CGIAR Initiative on Fruit and Vegetables for Sustainable Healthy Diets

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/117891

Part of the CGIAR Action Area on Systems Transformation

Primary CGIAR impact area: Nutrition, health and food security

https://www.cgiar.org/initiative/fruit-and-vegetables-for-sustainable-healthy-diets-fresh/

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Fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescent secondary school students in Boukombe and Natitingou, North Benin
(Journal Article, 2025) Houndolo, Melina Maureen; Houndolo, Sam; Jordan, Irmgard; Majaliwa, Elianna; Koukou, Elie; Ngianga-Bakwin, Kandala; Azandjeme, Colette; Katsivo, Melanie Nyambura; Termote, Céline; Hounkpatin, Waliou Amoussa
Fruit and vegetables (F&V) are recommended for a healthy life. Adolescence is a critical period for the onset of eating disorders and future health. F&V consumption among adolescents is globally low, making this group a key target for diet/nutrition-related interventions. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess F&V consumption among secondary school students in the food-insecure communes of Boukombe (rural) and Natitingou (urban), Benin. Using probabilistic random sampling, 303 students completed F&V intake frequency questionnaires and 24-h dietary recalls on school and non-school days. Poisson models identified factors associated with F&V consumption. The results showed that only 8.8% (Boukombe) and 11% (Natitingou) of students consumed fruit at least twice per day, and over 80% of students had not eaten fruit in the preceding 24 h; 9.9% and 11.4%, respectively, consumed vegetables at least twice per day. On average, 45.5% of students in Boukombe and 68% in Natitingou consumed at least three types of vegetables on school days. The most commonly consumed fruits were oranges in Boukombe and lemons in Natitingou. Factors influencing fruit consumption included sex (p = 0.005), age (p = 0.04), and mothers’ occupation (p = 0.03) on school days/and school or non-school days, while commune (p = 0.00017) and ethnic group affected vegetable consumption. Such low F&V consumption among surveyed students is a matter of public health concern, as it is likely to affect their health―in terms of micronutrient deficiency―and intellectual performance. These results should incentivize nutrition researchers, project managers, public health officials, and policymakers to (re)design and implement broader measures targeting secondary school students’ dietary practices to increase their F&V consumption.
Piloting reusable plastic crates in the tomato value chain in Tanzania
(Working Paper, 2025) Mvungi, Henry; Ernest, Zablon; Mwambi, Mercy; Bruno, Theresia; Kok, Melanie; Dijkxhoorn, Youri
This study shows that reusable plastic crates outperform traditional wooden crates in reducing postharvest losses and maintaining tomato quality throughout the supply chain in northern Tanzania. Traditional wooden crates have a weight loss of 1.9% from farm to retailer, and the plastic crates only have a loss of 1%. Reusable plastic crates minimize compression damage and overloading, leading to lower weight and quality losses compared to traditional wooden crates. Additionally, tomatoes transported in plastic crates achieved higher market value, as better quality resulted in improved prices.
CGIAR Research Initiative on Fruit and Vegetables for Sustainable Healthy Diets: Annual Technical Report 2024
(Report, 2025-04-15) CGIAR Initiative on Fruits and Vegetables
Scaling cool boxes to enhance the shelf life of fruit and vegetables in fresh produce markets in Tanzania
(Report, 2025-04-07) Mwambi, Mercy; Mvungi, Henry; Ernest, Zablon
Food loss has become a fundamental issue for nutritional security, especially in developing countries. One-third of food produced globally is lost or wasted along the food supply chain (FAO, 2011). Fruits and vegetables are very susceptible to postharvest losses. Reducing the losses of these micronutrient-rich products is essential to enhancing food security (Timmermans et al., 2014). One effective way to reduce losses is through the integration of a cold chain between farmers and consumers. However, conventional cold chain solutions, typically reliant on grid-powered refrigeration, are challenging to use, particularly in rural areas of developing countries such as Tanzania. Barriers include high technology costs, frequent power outages, and a lack of technical skills for effective management (Makule et al., 2022). Alternative solutions, such as off-grid evaporative cooling technologies and solar-powered cold storage, have shown promise. These technologies can reduce temperatures by 2 to 15 degrees Celsius and increase relative humidity to 70–100%, thus slowing down food degradation (Ambuko & Owino, 2023). However, adoption remains limited due to a lack of knowledge, inaccessibility of suitable materials, unreliable water supply, and high initial capital requirements for small-scale operators (Kanali et al., 2017). The Fruit and Vegetables for Sustainable Healthy Diets (FRESH) Initiative is working with partners to address postharvest losses and food safety challenges. The work is implemented by the World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg) in Tanzania, Wageningen University & Research (WUR) from the Netherlands, and Applied Horticultural Research (AHR) from Australia. WorldVeg piloted technologies to improve food safety and reduce postharvest losses, including plastic crates, paper-lined wooden crates, and cool boxes, through a demand-led and co-creative approach. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of these technologies and design a scaling strategy for the successful ones. The target users were middle-stream actors, including vegetable collectors, wholesalers, and retailers in the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions. The cool box pilot (Fig. 1) showed promising results when tested with leafy vegetables and sweet peppers: retailers using the box saved an average of USD 2.90 per day. Those who did not use the technology lost USD 2.3 per day; the net benefit of using a cool box while considering variable costs was estimated at USD 168.0 per month per retailer which was more than double the amount received by non-users (USD 63); and improved quality was perceived as the biggest advantage of using the cool box because vegetables stored in the box retained freshness, color, and smell as opposed to the traditional practice of overnight storage in ambient conditions that resulted in quality deterioration. However, small-scale vendors identified the high cost of the cool boxes and a lack of awareness as constraints during the pilot (Mwambi et al., 2025). This assessment explores scaling strategies, considering the benefits and challenges of using a cool box. We applied the Scaling Scan Tool (Woltering and Valencia, 2023) - a practical tool for determining opportunities and challenges to scale innovations sustainably to formulate several alternative scaling strategies.
Diet, fruit and vegetable intake, and nutritional status in Fiji: A scoping review
(Journal Article, 2025) Azupogo, Fusta; Hess, Sonja Y.; Silatolu, Anasaini Moala; Olney, Deanna K.
Increasing fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake is essential for transitioning toward healthier, more sustainable diets. To design effective intervention programmes to promote F&V intake, it is crucial to understand intake levels and dietary patterns across different demographic groups as well as populations' nutritional status. We conducted a scoping review to summarise scientific evidence on the diet, F&V intake and nutritional status of the Fijian population. In January 2023, we searched PubMed for relevant literature. Studies were eligible if they were published in English since 2012 (for dietary intake and nutritional status) or since 2002 (for F&V) and met predefined inclusion criteria. We identified 163 articles reporting on diet, 47 on F&V intake and 95 on nutritional status. After further review and confirmation that articles met inclusion criteria, data were extracted from 16 articles on diet, 8 on F&V and 13 on nutritional status. The scoping review revealed a shift in Fiji from traditional foods to processed, unhealthy foods, high salt intake and poor dietary diversity. F&V intake was low, with only a quarter of adults and adolescents consuming the recommended daily servings. Approximately 7% of children under-five were stunted, and 8% were overweight. At least 25% of adolescents were overweight or obese, whereas 10% were underweight. Over 30% of adults were obese, and at least 25% were overweight. Overweight/obesity was higher in females and Indigenous Fijians; underweight higher among Indo-Fijian adolescents, especially males. Strengthening population-wide efforts to promote healthy lifestyles and dietary habits is crucial to address these issues.
Incentives and disincentives of adopting the cool box technology: A field experiment with urban retailers in Moshi, Tanzania
(Brief, 2024-12) Mwambi, Mercy; Mvungi, Henry; Ernest, Zablon; Termeer, Emma; Dijkxhoorn, Youri
Key Findings / Background  Retailers using the cool box technology saved on average USD 3.20 per day per trader while those who did not use lost USD 2.80 per day per trader  The cool box improved the hygiene of vegetables at retail level  Retailers increased the sales volume due to the enhance preservation of fresh vegetables  The technology can be expensive for small retailers and support is required improve affordability
SELEVER study: Endline survey
(Dataset, 2025-03-21) International Food Policy Research Institute
The Soutenir l’Exploitation Familiale pour Lancer l’Élevage des Volailles et Valoriser l’Économie Rurale (SELEVER) study was a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted in rural Burkina Faso to evaluate the impact of an integrated agriculture-nutrition intervention on the diets, health, and nutritional status of women and children. The intervention package combined poultry value chain development, women’s empowerment initiatives, and a behavior change communication strategy to promote healthier diets and improved feeding, care, and hygiene practices. Data collection took place in rural communities across three regions—Boucle du Mouhoun, Centre-Ouest, and Haut-Bassins—over four rounds between March 2017 and August 2020. The baseline survey (Round 1) was conducted from March to June 2017, during the post-harvest season, and included a sample of 1,800 households. Follow-up 1 and Follow-up 2 (Rounds 2 and 3) were carried out during the lean season, with data collected in September–October 2017 and September–October 2019, respectively, from a subsample of 1,080 households. The endline survey (Round 4) took place from March to August 2020, with a temporary pause in data collection due to COVID-19 restrictions. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the intervention package in enhancing nutritional outcomes for women and children in the targeted communities. The data presented here are from the endline survey.
