CIFOR publications
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/16702
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item Biodiversity status of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam(Working Paper, 2024-04-29) Nguyễn, D.T.; Pham, T.T.; Tăng Thi, K.H.This report aims to provide an up-to-date status report of biodiversity in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam. It also discusses opportunities and challenges for enhancing biodiversity in the region. This report is developed based on an extensive literature review and in-depth interviews with eight experts and six policymakers who have engaged in developing biodiversity policies and programmes in Vietnam for the last two decades.Item From reach to transformation: Leveraging the RBET Framework to secure women’s land and resource rights(Brief, 2024) Larson, A.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth S.; Trautman, S.; Atmadja, S.; Cronkleton, P.; Elias, M.; Gallagher, E. J.; Garner, E.; Morgan, M.; Paez-Valencia, A. M.The Reach, Benefit, Empower framework has been invaluable in guiding gender considerations in programming, ensuring that projects carefully consider their goals, and then move from ambition to implementation to evaluation. The framework makes it easier to see how projects claiming to “empower” women may only manage to “reach” them, such as through training, without actually verifying if the activities benefit or empower them. The addition of “Transform” to this framework (RBET for short) emphasizes the need for deeper structural or normative changes to create more equitable systems. In this brief we explore how to get the most out of the RBET framing in relation to securing women’s land and other resource rights.Item Tiêu chuẩn các bon trên thị trường tự nguyện: So sánh và phương thức lựa chọn tiêu chuẩn phù hợp cho từng loại hình dự án(Working Paper, 2024-11-15) Pham, T.T.; Nguyen, D.T.; Nguyen, T.V.A.; Tran, P.M.; Nguyen, D.Y.K.Việc lựa chọn tiêu chuẩn và phương pháp các bon nào có tính quyết định cho sự thành công của một dự án các bon. Hiện nay có ít nhất là 30 tiêu chuẩn các bon đang được sử dụng trên thị trường. Điều này dẫn đến những khó khăn cho cả bên phát triển dự án và các bên có liên quan trong việc lựa chọn tiêu chuẩn các bon phù hợp nhất với dự án và có thể giúp dự án đạt được giá bán cao. Báo cáo này được xây dựng để giúp các bên có liên quan có các thông tin cập nhật về các tiêu chuẩn các bon hiện có, phân tích các điểm mạnh và điểm yêú của mỗi phương pháp và đưa ra các khung phân tích so sánh để lựa chọn các tiêu chuẩn các bon phù hợp với mục tiêu phát triển dự án, năng lực kĩ thuật và tài chính của các bên. Báo cáo được dựa trên kết quả rà soát tài liệu thứ cấp và dựa trên kinh nghiệm của các chuyên gia trong lĩnh vực thị trường các bon.Item Tín chỉ các bon: Định nghĩa, quy định pháp luật, thị trường và những điều cần cân nhắc khi tiến hành thương mại(Working Paper, 2024-10-17) Pham, T.T.Trước bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu ngày càng gia tăng, các quốc gia trong đó có Việt Nam đang hướng tới xây dựng thị trường các bon và hệ thống vận hành thương mại tín chỉ các bon để khuyến khích doanh nghiệp và công chúng tích cực tham gia vào các biện pháp giảm thiểu biến đổi khí hậu. Mặc dù thị trường các bon và tín chỉ các bon đã được vận hành trên thế giới từ những năm 1990s và hiện nay Việt Nam cũng là một trong các quốc gia tiên phong trong việc xây dựng thị trường các bon nội địa, nhiều bên có liên quan vẫn chưa hiểu rõ hoặc có cách hiểu khác nhau về tín chỉ các bon và do vậy dẫn đến khó khăn trong việc triển khai các chương trình chính sách về các bon trong thực tế. Với mong muốn cung cấp các thông tin đầy đủ cho các bên đang tham gia vào thị trường các bon tại Việt Nam, báo cáo này rà soát lại các khái niệm về tín chỉ đang được sử dụng trên thế giới cũng như đưa ra các vấn đề cần xem xét khi thương mại tín chỉ các bon.Item Forests, Fairness, Finance: CIFOR-ICRAF’s vision for global climate action at COP29 in Baku(Poster, 2024-11-15) CIFOR-ICRAFThe 2024 Forest Declaration Assessment recently showed that, despite global commitments to halt and reverse deforestation by 2030, progress remains alarmingly insufficient. Last year, deforestation and forest degradation continued at the same levels, or even worsened in some places, with primary forests facing significant destruction. Forest