Bioversity Book Chapters
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Item Safe dissemination of germplasm resources of banana(Book Chapter, 2020-11-24) Thomas, John; Massart, Sébastien; Houwe, Ines van den; Roux, Nicolas Stephan M.; Crew, KathyThis chapter focuses on key issues of the safe dissemination of banana germplasm, including germplasm conservation (field, in vitro and cryopreservation), seed and DNA banking, virus indexing and germplasm health, regulations on germplasm transfer and future trends in germplasm research.Item Seed germination, preservation and population genetics of wild Musa germplasm(Book Chapter, 2020-12) Panis, Bartholomeus; Kallow, Simon; Janssens, Steven B.Item Collection and evaluation of banana and plantain landraces in Africa(Book Chapter, 2020-11-24) Karamura, Deborah; Ocimati, Walter; Blomme, Guy; Adheka, Joseph; Sivirihauma, Charles; Dhed’a, Benoit; Karamura, EldadItem Lessons learned from application of the “Indicators of Resilience in Socio-ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS)” under the Satoyama initiative(Book Chapter, 2020) Dunbar, William; Subramanian, Suneetha M.; Matsumoto, Ikuko; Natori, Yoji; Dublin, Devon; Bergamini, Nadia; Mijatović, Dunja; González Álvarez, Alejandro; Yiu, Evonne; Ichikawa, Kaoru; Morimoto, Yasuyuki; Halewood, Michael; Maundu, Patrick; Salvemini, Diana; Tschenscher, Tamara; Mock, GregorySocio-ecological resilience is vital for the long-term sustainability of communities in production landscapes and seascapes, but community members often find it difficult to understand and assess their own resilience in the face of changes that affect them over time due to economic and natural drivers, demographic changes, and market forces among others, due to the complexity of the concept of resilience and the many factors influencing the landscape or seascape. This chapter provides an overview of a project and its resilience assessment process using an indicator-based approach, which has been implemented under the International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative (IPSI). In this project, a set of 20 indicators were identified to capture different aspects of resilience in SEPLS, and examples are included from various contexts around the world, with the purpose of identifying lessons learned and good practices for resilience assessment. These indicators have now been used by communities in many countries, often with the guidance of project implementers, with the goal of assessing, considering, and monitoring their landscape or seascape’s circumstances, identifying important issues, and ultimately improving their resilience. While this particular approach is limited in that it cannot be used for comparison of different landscapes and seascapes, as it relies on community members’ individual perceptions, it is found useful to understand multiple aspects of resilience and changes over time within a landscape or seascape.Item Participatory seed exchange (PSE): A community based mechanism for promoting access to seeds(Book Chapter, 2020-09) Pudasaini, Niranjan; Ghimire, Krishna Hari; Gurung, Rita; Pitambar, Shrestha; Gauchan, DevendraParticipatory Seed Exchange (PSE) is a low cost, simple and effective community-based mechanism for improving farmers' access to locally adapted seeds and planting materials which promotes farmer led on-farm conservation and utilization of the agrobiodiversity by exchanging available Agricultural Plant Genetic Resource (APGR) within the community (Shrestha et al 2013, Gautam et al 2017, Sthapit et al 2019). In Nepal, PSE was first piloted by the Western Terai Landscape Complex Project (WTLCP) in 2008 (Shrestha et al 2013). PSE is being utilized as a multi-propose tool to identify, exchange and document available APGR along with associated traditional knowledge by mobilizing local community and their networks. Though PSE is a one-day event, it takes an approximately a month-long time period to plan, prepare and practice.Item Germplasm rescue and repatriation(Book Chapter, 2020-09) Joshi, Bal Krishna; Ghimire, Krishna Hari; Gurung, Rita; Gauchan, DevendraDue to many factors such as increase access and availability of modern varieties, change in market preferences, low productivity of native landraces and climate change, crop landraces are threatened and are at the risk of losing from the fields. Still there are many rare and unique landraces conserved by farmers in different parts of the country. Native agricultural genetic resources that are being grown in red zone areas are all endangered. Unique and rare landraces as well as landraces grown in small areas by few farmers are also endangered. Different natural calamities also make native landraces endangered. Such landraces are lost if further conservation action did not take place. Exploration and collection of such endangered landraces is called germplasm rescue. National gene bank started rescue since 2014 for buckwheat diversity in Dolpa district.Item Diversifying the sourcing and deploying methods to enhance the crop diversity(Book Chapter, 2020-09) Ghimire, Krishna Hari; Joshi, Bal Krishna; Gurung, Rita; Pudasaini, Niranjan; Gauchan, Devendra; Sthapit, Sajal; Jarvis, Devra I.A