SELEVER study: Second follow-up survey
(Dataset, 2025-03-21) International Food Policy Research Institute
The Soutenir l’Exploitation Familiale pour Lancer l’Élevage des Volailles et Valoriser l’Économie Rurale (SELEVER) study was a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted in rural Burkina Faso to evaluate the impact of an integrated agriculture-nutrition intervention on the diets, health, and nutritional status of women and children. The intervention package combined poultry value chain development, women’s empowerment initiatives, and a behavior change communication strategy to promote healthier diets and improved feeding, care, and hygiene practices. Data collection took place in rural communities across three regions—Boucle du Mouhoun, Centre-Ouest, and Haut-Bassins—over four rounds between March 2017 and August 2020. The baseline survey (Round 1) was conducted from March to June 2017, during the post-harvest season, and included a sample of 1,800 households. Follow-up 1 and Follow-up 2 (Rounds 2 and 3) were carried out during the lean season, with data collected in September–October 2017 and September–October 2019, respectively, from a subsample of 1,080 households. The endline survey (Round 4) took place from March to August 2020, with a temporary pause in data collection due to COVID-19 restrictions. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the intervention package in enhancing nutritional outcomes for women and children in the targeted communities. The data presented here are from the second follow-up survey.
SELEVER study: First follow-up survey
(Dataset, 2025-03-21) International Food Policy Research Institute
The Soutenir l’Exploitation Familiale pour Lancer l’Élevage des Volailles et Valoriser l’Économie Rurale (SELEVER) study was a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted in rural Burkina Faso to evaluate the impact of an integrated agriculture-nutrition intervention on the diets, health, and nutritional status of women and children. The intervention package combined poultry value chain development, women’s empowerment initiatives, and a behavior change communication strategy to promote healthier diets and improved feeding, care, and hygiene practices. Data collection took place in rural communities across three regions—Boucle du Mouhoun, Centre-Ouest, and Haut-Bassins—over four rounds between March 2017 and August 2020. The baseline survey (Round 1) was conducted from March to June 2017, during the post-harvest season, and included a sample of 1,800 households. Follow-up 1 and Follow-up 2 (Rounds 2 and 3) were carried out during the lean season, with data collected in September–October 2017 and September–October 2019, respectively, from a subsample of 1,080 households. The endline survey (Round 4) took place from March to August 2020, with a temporary pause in data collection due to COVID-19 restrictions. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the intervention package in enhancing nutritional outcomes for women and children in the targeted communities. The data presented here are from the first follow-up survey.
SELEVER study: Baseline survey
(Dataset, 2025-03-21) International Food Policy Research Institute
The Soutenir l’Exploitation Familiale pour Lancer l’Élevage des Volailles et Valoriser l’Économie Rurale (SELEVER) study was a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted in rural Burkina Faso to evaluate the impact of an integrated agriculture-nutrition intervention on the diets, health, and nutritional status of women and children. The intervention package combined poultry value chain development, women’s empowerment initiatives, and a behavior change communication strategy to promote healthier diets and improved feeding, care, and hygiene practices. Data collection took place in rural communities across three regions—Boucle du Mouhoun, Centre-Ouest, and Haut-Bassins—over four rounds between March 2017 and August 2020. The baseline survey (Round 1) was conducted from March to June 2017, during the post-harvest season, and included a sample of 1,800 households. Follow-up 1 and Follow-up 2 (Rounds 2 and 3) were carried out during the lean season, with data collected in September–October 2017 and September–October 2019, respectively, from a subsample of 1,080 households. The endline survey (Round 4) took place from March to August 2020, with a temporary pause in data collection due to COVID-19 restrictions. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the intervention package in enhancing nutritional outcomes for women and children in the targeted communities. The data presented here are from the baseline survey.