fires, exacerbated by human-induced climate change and land clearing, are growing in intensity and frequency, further undermining forest conservation efforts. Meanwhile, over 1 million hectares of tree cover was lost in 2023 in forested Key Biodiversity Areas, internationally recognized as critical for endangered species. Without a transformation of economic models and a global commitment to prioritize forest conservation, the world’s 2030 forest goals will remain out of reach.Item Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the global food system(Brief, 2024-11-13) Martius, C.; Pingault, N.; Mwambo, F.M.; Guérin, L.Item Evaluating the Integration of Agroecological Principles into Kenya's Legal and Policy Framework(Report, 2024-06) Awiti, Alex O.; Ndiwa, Aurillia M.This paper evaluates the integration of three high - level categories of the 13 principles of agroecology — resource efficiency, resilience, and social equity and responsibility — into Kenya's Constitution and 14 sectoral strategies, policies, and laws. Policy, legal, and strategy documents were analyzed to identify enabling and exemplary provisions and barriers to the agroecological transformation of Kenya's food system. Kenya has a raft of laws, policies, and strategies that integrate agroecological principles and support the agroecological transition of the food system. These include provision for: i) integrated soil and plant health; ii) re - design of farms and landscapes through integrated soil, water and management, and the integration of crops, trees and livestock to support farm diversification; iii) enhancing climate resilience; iv) strengthening co-creation of knowledge and ensuring equity through participation of local communities in the food system. The focus on achieving high cereal yields, bolstered by public subsidies for mineral fertilizers and hybrid seeds, limits the investment in agroecological approaches. Despite a raft of enabling and exemplary provisions, uneven distribution of resources and inconsistent implementation present veritable barriers to agroecological transition. More importantly, there is a need to strengthen institutional mechanisms for consultation and cooperation between the national and county governments to ensure the agroecological transformation of food systems nationally.Item Proximal remote sensing and gross primary productivity in a temperate salt marsh(Journal Article, 2023-10) Vázquez-Lule, A.; Vargas, R.Salt marshes are highly productive ecosystems relevant for Blue Carbon assessments, but information for estimating gross primary productivity (GPP) from proximal remote sensing (PRS) is limited. Temperate salt marshes have seasonal canopy structure and metabolism changes, defining different canopy phenological phases, GPP rates, and spectral reflectance. We combined multi-annual PRS data (i.e., PhenoCam, discrete hyperspectral measurements, and automated spectral reflectance sensors) with GPP derived from eddy covariance. We tested the performance of empirical models to predict GPP from 12 common vegetation indices (VIs; e.g., NDVI, EVI, PSRI, GCC), Sun-Induced Fluorescence (SIF), and reflectance from different areas of the electromagnetic spectrum (i.e., VIS-IR, RedEdge, IR, and SIF) across the annual cycle and canopy phenological phases (i.e., Greenup, Maturity, Senescence, and Dormancy). Plant Senescence Reflectance Index (PSRI) from hyperspectral data and the Greenness Index (GCC) from PhenoCam, showed the strongest relationship with daily GPP across the annual cycle and within phenological phases (r2=0.30–0.92). Information from the visible-infrared electromagnetic region (VIS-IR) coupled with a partial least square approach (PLSR) showed the highest data-model agreement with GPP, mainly because of its relevance to respond to physiological and structural changes in the canopy, compared with indices (e.g., GCC) that particularly react to changes in the greenness of the canopy. The most relevant electromagnetic regions to model GPP were ∼550 nm and ∼710 nm. Canopy phenological phases impose challenges for modeling GPP with VIs and the PLSR approach, particularly during Maturity, Senescence, and Dormancy. As more eddy covariance sites are established in salt marshes, the application of PRS can be widely tested. Our results highlight the potential to use canopy reflectance from the visible spectrum region for modeling annual GPP in salt marshes