, Tahirou
In Sub-Saharan Africa, small farmers rely heavily on synthetic pesticides, the overuse of which poses significant risks to human health, the environment, and food safety. Yet detailed empirical evidence on the knowledge and drivers of pesticide management practices remains scarce, limiting insights for policymakers and development practitioners. To address this gap, we leveraged data collected from 1,556 tomato producers in Northern Nigeria to investigate the determinants of pesticide use behavior using a sequential-exploratory mixed-method approach. We examined a broader range of pest management-related practices than prior literature, including safety equipment usage, pesticide disposal methods, and adherence to pre-harvest intervals (PHIs)-the intervals between the last pesticide application and the crop harvest. We found substantial non-compliance with the recommended practices: 45% of farmers reuse empty pesticide containers for other purposes, 14% discard them on the farm, 15% burn containers in open fires, and 40% harvest tomatoes within 1-5 days after pesticide application, violating the 7-day PHI guideline. These findings suggest that many tomato farmers adopt unsafe practices, which have adverse implications for their health, the environment, and the safety of food for consumers. We show that training on pesticide disposal and midstream market channels (e.g., wholesalers and aggregators) are strongly correlated with improved pesticide handling and PHI compliance. Overall, our results underscore the need for targeted training programs to enhance farmers' awareness of safe pesticide application, disposal practices, and PHI adherence. These efforts should be complemented by stronger regulatory frameworks and mechanisms to align farmer pesticide use practices with consumer preferences for safe products, as observed in the higher PHI adherence among farmers selling to midstream actors.
Options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and food systems
(Working Paper, 2025-05-08) Vos, Rob; Martin, Will
Food systems generate about one third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Without reducing them, it will not be possible to stabilize the climate and keep the increase in global temperature below 1.5 oC from pre-industrial levels. About 50 percent of agricultural emissions (in CO2eq) come from methane, a super potent GHG, mostly from livestock production and rice cultivation. We consider six broad potential approaches to reducing emissions from agriculture—emission taxes; repurposing of farm support; regulations and conditionality; investing in green innovations; emission reduction credits, and demand-side interventions. We find that carbon taxes on most agricultural production emissions are likely much less effective than for emissions from combustion. Simple rearrangement or reduction of agricultural support will have only small impacts in terms of improving human and planetary health. By contrast, repurposing agricultural support towards R&D on sustainable agricultural intensification could generate major efficiency gains, sharply reduce emissions and improve food security. Regulatory approaches, including conditionality and payment for environmental services (PES) can be counterproductive if they lower yields and require expansion of agricultural land use. The potential benefits of emission reduction credits are greatly diminished by challenges in defining their baselines. Demand interventions designed to contribute both to environmental goals and improvements in health outcomes may also play a supporting role. Since multiple sustainable development goals are to be achieved, no single instrument by itself will be effective. Instead, multiple policy instruments will need to be bundled and targeted to create synergies and address trade-offs.
Spices trade needs a push
(Opinion Piece, 2025-04-16) Kamar, Abul; Roy, Devesh; Pradhan, Mamata
CGIAR Research Initiative on Rethinking Food Markets: Annual Technical Report 2024
(Report, 2025-04-15) CGIAR Initiative on Rethinking Food Markets
Synopsis: Commercialization and dietary diversity of Rwandan smallholder farmers: a focus on women and youth headed households
(Brief, 2025-04) Mukangabo, Emerence; Warner, James
In the last two decades, the government of Rwanda has significantly lowered stunting among children under five years from 48% in 2000 to 33% in 2020 and recognizes dietary diversity as one the approaches to overcome malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. A key priority of the Second National Strategy for Transformation (NST2) is to tackle malnutrition and to reduce stunting rates among children. Therefore, using a household dietary diversity score as a proxy for household access to nutritious foods, this policy note outlines how commercialization impacts dietary diversity, with a focus on women and youth headed households. Key findings include: The rural smallholder farmers diet is predominantly based on cereals, roots and tubers as well as vegetables. Even when controlling for relevant variables, women do not have more diverse consumption patterns, however, they do, relative to male headed households, consume more diverse foods the greater their level of commercialization. Despite an overall lack of resources and income, youth-headed households show a positive relationship with household dietary diversity when compared to mature-headed households. Determinants that positively influence household dietary diversity include the level of commercialization, household non-farm assets, market access, education of the household head, the presence of children under five in the household, irrigation, land size, and livestock holdings.
Does Ukraine need a new Black Sea Grain Initiative?
(Infographic, 2025-03-28) Dodd, Emma; Glauber, Joseph W.; Welsh, Caitlin
Nascent agreements over safety of navigation on the Black Sea indicate Russia’s desire to restart the Black Sea Grain Initiative, but Ukraine has already secured—and increased—its agricultural exports without Russia’s cooperation.