Papua New Guinea Rural Household Survey, 2023
(Dataset, 2025-03-16) International Food Policy Research Institute
The Papua New Guinea Rural Household Survey (2023) collected detailed household-level data on agricultural production, food and non-food consumption and expenditure, and livelihood strategies across 14 provinces, covering communities in the highlands, lowlands, and islands of Papua New Guinea (PNG). The survey was designed using a purposive sampling strategy based on defined agro-ecological zones, which allows for the analysis of key factors influencing rural households and communities. It is important to note that the survey is not nationally representative; however, given the careful random selection of survey areas, we expect that generalizable relationships between variables affecting socio-economic and other development outcomes in rural PNG communities will be consistently observed across representative samples and in this survey. These factors include those that contribute to more resilient local food systems, diversified employment opportunities, and improved household wellbeing. The survey encompasses 2,699 households in 270 communities, spanning five agroecological zones. It features detailed modules on a wide range of topics relevant to rural livelihoods, agricultural production, and household wellbeing.
Farmers' pesticide use, disposal behavior, and pre-harvest interval: A case study from Nigeria
(Journal Article, 2025-03-19) Gurmui, Mesay Yami; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda O.; Richards, Maiwada; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; Falade, Titilayo; Oyinbo, Oyakhilomen; Yamauchi, Futoshi; Chamberlin, Jordan; Feleke, Shiferaw; Abdoulaye, Tahirou
In Sub-Saharan Africa, small farmers rely heavily rely on synthetic pesticides, the overuse of which poses significant risks to human health, the environment, and food safety. Yet detailed empirical evidence on knowledge of and the knowledge and drivers of pesticide management practices remains scarce, limiting insights for policymakers and development practitioners. To address this gap, we leveraged on data collected from 1556 tomato producers in Northern Nigeria to investigate the determinants of pesticide use behavior using a sequential-exploratory mixed-method approach. We examined a broader range of pest management-related practices than prior literature, including safety equipment usage, pesticide disposal methods, and adherence to pre-harvest intervals (PHIs)-, which is the intervals between the last pesticide application and the crop harvest. We found substantial noncompliance with the recommended practices: 45% of farmers reuse empty pesticide containers for other purposes, 14% discard them on the farm, 15% burn containers in open fires, and 40% harvest tomatoes within 1--5 days after pesticide application, violating the 7-day PHI guideline. These findings suggest that many tomato farmers adopt unsafe practices, which have adverse implications for their health, the environment, and the safety of food available to consumers. We show that training on pesticide disposal and midstream market channels (e.g., wholesalers and aggregators) are strongly correlated with improved pesticide handling and higher PHI compliance. Overall, our results underscore the need for targeted training programs to enhance farmers' awareness of safe pesticide application, disposal practices, and PHI adherence. These efforts should be complemented by stronger regulatory frameworks and mechanisms to align farmer pesticide use practices with consumer preferences for safe products, as observed by in the higher PHI adherence among farmers selling to midstream actors.
Interventions on fruit and vegetable intake in low-, middle-, and high-income countries: A scoping review of evidence and knowledge gaps
(Journal Article, 2025) Azupogo, Fusta; Koyratty, Nadia; Smith, Taryn J.; Hinnouho, Guy-Marino; Tharaney, Manisha; Bliznashka, Lilia; Amunga, Dorcas A.; Angeles-Agdeppa, Imelda; Goyena, Eva; Grant, Frederick; Kinabo, Joyce; Mitchodigni, Irene Medeme; Silva, Renuka; Sitisekara, Hasara; Olney, Deanna K.; Hess, Sonja Y.