as an example of advances within the AmeriFlux network.Item Climate-Smart Conservation Agriculture, Farm Values and Tenure Security: Implications for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in the Congo Basin(Journal Article, 2023) Molua, E.L.; Sonwa, D.J.; Bele, Y.; Foahom, B.; Mate Mweru, J.P.; Wa Bassa, S.M.; Gapia, M.; Ngana, F.; Joe, A.E.; Masumbuko, E.M.Background and Research Aims: Agriculture through deforestation is an important threat to biodiversity conservation in the Congo Basin’s tropical forest. The policy challenge is not only to promote adaptation to perceived climate change but also to promote forest conservation. The aim of this study is to provide empirical evidence on the impact of farm-level investments in climate-smart agricultural practices related to conservation agriculture in some Congo Basin countries. The hypothesis is that property rights to land and trees play a fundamental role in governing the patterns of investment, forestland management for conservation, as well as in the profitability of agriculture. Methods: A Simulated Maximum Likelihood Estimation using a Mixed Logit model is used to test farmers’ choice of agricultural system and a farmland value model for each agricultural system which includes determinants of tenure or property rights, climate, soils, and socioeconomic variables such as education and gender. The data was collected from more than 600 farms covering 12 regions and 45 divisions in 3 countries, Cameroon, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Results: Farmers choose one of three agricultural systems to maximize farm profit mindful of the current tenure regime and environmental conditions. Conservation agriculture techniques within climate-smart practices show benefits for smallholder farmers through improvements in soil health, soil moisture retention and enhanced crop yields. The rights to access, withdraw, manage, as well as exclude others from land and trees affect both the farmers' choice of system and the profit earned from the chosen system. Conclusion: Farm-level investments improve farm incomes and enhance conservation effort for farmers perceiving climate change. Implications for Conservation: Climate change adaptation through planting of trees improves soil stability, restores ecosystems and creates a safe haven for biodiversity. Secure land tenure promotes better forestland management and reduces land degradation in vulnerable communities.Item Small scale agriculture continues to drive deforestation and degradation in fragmented forests in the Congo Basin (2015-2020)(Journal Article, 2023-11) Shapiro, A.; d’Annunzio, R.; Desclée, B.; Jungers, Q.; Kondjo, H.K.; Iyanga, J.M.; Gangyo, F.I.; Nana, T.; Obame, C.V.; Milandou, C.; Rambaud, P.; Sonwa, D.J.; Mertens, B.; Tchana, E.; Khasa, D.; Bourgoin, C.; Ouissika, C.B.; Kipute, D.D.The Central African region hosts the largest continuous tract of forest in Africa, regulating global climate while providing essential resources and livelihoods for millions of people and harbouring extensive biodiversity. Extractive industries, infrastructure development and industrial agriculture have often been cited as major threats to these forests and are expected to increase. A regional collaborative effort has produced the first systematically validated remote sensing assessment of deforestation and degradation drivers in six central African countries for the 2015–2020 time period. Multiple, overlapping drivers are assessed through visual interpretation and show that the rural complex, a combination of small-scale agriculture, villages, and roads contributes to the majority of observed deforestation and degradation. Industrial drivers such as mining and forestry are less common, although their impacts on carbon and biodiversity could be more permanent and significant than informal activities. Artisanal forestry is the only driver that is observed to be consistently increasing over the study period. Our assessment produces information relevant for climate change mitigation and land use planning which requires detailed information on multiple direct drivers to target specific activities and investments.Item Hunting in Indonesian New Guinea: dogs, conservation and culture(Journal Article, 2023-09) Pattiselanno, F.; lloyd, J.K.F.; Krockenberger, A.; Arobaya, A.Y.S.; Sheil, D.Hunting has a complex and contested relationship with