CCAFS Working Papers

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Farmers’ preferences for climate-smart agriculture: An assessment in the Indo-Gangetic plain
(Working Paper, 2014) Taneja, Garima; Pal, Barun Deb; Joshi, Pramod Kumar; Aggarwal, Pramod K.; Tyagi, Narendra K.
This study was undertaken to assess farmers’ preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for various climate-smart interventions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The research outputs will be helpful in integrating farmers’ choices with government programs in the selected regions. The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) was selected because it is highly vulnerable to climate change, which may adversely affect the sustainability of the rice-wheat production system and the food security of the region. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) can mitigate the negative impacts of climate change and improve the efficiency of the rice-wheat-based production system. CSA requires a complete package of practices to achieve the desired objectives, but adoption is largely dependent on farmers’ preferences and their capacity and WTP.
Picture-based insurance project: Stakeholder perspectives from India
(Working Paper, 2021-12-22) Rajeesh, Sangeetha
Climate change and increasing weather risks, together with the existing production and price uncertainties, are making agriculture more challenging for smallholder farmers in India. Existing crop insurance products are yet to provide farmers with timely financial and livelihood protection. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and partners are testing picture-based insurance (PBI) as an innovative approach to strengthen crop insurance across three states – Haryana, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu since 2018. The aim of PBI is to provide smallholder farmers with low cost, timely and accurate crop insurance by using the novelty of smartphone and remote sensing technologies, sometimes bundled with agricultural credit and advisories. This paper evaluates the outcomes of PBI in India from partner-stakeholder perspectives. The outcome evaluation identifies, describes, verifies, and analyses changes brought about by PBI, including changes in knowledge, attitude, behaviour, and practices that occur at partner-stakeholder level. The study finds changes in basis risk discourse with partnerstakeholders i.e., how they think, talk and act on the subject has changed. Another significant outcome is agricultural finance and crop advisory partners adopting key innovations developed through PBI research. Evidence indicates basis risk outcomes from PBI changed the attitude and behavior of partners, stakeholders, and farmers toward crop insurance in general, with PBI gaining acceptance as a product for accessible and accurate insurance. Together, these outcomes contributed to improved trust-relations for crop insurance. Scaling out PBI through the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana is recommended. For future research, integrating PBI within farmer producer organizations across agro-ecological and socio-economic landscapes, expanding into high value agriculture can be a sustainable approach.
Facilitating design thinking to support food systems transformation. Dilemmas and strategies
(Working Paper, 2021-12-22) Korner, Jana
Design thinking is becoming increasingly relevant for AR4D in the context of developing and scaling actionable innovations for food system transformation. However, to date there is limited experience in facilitating design thinking processes in different innovation spaces, i.e., with different multi-stakeholder groups that have different aims and different working styles. This working paper discusses learnings from four different design thinking initiatives that were designed and facilitated in the context of CCAFS and in collaboration with the CGIAR-GIZ Task Force on Scaling. Recommendations can be useful for further design thinking initiatives in the AR4D context, with regards to their set-up, potential dilemmas in their pathways through the problem-solution spaces, and the respective most suitable facilitation styles.
Gender-Inclusive, -Responsive and -Transformative Agricultural Insurance: A Literature Review
(Working Paper, 2021-12-22) Timu, Anne; Kramer, Berber
This literature review uses a gender analysis framework proposed by Johnson et al. (2018) to explore the extent to which agricultural insurance reaches, benefits and empowers women and men. We find that most studies on gender and agricultural insurance focus on gender inclusivity by analyzing gender gaps in insurance reach and studying how to increase take-up among women. By contrast, limited attention has been paid to understanding gender equity in the distribution of insurance outcomes, that is, the extent to which insurance benefits and empowers women as much as men. We show that insurance programs can promote gender equity in benefits by providing quality insurance products that are beneficial to both men and women, and through long-term monitoring of individual outcomes measured within households using gender-disaggregated data. Insurance programs can support gender empowerment by ensuring that contracts purchased by women are registered under their names and payouts are subsequently paid to their accounts, by bundling insurance with empowerment programs, and by preserving and promoting informal mutual assistance group activities and membership. We then draw on a case study in Kenya to illustrate how this framework can be applied to design more gender-inclusive, -responsive and -transformative insurance schemes.