Nepalese farmers of mountain and hill agro-ecosystem mostly grow landraces or traditional varieties of most of the crops. In some major crops like rice, wheat and maize, very old varieties are in cultivation. Insufficient research on minor crops and poor extension networks to disseminate new varieties of major crops are the major reasons to narrow down the varietal options available to the farmers. Crop genetic diversity can make farming systems more resilient, but a major constraint is that farmers lack access to crop genetic resources (Tripp 1997). Farmers have fewer options available to choose, especially at a time when more new diversity is needed to cope with climate and market change (Atlin et al 2017). A portfolio of varieties exists in National Agricultural Genetic Resources Centre (Genebank) and many research stations that includes different varieties which are better than those currently grown by small farmers in remote hills and mountains, who have had limited opportunity to test these different options. In this context, potentials landraces sourced and collected in national Genebank from different environments can be deployed to the farmers of similar production environments.Item Geographical indication(Book Chapter, 2020-09) Joshi, Bal Krishna; Gauchan, DevendraAgricultural products are generally associated with their place of production and are influenced by specific local, geographical factors such as climate and soil. A geographical indication (GI) is a sign (or name) used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess unique qualities or a reputation associated with the product of the origin (WIPO 2004). The qualities, characteristics or reputation of the product should be essentially due to the place of origin. GI is an intellectual property that protects the product of the area and ultimately helps to promote conservation of agrobiodiversity on-farm and boost economy of local community. The well-known examples of GIs in South Asia include Darjeeling tea, Basmati rice, Himalayan water, Alphonso and Sindhri mangoes, Bhutanese red rice, Pakistani shu (wind proof woolen fabric) and Ajrak (designs from Sindh), jasmine (Hom Mali) rice. Until now, there is no any GI protected products in Nepal. Government of Nepal has approved the National Intellectual Property Right Policy (2017) which includes Copyrights, Patents, Industrial design, Trademarks, GI, Varietal protection, Trade secrets and Traditional knowledge policy (MoICS 2017). Among these policies, GI gives exclusive right to a region or a landscape (eg village, town, region or country) to use a name for a particular product with certain characteristics that corresponds to their specific location. There are more than 100 agricultural products (Joshi et al 2017) which have already established their reputation representing their GIs. Malla and Shakya (2004) have identified and listed 87 potential products for geographical indication (GI) protection in Nepal. Most of the products possess greater cultural and age-old traditional values. Important indigenous crop landraces and their products linked with particular geography, which should therefore, be protected with GI by developing suitable legislation for their market promotion, on-farm conservation and livelihood enhancement of local communities. For GI promotion, Geo-linked popular crop landraces and their traits need to be found out for their potential trade promotion and value addition.Item Diversity rich solutions(Book Chapter, 2020-09) Joshi, Bal Krishna; Gauchan, Devendra; Bhandari, Bharat; Jarvis, Devra I.Every household is diverse and diversity can be observed within household in terms of crops, varieties and landraces, soil type, food preferences and preparation methods, knowledge and practices related with production management of agrobiodiversity and other genetic resources. Farmers are practicing agricultural practices that promotes the use of diversity such as growing mixture of landraces, composting, fertigation. Modern agriculture focuses on developing large scale uniform technology eg use of urea, mono-genotype variety. Such system puts pressure and disturbs the ecological balance causing high risk for crop failure and genetic erosion. Any technological option with greater diversity is less risky, more sustainable and higher adaptability in agriculture. Diversity rich solution is any technology or problem associated solution that considers diversity as an option and address problems with inter and intra level diversity as well as combinations of different components. it also includes multiple technology for a single problem. Some examples are broad genetic base variety, cultivar mixtures, compost (made from different species), biopesticide (made from different species), etc. Diversity rich solution is in practice since 2014 in Nepal with the objective of conserving agrobiodiversity, promoting ecologically oriented sustainable agriculture that also enhances ecosystem services.Item Red zoning and red listing(Book Chapter, 2020-09) Joshi, Bal Krishna; Ghimire, Krishna Hari; Bhandari, Bharat; Gauchan, Devendra; Gurung, Rita; Pudasaini, NiranjanItem On-farm agrobiodiversity measurement and conservation(Book Chapter, 