conservation: it can deplete and threaten vulnerable wildlife but can also motivate protection and good stewardship. This study aims to advance the ethnographic information of hunting with dogs, in particular, the increasing use of dogs in hunting, as such practice is a particular concern among conservationists. We present a case study from the lowland costal forest of Tambrauw in West Papua Province – Indonesian New Guinea using information gathered by assessing the activities and success of thirty-three hunters. The hunters identified 301 successful kills in a total of 654 hours of hunting. Five different prey species were reported across the study sites in a 7-month time period. Interestingly, active hunting without dogs had a higher yield (kills per hour) than hunting with them (0.700 versus 0.38 kills per hour), especially for deer, but hunting with dogs is the only method that seems to favour the capture of pigs over deer. Dogs are not valued for their role in hunting alone but also have less tangible cultural values also protect hunters and also their families from animals and spirits. We conclude that hunting with dogs is the only method that seems to favour the capture of pigs over deer. We find that dogs can provoke social conflicts and other problems. More attention should be given to local hunting and the methods used. Hunting with dogs impacts the quantity and composition of the hunt, this requires a careful appraisal, as dogs also provide wider cultural and protective roles.Item Use, value, and desire: ecosystem services under agricultural intensification in a changing landscape in West Kalimantan (Indonesia)(Journal Article, 2023-11) Sutherland, I.J.; Van Vianen, J.; Rowland, D.; Palomo, I.; Pascual, U.; Mathys, A.; Narulita, S.; Sunderland, T.C.H.A fundamental challenge is to understand and navigate trade-offs between ecosystem services (ES) in dynamic landscapes and to account for interactions between local people and broad-scale drivers, such as agricultural intensification. Many analyses of ES trade-offs rely on static mapping and biophysical indicators while disregarding the multiple uses, values, and desires for ES (UVD-ES) that local people associate with their changing landscapes. Here, a participatory UVD-ES framework was applied to assess differences in the use, values, and desire of ES between three zones with different land-use intensities (with pre-frontier, frontier, and post-frontier landscapes) in West Kalimantan (Indonesia). The analysis revealed that (1) almost the full suite of ES uses has become destabilized as a result of agricultural intensification; (2) ES more closely associated with agricultural intensification were largely desired by local people yet they still valued a diversity of traditional ES, such as those derived from the provision of non-timber forest products, fish, and other ES associated with non-material aspects including those tied to traditional culture; (3) the mismatch in used ES versus valued ES increased with agricultural intensification due to a decrease in the flow of non-timber forest products, aquatic, regulating, and non-material (cultural) ES. Together, exploring UVD-ES patterns in a participatory way helped to reveal locally relevant social-ecological drivers of ES and a multidimensional perspective of ES trade-offs. Our UVD-ES framework offers an opportunity to foster participation as a way to reconnect global environmental research agendas with local and regional landscape contexts.Item Living customary tenure systems in Madagascar: An overview(Brief, 2023-12) McLain, R.; Ranjatson, P.; Nomenjanahary, A.R.F; Heidenrich, T.; Rakotonirina, J.M.; Razafimbelo, N.T.R.Item Hệ thống lương thực thực phẩm phát thải thấp tại Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long(Working Paper, 2023-12) Pham, T.T.; Trần, N.M.H.; Nguyễn, T.V.A.; Nguyễn, T.T.A.; Nguyễn, T.V.; Nguyễn, D.T.; Tăng, T.K.H.; Nguyễn, D.Y.K.; Nguyễn, T.S.Báo cáo này cung cấp bức tranh tổng thể về các bên có liên quan định hướng chính sách và thực tiễn triển khai các chính sách và chương trình liên quan đến hệ thống lương thực giảm phát thải thấp tại Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long – trung tâm sản xuất và cung ứng lương thực lớn nhất của Việt Nam. Báo cáo được thực hiện dựa trên rà soát khung pháp lý và chính sách, quyết định của Chính Phủ Việt Nam, tài liệu thứ cấp và dựa trên ý kiến chia sẻ của