Climate Security outputs
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Item The CGIAR Climate Security Observatory – FOCUS Livestock(Poster, 2023-07-15) Pacillo, Grazia; Liebig, Theresa Ines; Kenduiyo, BensonItem Policies and Design Processes to Enable Transformation(Book Chapter, 2023-01-31) Pereira, Laura; Vrettos, Chris; Cramer, Laura K.; Drimie, Scott; Muiderman, Karlijn; Schapendonk, Frans; Stringer, Lindsay C.; Veeger, Marieke; Vervoort, Joost M.; Wamukoya, GeorgeItem The Climate-Security Nexus: Securing Resilient Livelihoods through Early Warning Systems and Adaptive Safety Nets(Book Chapter, 2023-01-31) Läderach, Peter R.D.; Schapendonk, Frans; Shirsath, Paresh B.; Amarnath, Giriraj; Prager, Steven D.; Gummadi, Sridhar; Kramer, Berber; Govind, Ajit; Pacillo, GraziaItem The Role of Research in Food-System Transformation(Book Chapter, 2023-01-31) Nowak, Andreea C.; Martínez Barón, Deissy; Alarcón de Anton, Marina; Pacillo, GraziaItem Climate, Security and Food Systems in Kenya(Report, 2022-12) CGIAR FOCUS Climate SecurityIn its Phase 1 (September to December 2022) the Climate, Security and Food Systems theme workstream of the HDP coalition worked together with its members to collate state-of-the-art evidence on the connection between climate, food, and peace and security. This brief summarises the latest research conducted by CGIAR FOCUS Climate Security for the country of Kenya as validated by the members of the Climate, Security and Food systems workstream. CGIAR FOCUS Climate Security has developed a Climate Security Observatory (CSO) within the ONECGIAR Climate Resilience Initiative.Item UNFSS AT5 HDP COALITION: Meetings Summary(Report, 2022-01-24) CGIAR FOCUS Climate SecurityIn its Phase 1 (September to December 2022) the Climate, Security, and Food Systems theme workstream of the HDP coalition worked together with its members to collate state-of-the-art evidence on the connection between climate, food, and peace and security. Over the course of 5 meetings, various coalition members presented state-of-the-art evidence on the connection between climate, food, and peace and security.Item Climate Security Policy Coherence and Awareness Analysis Report: East Africa and Kenya(Report, 2022-12-02) Scartozzi, Cesare M.; Savelli, Adam; Madurga Lopez, Ignacio M.; Schapendonk, Frans; Sarzana, Carolina; Pacillo, Grazia; Läderach, Peter R.D.This report summarises a climate security policy coherence and awareness assessment of policy and strategy documents extracted from climate-and peace and security-related sectors produced at the national level in Kenya. It makes use of a policy assessment framework developed specifically for the purpose of assessing coherence and climate security-sensitivity.Item How does climate exacerbate root causes of conflict in Sudan? Climate Security Pathway Analysis(Brochure, 2023) Sax, Niklas; Hassan, Gamal Mohamed; Abdi, Abdimajid Nunow; Madurga Lopez, Ignacio M.; Carneiro, Bia; Liebig, Theresa Ines; Läderach, Peter R.D.; Pacillo, GraziaThis factsheet gives answers on how climate exacerbates root causes of conflict in Sudan, using an impact pathway analysis. Two main impact pathways are identified: 1. Resource Availability and Access: Climate variability and extreme events are putting pressure on land, water and pasture while increasing desertification is pushing pastoralists ever further south in their quest to feed their livestock. 2. Livelihood and Food Security: Climate variability is reducing agricultural production in Sudan, leading to high food insecurity and protests.Item Climate Security Policy Coherence and Awareness Analysis Report: West Africa and Senegal(Report, 2022-12-02) Pacillo, Grazia; Läderach, Peter R.D.; Schapendonk, Frans; Sarzana, Carolina; Scartozzi, Cesare M.; Savelli, Adam; Madurga Lopez, Ignacio M.This report aims to contribute to this need by conducting a climate security policy coherence and awareness assessment of policy and strategy documents extracted from climate-and peace and security-related sectors produced at the national level in Senegal. It will do so by making use of a policy assessment framework developed specifically for the purpose of assessing coherence and climate security-sensitivity.Item How does climate exacerbate root causes of livestock-related conflicts in Kenya? Climate Security Pathway Analysis(Brochure, 2022) Sax, Niklas; Santa Cruz, Leonardo Medina; Carneiro, Bia; Liebig, Theresa Ines; Läderach, Peter R.D.; Pacillo, GraziaThis factsheet gives answers on how climate exacerbates root causes of livestock-related conflict in Kenya, using an impact pathway analysis. Three main impact pathways are identified: 1. Resource Access and Availability: Climate variability and extreme events are degrading natural resources and diminishing the availability of water and pasture, especially in the ASALs. A movement toward areas where there is relatively more availability of water than in the dry grasslands is leading to resource competition and conflict among pastoralist groups and between pastoralists and farmers. 2. Cattle Rustling and Raiding: The most prevalent form of conflict, particularly in the north of Kenya, is the violent theft of cattle, also known as cattle rustling. Although cattle rustling has historically served as a culturally embedded practice for wealth redistribution and as a rite of passage, the level of violence has increased due to the scarcity of natural resources induced by the effects of climate change. 