The unmet financial needs of intermediary firms within agri-food value chains in Uganda and Bangladesh
(Journal Article, 2025-04) Adong, Annet; Ambler, Kate; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; de Brauw, Alan; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Islam, A.H.M. Saiful; Wagner, Julia
JEL Codes: L14, L81, O13, Q13
Papua New Guinea Rural Household Survey, 2023
(Dataset, 2025-03-16) International Food Policy Research Institute
The Papua New Guinea Rural Household Survey (2023) collected detailed household-level data on agricultural production, food and non-food consumption and expenditure, and livelihood strategies across 14 provinces, covering communities in the highlands, lowlands, and islands of Papua New Guinea (PNG). The survey was designed using a purposive sampling strategy based on defined agro-ecological zones, which allows for the analysis of key factors influencing rural households and communities. It is important to note that the survey is not nationally representative; however, given the careful random selection of survey areas, we expect that generalizable relationships between variables affecting socio-economic and other development outcomes in rural PNG communities will be consistently observed across representative samples and in this survey. These factors include those that contribute to more resilient local food systems, diversified employment opportunities, and improved household wellbeing. The survey encompasses 2,699 households in 270 communities, spanning five agroecological zones. It features detailed modules on a wide range of topics relevant to rural livelihoods, agricultural production, and household wellbeing.
Employment impacts of agrifood system innovations and policies: A review of the evidence
(Journal Article, 2025-03) Berdegué, Julio A.; Trivelli, Carolina; Vos, Rob
The agrifood sector (AFS) constitutes about one-sixth of the global economy and is the world's largest source of employment, supporting the livelihoods of most of the world’s poor and vulnerable people (Corong et al., 2024; Yi et al., 2024). In recent decades, global agricultural productivity has increased due to technological and institutional innovations. This has contributed to poverty reduction and improved food security. Despite these positive contributions, however, poverty remains widespread among rural and agrifood sector producers and workers. The challenge remains to address the constraints these producers and workers face and also enable more inclusive value chain development that would provide decent livelihoods and employment for those currently left behind. To this end, the CGIAR Initiative “Rethinking Food Markets and Value Chains for Inclusion and Sustainability” commissioned a meta study to identify knowledge gaps regarding the impacts of developing countries' agrifood value chain (AVC) integration and modernization processes on employment and income sharing (Berdegué et al., 2023). This paper summarizes its key findings and draws conclusions for further research.
Farmers' pesticide use, disposal behavior, and pre-harvest interval: A case study from Nigeria
(Journal Article, 2025-03-19) Gurmui, Mesay Yami; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda O.; Richards, Maiwada; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; Falade, Titilayo; Oyinbo, Oyakhilomen; Yamauchi, Futoshi; Chamberlin, Jordan; Feleke, Shiferaw; Abdoulaye, Tahirou
In Sub-Saharan Africa, small farmers rely heavily rely on synthetic pesticides, the overuse of which poses significant risks to human health, the environment, and food safety. Yet detailed empirical evidence on knowledge of and the knowledge and drivers of pesticide management practices remains scarce, limiting insights for policymakers and development practitioners. To address this gap, we leveraged on data collected from 1556 tomato producers in Northern Nigeria to investigate the determinants of pesticide use behavior using a sequential-exploratory mixed-method approach. We examined a broader range of pest management-related practices than prior literature, including safety equipment usage, pesticide disposal methods, and adherence to pre-harvest intervals (PHIs)-, which is the intervals between the last pesticide application and the crop harvest. We found substantial noncompliance with the recommended practices: 45% of farmers reuse empty pesticide containers for other purposes, 14% discard them on the farm, 15% burn containers in open fires, and 40% harvest tomatoes within 1--5 days after pesticide application, violating the 7-day PHI guideline. These findings suggest that many tomato farmers adopt unsafe practices, which have adverse implications for their health, the environment, and the safety of food available to consumers. We show that training on pesticide disposal and midstream market channels (e.g., wholesalers and aggregators) are strongly correlated with improved pesticide handling and higher PHI compliance. Overall, our results underscore the need for targeted training programs to enhance farmers' awareness of safe pesticide application, disposal practices, and PHI adherence. These efforts should be complemented by stronger regulatory frameworks and mechanisms to align farmer pesticide use practices with consumer preferences for safe products, as observed by in the higher PHI adherence among farmers selling to midstream actors.
Nutritional benefits and consumer acceptance of maize chips combined with alternative flours
(Journal Article, 2025) Rodriguez-Miranda, Jesús; Peña Castellon, C. Meliza; Rivera Leiva, Miriam I.; Donovan, Jason A.