các chuyên gia trong hội thảo tham vấn quốc gia. Báo cáo cũng xác định cơ hội và thách thức để xây dựng và triển khai hệ thống lương thực phát thải thấp tại khu vực này.Item Restauration des paysages forestiers et régimes fonciers au Cameroun : Acquis et handicaps(Working Paper, 2023-11) Awono, A.; Assembe Mvondo, S.; Tsanga, R.; Guizol, P.; Peroches, A.Ce papier constitue une synthèse des acquis et des handicaps de la restauration des paysages forestiers et régimes fonciers au Cameroun. Il présente par ailleurs les engagements du Cameroun pour ralentir la déforestation et la dégradation de ses écosystèmes forestiers à travers la stratégie nationale de restauration des paysages forestiers, en lien avec les initiatives du Défi de Bonn, de l’AFR100 et de la Grande Muraille Verte.
Ainsi, sont analysées ici la faisabilité ou l’acceptabilité juridique du processus de restauration des paysages forestiers (RPF) au regard des régimes fonciers et forestiers et des droits coutumiers en vigueur au Cameroun à travers une revue de la littérature et l’analyse des législations forestière et foncière.
Il existe une relation intime entre la RPF et les régimes fonciers en vigueur au Cameroun. Cette relation est très influencée par les législations inspirées de l’héritage colonial qui n’offrent pas, en l’état actuel, des garanties juridiques suffisantes et attractives pour la propriété et la jouissance des arbres plantés ou des forêts réhabilitées aussi bien par les individus, les lignages ou les familles. En revanche, les régimes fonciers coutumiers, moins mis en exergue, semblent offrir des garanties juridiques non écrites et morales à la tenure des arbres plantés ou réhabilités dans des terres et autres espaces qui appartiennent traditionnellement à des individus/familles et lignages, et reconnues comme telles par les autorités traditionnelles légitimes et les sous-ensembles sociaux de la communauté.Item Natural and anthropogenic impacts on mangrove carbon dynamics: a systematic review protocol(Journal Article, 2023-11) Gilang Qur’ani, C.; Lee, B.; Sasmito, S.D.; Maulana, A.M.; Seol, M.; Wiradana, P.A.; Leksono, B.; Watiniasih, N.L.; Baral, H.The mangrove ecosystem serves as a vital habitat for coastal flora and fauna while playing a crucial role in storing and sequestering carbon as part of global carbon cycles. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate the carbon dynamics, encompassing storage and sequestration, within mangrove ecosystems and their interconnectedness with natural climate fluctuations and anthropogenic influences, including land-use and land-cover changes (LULCC). Although there has been an increase in monitoring data and literature on mangrove carbon dynamics over the past two decades, there is still limited understanding regarding how climate variability, when combined with anthropogenic drivers, moderates the resilience of carbon storage and sequestration in mangroves. This study aims to build upon and enhance the previous systematic review conducted by Sasmito et al. (Citation2019). Our specific objectives involve collating more recent literature published since 2018 and strengthening the analysis of carbon loss and recovery in tree biomass across different species, as well as its correlation with local and regional climate variations. Additionally, we will explore the impact of various types of land-use and land-cover changes on mangrove forests. Our systematic review will focus on field-based data collected from the Asia Pacific mangrove region, which represents the world’s largest and most diverse mangrove ecosystem and has been extensively studied in comparison to other regions, as indicated by previous systematic reviews. To gather relevant literature, we will conduct comprehensive searches across various databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The structure established by Sasmito et al. (Citation2019) for literature search, screening, and data extraction will be adopted. Data analysis will involve comparing carbon storage and sequestration under locally and regionally varying climatic conditions and anthropogenic influences. Furthermore, we will employ geographical mapping techniques to visualize species distribution and diversity within the Asia Pacific region, while also estimating carbon storage and recovery capacities.Item Investigating market-based opportunities for the provision of nutritious and safe