3. Livelihood and food insecurity: The combination of climate change and conflict places severe pressure on the livelihood and food security of pastoralists, overburdening their adaptive capacities. The necessary and inherent mobility of transhumance is altered by the intensity of violence induced by conflict over resources, leading pastoralists to remain in place or choose longer distances for their migratory routes.Item Livestock, Climate, and Security: A Policy Coherence and Awareness Analysis(Report, 2022-12-30) Schapendonk, Frans; Scartozzi, Cesare M.; Pacillo, Grazia; Läderach, Peter R.D.The African livestock sector is expected to grow exponentially in importance both economically and nutritionally in the coming decades. In the context of Kenya specifically, human population, per-capita income, and urbanisation rates – key drivers for increased usage of animal-source food – are all expected to drastically increase in the coming decades. Yet despite the sector’s growing importance for Kenya and the African continent more broadly, there remain notable barriers to sustainable development within the context of livestock. One of the most important of these is the climate crisis and the impacts it will likely have on livestock production systems and value chains, the ecological contexts they exist within, and the communities reliant upon them.Item Piloting the Climate Security Sensitiveness Scoring Tool (CSST). A case study assessing the climate security sensitiveness of Participatory Rangeland Management (PRM) in Baringo, Kenya(Report, 2022-12-30) Sarzana, Carolina; Melgar, Adriana; Meddings, George; Läderach, Peter R.D.; Pacillo, GraziaClimate adaptation interventions, such as programs promoting climate-smart agricultural innovations, are proving effective in increasing farmer resilience as well as food and nutrition security (Mizik, 2021; Thornton et al., 2022). However, there is often little understanding of the potential positive and negative externalities that these programs can have (Smith et al., 2021), particularly in terms of peace and security. Maladaptation is the process whereby improperly built adaptation strategies can result in more vulnerability of other systems, sectors or social groups (Schipper, 2020; Barnett & O’Neill, 2010). It can create and sustain lock-ins, magnify inequity, marginalize people, and places vulnerable to climate-related risks, such as low-income households, people who reside in informal settlements, ethnic minorities, and Indigenous Peoples among others (IPCC, 2022). These are commonly recognized drivers of conflict which must be accounted for while designing programs to avoid creating or exacerbating conflicts. Acknowledging the interlinkages between climate action, natural resource use and peace and security is fundamental to integrate climate and conflict-sensitive programming interventions. Maladaptive climate initiatives neglecting those associations can foster power asymmetries, grievances, and competition for resources, especially in conflict-affected and fragile contexts (Moran et al., 2018; Krampe et al., 2021).Item Tailoring the climate security observatory to livestock-related conflicts(Report, 2022) Orenstein, Alex; Liebig, Theresa InesThe Climate Security Observatory (CSO) is a decision support tool helping policymakers and other practitioners to understand and respond to climate-related security risks. It currently covers broad aspects of the climate security nexus, describing overall relationships among the dimensions of climate, conflict and socioeconomic vulnerabilities over a multiannual timeframe, without in-depth analysis of specific components around e.g. livestock-related conflicts, migration aspects, or food systems. This report is meant to guide future work that includes livestock systems into the CSO. To visualize agro-pastoral conflict and understand its causes, factors and exacerbators, the general CSO questions, analysis and used data sources need to be tailored to livestock systems. The report will therefore review current CSO analysis and give recommendations on how to include livestock systems and pastoral conflicts.Item Towards a Shared Vision of the Climate Security Nexus in Senegal: A joint report to inform the National Climate Change Action Plan for Senegal(Report, 2022-12-30) Sarzana, Carolina; Cisse, Sokhna Ramatoulaye; Medina, Leonardo; Jaquet, Stéphanie; Madurga Lopez, Ignacio M.; Schapendonk, Frans; Touré, Oussouby; Tall, Laure; Dimanche, Pierre-Henri; Diatta, Lamine; Dièye, Bounama; Ouédraogo, Issa; Läderach, Peter R.D.; Pacillo, GraziaThis report explores the complex climate-security nexus in Senegal while documenting on the Climate Security Workshop, held in Dakar in October 2022. The Climate Security workshop, organized as part of the CGIAR’s initiative Building Systemic Resilience against Climate Extremes and Variability (ClimBeR) and co-hosted by the African Group of Negotiators Experts Support (AGNES), brought together actors involved with either climate and security issues in Senegal, and more broadly in the Sahel, to discuss Senegal's security architecture and its relationship with climate. The aim of the workshop was to inform national and sub-national policies and investments to build agricultural resilience and foster climate-resilient peace. Through three facilitated focus group discussions, the different stakeholders working around climate and security issues shared their experiences of how climate impacts influence the environmental, social, economic, and political processes that lead to conflict and insecurity.Item A tool for mainstreaming peacebuilding