This study evaluated the nutritional composition, techno-functional properties, and sensory acceptance of tortilla chips made from alternative flours derived from local ingredients, including maize, beet, flaxseed, bean, and chia. Three blends were assessed: maize with beans, maize with beet, and maize with chia–flaxseed. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the flours’ moisture, ash, protein, lipid, and mineral content. Flaxseed flour exhibited the highest protein content (40.03 g/100 g), while chia flour was notable for its lipid (32.25 g/100 g) and fiber (38.51 g/100 g) content. Bean and chia flour were rich in iron and zinc. Sensory evaluations, conducted with 300 consumers in Honduras, revealed general acceptance of all blends, with maize chips enriched with chia–flaxseed showing the highest preference (47.2%). Approximately 50% of participants reported consuming tortilla chips weekly, prioritizing taste, freshness, and price. Notably, over 40% expressed willingness to pay a premium for more nutritious, baked options. These results underscore the potential of alternative flours to enhance local diets and foster healthier eating habits. Moreover, the positive consumer response highlights a significant market opportunity for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), promoting awareness of nutrition and public health in Honduras.
Clustering for global market access in Bangladesh: Endline survey
(Dataset, 2024-12-31) International Food Policy Research Institute
The "Clustering for Global Market Access Survey" was conducted to assess the impacts of shrimp farm clustering interventions implemented by the Department of Fisheries (DoF), the Bangladesh Shrimp and Fish Foundation (BSFF), and a private sector actor. The survey was carried out in two rounds: a baseline in 2023 and an endline in 2024, to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. The data presented here are from the endline survey conducted between May 7 and May 31, 2024. Data were collected at the household, cluster, and community levels using a two-stage simple random sampling design and analyzed through a difference-in-differences approach. The household datasets include 1,222 shrimp farms across three districts in southern Bangladesh—Bagerhat, Khulna, and Satkhira. Among these, 622 are cluster farmers, and 600 are non-cluster comparison farmers situated in either the same or adjacent villages to cluster farmers. The data encompass cluster participation, pond characteristics, inputs received from cluster operators, stocking and harvesting, feed and non-feed input use, sales revenue, integrated farming, labor use, credit access, dietary diversity, and food security. The cluster datasets cover 68 shrimp farm clusters, providing insights into cluster composition and training delivered to cluster members. The community datasets provide contextual information on the 136 villages where both cluster and non-cluster farmers reside.
Clustering for global market access in Bangladesh: Baseline survey
(Dataset, 2024-12-31) International Food Policy Research Institute
The "Clustering for Global Market Access Survey" was conducted to assess the impacts of shrimp farm clustering interventions implemented by the Department of Fisheries (DoF), the Bangladesh Shrimp and Fish Foundation (BSFF), and a private sector actor. The survey was carried out in two rounds: a baseline in 2023 and an endline in 2024, to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. The data presented here are from the baseline survey conducted between November 14 and December 14, 2023. Data were collected at the household, cluster, and community levels using a two-stage simple random sampling design and analyzed through a difference-in-differences approach. The household datasets include 1,222 shrimp farms across three districts in southern Bangladesh—Bagerhat, Khulna, and Satkhira. Among these, 622 are cluster farmers, and 600 are non-cluster comparison farmers situated in either the same or adjacent villages to cluster farmers. The data encompass cluster participation, pond characteristics, inputs received from cluster operators, stocking and harvesting, feed and non-feed input use, sales revenue, integrated farming, labor use, credit access, dietary diversity, and food security. The cluster datasets cover 68 shrimp farm clusters, providing insights into cluster composition and training delivered to cluster members. The community datasets provide contextual information on the 136 villages where both cluster and non-cluster farmers reside.
The cluster panacea? An evaluation of three interventions in shrimp value chains in Bangladesh
(Report, 2024-12-24) Narayanan, Sudha; Belton, Ben; Kabir, Razin; Sakil, Abdul Zabbar; Khan, Asraul Hoque; Hernandez, Ricardo
Clustering farming has often been proposed as an effective way to overcome the significant transactions costs faced by downstream buyers in interacting and negotiating with many small farmers, while making it easier for extension workers and governments to dispense advice, provide upstream services and inputs. In this study, we evaluate the impact of a set of three initiatives in Bangladesh, implemented by a government department, a private sector processing firm and a not-for-profit industrial advocacy body, all involving clustering contiguous shrimp farm ponds to enable group certification necessary for global market access. We implement a canonical difference-in-differences model using two rounds of surveys of a sample of over 1,222 farmers in 2023 and 2024 to assess the impacts on pond management practices, net profits and any unintended impacts on food security and dietary diversity. Our results suggest that the cluster interventions had impressive impacts on adoption of better farm management practices. However, these do not appear to translate into significant gains in net profits, perhaps because these interventions are still relatively new. Further, it appears that cluster farmers pay a penalty on account of a shift to more intensive cultivation, represented by a loss in species diversity and lower incomes from fish and vegetables. We find that there are no significant spillover effects as yet on shrimp farmers in the same village as the clusters. This study reflects critically on the efficacy of clustering that is presumed to enhance access to global markets.