2020-09) Joshi, Bal Krishna; Ghimire, Krishna Hari; Gurung, Rita; Pudasaini, Niranjan; Pant, Saroj; Paneru, Pragati; Gauchan, Devendra; Mishra, Krishna Kumar; Jarvis, Devra I.Total agrobiodiversity of any area is necessary to plan the implementation of agricultural and environmental projects and activities. Diversity is most for advancing agriculture development, however, modern agriculture has accelerated the replacement of old age crop diversity. Agrobiodiversity index and measures are commonly used and estimated for crop and animal species, landraces and sites. These are useful for locating sites, crops and custodians of agrobiodiversity. Agrobiodiversity includes crop and plant; livestock and fish, insect and microbial genetic resources that are cultivated, semi domesticated or wild. Diversity are ated properly that leads to choose the conservation approaches effectively.Item Integrated approach of national seed systems for assuring improved seeds to the smallholder farmers in Nepal(Book Chapter, 2020-07) Joshi, Bal Krishna; Humagain, Ramesh; Dhakal, Laxmi Kanta; Gauchan, DevendraItem In situ and ex situ conservation of coconut genetic resources(Book Chapter, 2020) Bourdeix, Roland; Adkins, Steve; Johnson, Vincent; Sisunandar, Lalith PereraItem Rwanda: The Rubaya community gene bank(Book Chapter, 2015) Dusengemungu, Leonidas; Ndacyayisenga,Theophile; Otieno, Gloria Atieno; Ruzindana Nyirigira, Antoine; Rwihaniza Gapusi, JeanThe Rubaya community gene bank, located in the Rubaya sector of Gicumbi district in Northern Rwanda, is managed by the Kundisuka cooperative. It originated when a farmer by the name of Mpoberabanzi Silas and an agronomist working in the Rubaya sector recognized the need to preserve some of the genetic resources in the area that were being lost (e.g. several varieties of beans, peas, maize, wheat and sorghum). Implementation of the project was supported by the staff of the Rwanda Agriculture Board (RAB) in cooperation with Bioversity International (Plate 18). The managing cooperative was created in September 2012 and consists of about ten members with Mpoberabanzi Silas as president. The community gene bank’s storage facilities were constructed locally with support from Vision 2020’s Umurenge Program and the Ministry of Local Government. Their main purpose is to store the region’s priority crops (maize, wheat, beans and Irish potatoes), but farmers are free to use the facilities to store and conserve other seeds and planting material. The community gene bank does not yet have a visible role in the community, for example, in seed production or participatory crop improvement, as it is still in its early stages. However, its members’ vision is to invest in seed multiplication to make good-quality seeds available to the local community and regional gene banks. This will transform the enterprise into a business-oriented farmer cooperative certified by RAB.Item SDG 10: Reduced inequalities – An environmental justice perspective on implications for forests and people(Book Chapter, 2019-12-12) Sijapati Basnett, Bimbika; Myers, Rodd; Elias, MarlèneSDG 10 calls for reducing inequalities within and among countries. This chapter evaluates the potential effects of addressing SDG 10 from an environmental justice perspective, which comprises three interrelated dimensions: representative, recognition and distributive justice. We find considerable synergies and complementarities between the SDG 10 targets and goals of environmental justice. However, the disjuncture between SDG 10 and environmental goals within the SDGs may undermine efforts to promote environmental justice. Trade is not included in SDG 10; this is an important gap as markets for forest products can drive forest resource extraction, exacerbating inequalities among actors within global production networks. If SDG 10 addresses structural inequalities, it is also likely to support distributive, representational and recognition justice for forest-dependent populations. However, the myopic translation of its aspirational targets into easily measurable indicators may dampen the potential effects of addressing SDG10 in advancing environmental justice. Addressing ‘migration’ related targets and indicators is likely to elevate the importance of these issues in forestry policy and research, while also prompting a re-thinking of some of the underlying assumptions informing existing research in forestry.Item Crop genetic resources manage risks in China. How to manage risks to crop genetic resources?(Book Chapter, 2019) Liu, X.; Zhang, Z.Item Can crop diversity strengthen small-scale farmers' resilience?(Book Chapter, 2019) Kozicka, M.; Groot, Jeroen C.J.; Gotor, ElisabettaItem Reducing risk of poor diet quality through food biodiversity(Book Chapter, 2019) Hanley-Cook, Giles T.; Kennedy, G.; Lachat, CarlItem Comparison across countries(Book Chapter, 2019) Remans, R.; Villani, C.; Estrada Carmona, Natalia; Dimitri Juventia, S.; Laporte, Marie-Angélique; Dulloo, Mohammad Ehsan; Jones, S.Item Agrobiodiversity Index methodology in a nutshell(Book Chapter, 2019) Remans, R.; Villani, C.; Estrada Carmona, Natalia; Dimitri Juventia, S.; Laporte, Marie-Angélique; Dulloo, Mohammad Ehsan; Jones, S.