diets to prevent childhood stunting: a UKRI-GCRF action against stunting hub protocol paper(Journal Article, 2024-02-27) Cooper, G.S.; Davies-Kershaw, H.; Dominguez-Salas, Paula; Fahmida, U.; Faye, B.; Ferguson, E.; Grace, Delia; Häsler, B.N.; Kadiyala, S.; Konapur, A.; Kulkarni, B.; Prakashbabu, B.C.; Pramesthi, I.L.; Rowland, D.; Selvaraj, K.; Sudibya, A.R.P.; Tine, R.C.; Yadav, D.M.D.; Zahra, N.L.; Shankar, B.; Heffernan, C.Background Inadequate access to affordable, safe, desirable and convenient nutrient-dense food is one of the underlying causes of child stunting. While targeted nutrition-sensitive interventions (e.g., backyard ‘nutri-gardens’) may increase dietary diversity within farming households, such interventions have limited scalability across the wider food system where markets remain underdeveloped. This research aims to develop and assess market-based interventions for key nutrient-dense foods to help improve the diets of women and children in the first 1000 days of life. Methods Data collection uses four parallel approaches in each of the three study countries (India, Indonesia and Senegal). (1) A novel food environment tool will be developed to characterise the accessibility and affordability of nutrient-dense foods in the study countries. The tool will be validated through pretesting using cognitive interviewing and piloting in purposively sampled households, 10 (cognitive interviewing) and 30 (piloting) households in each country; (2) stakeholder interviews (e.g., with producers, intermediaries and retailers) will be conducted to map out nutrition-sensitive entry points of key value chains (e.g., animal-sourced foods), before hotspots of potential food safety hazards will be identified from food samples collected along the chains; (3) the Optifood and Agrifood tools will be used to identify foods that can address food system nutrient gaps and engage key stakeholders to prioritise market interventions to improve nutrition outcomes. Optifood and Agrifood parameters will be informed by publicly available data, plus interviews and focus groups with value chain stakeholders; (4) informed by the previous three approaches and a campaign of participatory ‘group model building’, a novel system dynamics model will evaluate the impact of alternative market-based solutions on the availability and affordability of nutrient-dense foods over time. Ethics and dissemination The study has received ethical approval in the United Kingdom, Senegal, Indonesia and India. Dissemination comprises peer-reviewed journals, international disciplinary conferences and multistakeholder dissemination workshops.Item A scoping review on tools and methods for trait prioritization in crop breeding programmes(Journal Article, 2024-03) Occelli, M.; Mukerjee, Rishabh; Miller, C.; Porciello, J.; Puerto, S.; Garner, E.; Guerra, M.; Gomez, M. I.; Tufan, Hale AnnTrait prioritization studies have guided research, development and investment decisions for public-sector crop breeding programmes since the 1970s, but the research design, methods and tools underpinning these studies are not well understood. We used PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) to evaluate research on trait ranking for major crops over the past 40 years (1980–2023). Data extraction and descriptive analysis on 657 papers show uneven attention to crops, lack of systematic sex disaggregation and regional bias. The lack of standardized trait data taxonomy across studies, and inconsistent research design and data collection practices make cross-comparison of findings impossible. In addition, network mapping of authors and donors shows patterns of concentration and the presence of silos within research areas. This study contributes to the next generation of innovation in trait preference studies to produce more inclusive, demand-driven varietal design that moves beyond trait prioritization focused on productivity and yield.Item Building micro, small and medium enterprises’ capacity and access to green finance through the Land Finance Hub: A case study of Indonesian MSMEs(Brief, 2023-11) Puspitaloka, D.; Brady, M.A.; Wardell, D.A.; Elba, M.; Tomasoa, R.; Fremy, L.; Sampurna, Y.; Gallagher, E.; Norisda, E.; Gunawan, Y.D.; Darmokusumo, S.; Peteru, S.Item Apa yang terjadi setelah pembayaran konservasi berhenti? Sejumlah temuan kunci dari REDD+ di Brasil(Brief, 2023-11) Carrilho, C.D.; Wunder, S.