How inclusive are smallholder farmers’ access to Digital Agricultural Platforms? Lessons from the EzyAgric Digital Platform in Uganda
(Preprint, 2024) Ajambo, Susan; Kikulwe, Enoch; Birachi, Eliud; Ogutu, Sylvester Ochieng
This study investigates the barriers to accessing digital agricultural platforms in Uganda, focusing on EzyAgric. Using a cross-sectional qualitative design, we analysed 29 scripts from focus groups, interviews, and key informants. The Rapid Inclusivity Assessment tool identified proto-personas at risk of digital exclusion, while the Digital Divide Framework provided a theoretical basis. Three main personas emerged: tech-savvy youth (low-risk), middle-income farmers (medium-risk), and older subsistence farmers (high-risk). Key barriers include financial constraints, limited digital literacy, a lack of trust, and cultural norms. Women face additional challenges, such as financial dependency and time constraints, while elderly farmers struggle with unfamiliarity with and preference for traditional methods. Recommendations include improving the infrastructure, providing targeted digital literacy training, designing user-friendly interfaces, building trust, and considering cultural norms. The study emphasises holistic, intersectional approaches and public-private partnerships to promote equitable access to digital agricultural platforms.
Pathways to resilient dryland food systems in Africa: Strategic and tactical choices for accelerated impacts
(Report, 2024) Marenya, Paswel P.; Narmandakh, Davaatseren; Kirui, Leonard; Odhong, Jonathan A.; Sanni Abdulrahman; Aboudoulaye, Soule B.; Adam, Mamadou; Alex, Gerald; Belko, Marème N.; Bett, Charles; Dembele, Bandiougou; Derik, Sakatali P.; De Pee, Eric; Diatta, Cyril; Faye, Ndeye F.; Gichuru, Lilian; Kone, Bouréma; Kazombo, Samson F.M.; Kisilu, Rachael; Mchau, Devotha; Martey, Edward; Mbulwe, Lloyd; Ndubi, Jerika M.; Templer, Noel A.; Ouédraogo, Nofou; Opie, Hellen; Puozaa, Doris K.; Reoungel, Djinodji; Salegua, Venancio; Sawadogo-Compaoré, Eveline; Sime, Mekonnen; Zemedu, Lemma
Africa’s drylands form vital food systems, supporting a significant portion of its population and agricultural activity. However, they face persistent challenges with low productivity, limited market integration, and acute vulnerability to climate shocks. These issues contribute to structural poverty and high rates of undernourishment, highlighting the need for investments to improve rural incomes, enhance resilience, and foster economic growth.
From awareness to action: How EzyAgric's digital platform boosted farmer engagement and tackled counterfeit inputs
(Blog Post, 2024-12-24) Ajambo, Susan; Kikulwe, Enoch; Birachi, Eliud; Ogutu, Sylvester; Stewart, Ategeka
Digital platforms revolutionize agriculture by resolving supply chain inefficiencies, improving agronomic information dissemination and promoting inclusivity. They provide real-time e-extension and input availability, enabling precise decision-making and boosting productivity. Additionally, these platforms enhance transparency, traceability and profitability by directly linking farmers with input and output markets, especially in fragmented agricultural systems.
Cointegration analysis of sesame prices in Ethiopian commodity exchange warehouses
(Report, 2024-12-24) Tazeze, Aemro; Kassie, Girma T.; Abate, Gashaw T.; Worku, Yonas; Asnake, Woinishet; Minot, Nicholas
This study examines the cointegration of sesame market prices in eight Ethiopian Commodity Exchange (ECX) warehouses and its implications for improving the functioning of sesame markets. We analyzed 489 weekly market price data points for each of the eight ECX warehouses, covering the period from end of 2014 to mid-2024. We estimate the Multivariate Vector Error Correction Model (ECM) to analyze short- and long-term spatial price adjustments across warehouses. Of the eight warehouses, six showed significant spatial integration. The VECM results showed effective price transmission and strong short- and longterm market relationships. Short-term dynamics particularly revealed complex interactions. These findings highlight the varying impacts of price fluctuations between warehouses and the need to understand these interactions for better strategic decision making, resource allocation, and pricing strategy refinement. Furthermore, accelerating the speed of price pass through is vital to improve the livelihoods of sesame farmers in Ethiopia.
How helpful are the “hidden costs of food systems” numbers?
(Journal Article, 2025-02) Brooks, Jonathan; Díaz-Bonilla, Eugenio

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