in climate-adaptation efforts: Evidence and processes. A framework and a safeguarding approach for conflict-sensitive and peace responsive climate action: The Climate-Security Sensitivity Tool (CSST)(Report, 2023-07) Sarzana, Carolina; Melgar, Adriana; Meddings, George; Johnson, Vincent; Läderach, Peter R.D.; Pacillo, GraziaThis paper aims to provide a theoretical and conceptual framework to distil the complex problem around linking climate adaptation, conflict sensitivity and peacebuilding, with the final goal of operationalizing it into a practical tool. By linking such fields of practice, it provides a scheme for climate action practitioners to better identify and address contextual drivers of conflict and insecurity while advancing peacebuilding processes. This paper lays the theoretical groundwork for this model and presents an actionable ex-ante tool for prioritizing mechanisms to address contextual conflict and insecurity drivers when designing climate adaptation interventions.Item The implications of climate-related mobility for human security in Bangladesh’s Ganges Delta: A scoping review(Report, 2022-12-30) Ma, Suza; Meddings, George; Savelli, AdamThe study—part of the CGIAR Initiative: Securing the Food Systems of Asian Mega-Deltas (AMD) for Climate and Livelihood Resilience —explores the linkages between climate-related mobility and human security in Bangladesh’s Ganges Delta region. By exploring the available evidence through a systematic literature review, the results of previous literature are mapped an analyzed. We then identify evidence gaps and opportunities for future research on climate-related mobility and human security in Bangladesh.Item The implications of climate-related mobility for human security in Vietnam's Mekong Delta: A scoping review(Report, 2022-12-30) Dung Phuong Le; Melgar, Adriana; Savelli, AdamThe study—part of the CGIAR Initiative: Securing the Food Systems of Asian Mega-Deltas for Climate and Livelihood Resilience —explores the linkages between climate related mobility and human security in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta (VMD) region. By examining the available evidence through a systematic literature review, the results of previous studies are mapped an analyzed. Evidence gaps and opportunities for future research on climate-related mobility and human security in the VMD are then articulated.Item Climate Security Pathway Analysis: Senegal(Brief, 2022) Madurga Lopez, Ignacio M.; Santa Cruz, Leonardo Medina; Liebig, Theresa Ines; Carneiro, Bia; Pacillo, Grazia; Läderach, Peter R.D.Rising temperatures, increasing rainfall variability and ocean acidification are reducing crop yields, livestock productivity and fish stocks with detrimental effects over livelihoods and food security (as illustrated in the pathways). The Sahelian drought of the 1970s and 1980s proved to have a devastating impact, particularly for rural communities who witnessed the loss of land, the reduced availability of water resources, crop losses, livestock death and an overall intensification of food insecurity. Many of these rural households were forced to migrate to the main urban centres. At the present, worsening climate conditions and the increasing number of extreme weather events may, once again, have a strong detrimental impact on natural resources availability as well as on livelihoods by exacerbating existing risks and vulnerabilities. This impact can be categorised in two main pathways: - Livelihood and food insecurity (Pathway #1). - Resource availability and access (Pathway #2). This paper presents these pathways in detailItem Is climate exacerbating the root causes of conflict in Mali? A climate security analysis through a structural equation modeling approach(Journal Article, 2022-11-16) Pacillo, Grazia; Kangogo, Daniel; Madurga Lopez, Ignacio M.; Villa, Victor; Belli, Anna; Läderach, Peter R.D.This peer-reviewed article examines the link between climate variability and conflict in Mali. It advances the argument that climate is a threat multiplier, other words, climate indirectly affects conflict occurrence through numerous pathwaysItem How does climate exacerbate root causes of conflict in Mali? Climate Security Pathway Analysis(Brief, 2022-12) Kurath, Tina; Madurga Lopez, Ignacio M.; Ferré Garcia, Tània; Dutta Gupta, Tanaya; Carneiro, Bia; Liebig, Theresa Ines; Läderach, Peter R.D.; Pacillo, GraziaThis factsheet gives answers on how climate exacerbates root causes of conflict in Mali, using an impact pathway analysis. Two main impact pathways are identified: 1. Livelihood and Food Security: Climate variability and extreme weather events undermine the viability of climate-sensitive livelihoods dependent on natural resources such as livestock, agriculture, and fishery. While seasonal migration has been a frequent adaptation strategy, migration patterns are becoming more permanent, leading to increased competition in host communities. At the same time, livelihood insecurity has been a driver for recruitment into non-state armed groups, exacerbating conflict dynamics.; 2. Resource Availability and Access: Climate change and variability impact resource availability and environmental conditions, contributing to an increase in the competition over the access and use of natural resources, reducing levels of social cohesion, and increasing conflicts between and among different livelihood groups. Disputes for access and use of limited resource availability concerns mostly land and water sources, crucial for Mali’s agricultural sector.