Background Adequate fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake is important for health, yet populations globally are failing to meet recommendations. Objective A scoping review to summarize available evidence of evaluations of interventions to increase F&V intake globally, focusing on target populations, intervention strategies, research methods, and summarizing their evaluated impacts. Methods We searched PubMed and Web of Science in February 2023 for intervention studies in which dietary intake of fruit and/or vegetables were documented. Eligible studies included all age groups, excluding those targeting populations with specific disease-related conditions, such as cancer patients/survivors. Only articles published in English since 2012 were included in the review. Results We identified 6338 articles, with 226 meeting inclusion criteria, comprising 223 unique studies and 284 intervention comparisons. Most comparisons occurred in high-income countries (n = 192) compared to low- and middle-income countries (n = 92). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs; 37.3%) and cluster RCTs (52.5%) were predominant. Interventions primarily targeted adults (31.7%), school-aged children (18.0%), children under-five (14.4%), and adolescents (13.7%), lasting an average of 24 weeks (range: 2 weeks to 20 years). Food-frequency questionnaires (59.2%) and 24-h recalls (26.8%) were the most used dietary assessment method. Health and nutrition education (75.9%) was the most common intervention, utilizing interpersonal communication, mass media, and information-communication technology, often in combinations. Positive impacts on fruit (43.9%), vegetable (40.2%), and combined F&V intake (53.0%) were observed in nearly half the intervention comparisons. Conclusions These findings highlight the predominance of health and nutrition education interventions, predominantly in high-income countries, showing mixed success in improving F&V intake, emphasizing the need for context-specific strategies and standardized methodologies to design sustainable, cost-effective interventions for better diet quality and health outcomes.
Tropical home gardens: Biodiverse, climate-resilient and nutrition-sensitive forms of agriculture: A compilation of abstracts
(Abstract, 2025-02-12) Reyes-Sacdalan, N.B.; Gonsalves, Julian; Hunter, Danny; Monville-Oro, Emilita; Anunciado, M.S.S.
This compilation features 67 abstracts of publications on tropical home gardens, primarily in Asia. It highlights key findings and recommendations on traditional home gardening practices and programs, providing guidance for designing effective interventions. Additionally, it offers insights for policymakers on leveraging home gardens as a strategy to enhance nutrition, education, agriculture, and land use planning.
SELEVER study data
(Data Paper, 2025-02-24) Gelli, Aulo; Becquey, Elodie; Ganaba, Rasmané; Leight, Jessica; Heckert, Jessica; Huybregts, Lieven; Toé, Laetica; Awonon, Josué; Diatta, Ampa Dogui; Diop, Loty; Santacroce, Marco; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Hein, Alain; Somé, Henri
The SELEVER study was a cluster randomized controlled trial aiming to evaluate the effects of an inte-grated agriculture–nutrition intervention package (including poultry value chain development, women’s empowerment activities, and a behavior change communications strategy to promote improved diets and feeding, care, and hygiene practices) on the diets, health, and nutritional status of women and chil-dren in rural Burkina Faso (1). Four rounds of data collection were carried out in rural communities of three regions of Burkina Faso: Boucle du Mouhoun, Centre-Ouest and Haut-Bassins between March 2017 and August 2020. The first round (Baseline) took place between March and June 2017 during the post-harvest season in a sam-ple of 1800 households. The second (Follow-up) and third (Follow-up 2) rounds took place during the lean season in 2017 (September-October) and 2019 (September-October) in a subsample of 1080 households. The last survey round (Endline) took place between March and August 2020 (including a break due to covid-19 restrictions).
Village agricultural practices: Baseline findings from the FRESH End-to-End Evaluation
(Brief, 2024-12-31) Reynolds, Elise; Mwombeki, Wiston; Kinabo, Joyce; Jeremiah, Kidola; Malindisa, Evangelista; Olney, Deanna K.; Kumar, Neha; Bliznashka, Lilia
Fruit and vegetable (F&V) production is growing rapidly across Tanzania, particularly among rural smallholder farmers. Increased F&V production could help improve diets within these communities and beyond. However, farmers face barriers in increasing production due to lack of access to key agricultural inputs including seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation, among others. Farmers also require financing to access these inputs as well as extension services to increase training and use of these agricultural practices. In response to these needs, the FRESH end-to end approach implemented in two regions in Northern Tanzania aims to increase the desirability, affordability, accessibility, and availability of F&V through interventions at various points of the food system, including demand creation, food environments and supply (production and post-harvest management). More information on the FRESH end-to-end approach and evaluation can be found in the FRESH Research Brief 1. The effectiveness of the FRESH end-to-end approach in improving vegetable production and F&V intake is being assessed through an impact evaluation conducted in 33 villages across 5 districts in the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions of Northern Tanzania. In this research brief, we describe findings on the baseline characteristics of the villages included in the evaluation with a specific emphasis on agricultural inputs, F&V storage and processing facilities, and other relevant agricultural characteristics. We explore these characteristics for the full sample of 33 villages, as well as at the district and regional levels.
The dynamic nature of community gardens through history: A literature review
(Working Paper, 2024-03) Salters, Miranda; Gonsalves, Julian; Monville-Oro, Emilita; Santos-Anunciado, Ma. Shiela; Hunter, Danny
Around the globe, rapid urbanization has created challenges in ensuring access to nutritious and affordable food, as well as protecting green spaces (Guitart et al., 2012). Community gardens have emerged as dynamic spaces that address these issues while offering promising outlooks for the future of food security and sustainable urban development (Burt et al., 2020; Guitart et al., 2012). Since their inception, community gardens have undergone significant evolution. Today, they are regarded as epicenters for building community capacity, inspiring sustainable food systems, and facilitating social empowerment. However, community and allotment gardens originated as mitigation strategies during times of crisis, rather than as innovative, sustainable solutions for enhancing urban and peri-urban landscapes (Birky, 2009). This literature review aims to highlight the importance of community gardens in urban and peri-urban spaces by examining their roles in food sovereignty, community empowerment, social protection mechanisms, and humanitarian work. It does so by analyzing the literature on the origins, development, and current status of community gardens worldwide.
Piloting reusable plastic crates in the tomato value chain in Benin
(Working Paper, 2025-01) Egah, Janvier; Hotegni, Nicodeme Fassinou; Kok, Melanie; Dijkxhoorn, Youri
Do reusable plastic crates perform better compared to traditional baskets? The study highlights the challenges of introducing reusable plastic crates as an alternative packaging solution in South Benin’s tomato value chain. The study produced mixed outcomes, making it difficult to state that reusable plastic crates perform better compared to traditional baskets. Reusable plastic crates show potential for reducing post-harvest losses and increasing value in the tomato value chain, but their adoption faces challenges in cost and logistics, necessitating innovative business models for scalability. The results showed variability in post-harvest losses across packaging methods. While reusable plastic crates demonstrated slightly lower post-harvest losses compared to traditional baskets, the differences were not substantial. Loss percentages from farm to the retail level were inconsistent, with in some cases no clear trend favoring crates over traditional methods. Our study indicates a small opportunity to increase value across all stakeholders in the value chain by adopting improved packaging solutions. In the first round of assessments, four value chains demonstrated significantly higher monetary losses when using traditional baskets compared to reusable plastic crates. While crates preserved quality slightly better, the marginal improvement in prices did not offset the additional costs associated with the investment. Participants noted that the initial investment in crates posed a significant barrier, especially given the limited observed advantages during the pilot. Feedback highlighted logistical challenges with crate availability and the need for better integration into existing workflows. Some participants had concerns about limited tomato availability during the study period and this further complicated the data collection, particularly during the second round of data collection. Developing a sustainable business model for the returnable plastic crate intervention poses challenges. Implementing requires substantial investments, which are beyond the financial capacity of the participants. As a result, exploring alternative funding mechanisms or business models is essential to ensure the project's feasibility and long-term success.
The effect of the FRESH end-to-end approach in Tanzania on agricultural production and diet intake: Statistical analysis plan
(Data Paper, 2024-09-12) Bliznashka, Lilia; Azupogo, Fusta; Arnold, Charles D.; Olney, Deanna K.; Kumar, Neha; Kinabo, Joyce; Hess, Sonja
In Tanzania, undernutrition and overnutrition are pressing public health issues. The latest Demographic and Health Survey shows that 36% of women of reproductive age are overweight or obese and 42% are anaemic. Poor diets, including low fruit and vegetables (F&V) intake, are a major contributor to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and associated morbidity and mortality globally. In 2012, a national survey found that 95% of Tanzanians consumed insufficient F&V.
Food systems transformation through school meals: 8 things
(Presentation, 2024-11-18) Hunter, Danny
Presented at the Southeast Asia School Meals Summit: Accelerating Collaboration and Commitments in Southeast Asian Countries to Advance Human Capital Development and Food Systems Transformation in Siem Reap, Cambodia, between 18-20 November 2024. This presentation explored the concept of food systems transformation through "planet-friendly school meals," emphasizing its potential to drive sustainable and climate-resilient agricultural development.

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