Planes prediales para la adaptación frente a la variabilidad climática en Boyacá- Colombia
(Working Paper, 2022-01-26) Ríos Segura, David; Álvarez Toro, Patricia; Muñoz, Armando; Giraldo, Diana; Ramírez Villegas, Julián Armando
Este documento presenta el reporte de la implementación de la metodología de Planes Prediales de Adaptación (PPA) frente a la variabilidad climática en los municipios de Betéitiva, Busbanzá, Corrales y Tasco, en el departamento de Boyacá durante los años 2020 y 2021. Se incluye la sistematización del proceso, la metodología, los pasos y actividades realizadas, resultados y proceso de implementación. Se documenta la estructura de la intervención, la cual se basa en el documento “Manual para la formulación de planes prediales de adaptación a la variabilidad climática” (Ortega, L, & Paz-B, 2014) Adicionalmente, se presentan los resultados del proceso de implementación en campo de tres prácticas priorizadas en los PPA: Cosecha de agua lluvia, instalación de reservorios y tanques para el almacenamiento de agua lluvia, y las huertas caseras. De igual forma, se presenta el portafolio de medidas de adaptación que surgió de los PPA que está compuesto por cuatro grupos: Seguridad alimentaria, producción pecuaria, producción agrícola y sostenibilidad ambiental, y contiene las prácticas priorizadas: Reservorios y tanques, cosecha de agua lluvia, sistemas de riego, huertas caseras, abonos orgánicos, cercas vivas, reforestación, mantenimiento de reservorios, diversificación cultivos, producción forrajes, ensilaje, y diversificación pecuaria.
Assessing the Performance of Agricultural Development Investments A Practical Guide using the SIPmath™ Standard
(Working Paper, 2021-12-22) Rosenstock, Todd S.; Lamanna, Christine; Savage, Sam; O'Neil, Danny; Shepherd, Keith
The global community must make significant investments to address climate change and build resilience in agricultural systems. Within climate-smart agriculture investment portfolios, all sizable projects face uncertainty and risk and must be adaptively managed to achieve success.[1]–[4]. This paper presents notes for calibrating a user-friendly tool to screen and compare investment options: The Climate-Smart Agriculture Investment Plan (CSAIP) Cost Benefit-Analysis (CBA) Tool. The CSAIP-CBA models a 20-year period following investment implementation and uses a probabilistic approach to account for uncertainty in project costs and benefits subject to risks and adoption barriers. The model includes measures for number of beneficiaries, adoption rates, estimated impacts, and budget and costs while also considering risks and GHG emissions. Implementation examples of the CSAIP-CBA tool are drawn from investment portfolios prepared for Ghana and Burkina Faso; these suggest that carbon pricing and adoption rate assumptions should be considered when prioritizing investments.
Gender and youth responsiveness considerations for targeting, testing and scaling suitable CSA practices and technologies: Learnings from the Climate-Smart Villages
(Working Paper, 2021-12-22) Beal, Catherine; Castellanos, Andrea Estefania; Martínez, Jesús David; Ouedraogo, Mathieu; Recha, John W.M.; Radeny, Maren A.O.; Läderach, Peter R.D.; Bonilla-Findji, Osana
This working paper summarizes the findings of a portfolio review conducted to explore the gender and youth responsiveness of climate-smart agriculture technologies tested across climate-smart villages. The innovative and integrative aspect of the Climate-Smart Village (CSV) approach can provide useful insights into how to decrease the gender gap in the context of climate change. The diverse settings of CSVs (across East and West Africa, South and Southeast Asia and Latin America) and long program timeline, present a unique opportunity to gather learnings for the broader agriculture research for development community and practitioners. Toward these points, this paper aims to assess how gender and youth responsiveness was integrated into the process of identifying, testing, promoting, and scaling suitable CSA practices and technologies in the context of the implementation of the CSV approach. The review found that collective action and local partner engagement has proved to be very successful in the CSVs in regards to gender outcomes. To improve the gender and youth responsiveness of CSVs, it is essential taking those considerations into account from the very beginning of the project design, as well as having a GSI expert involved.
Lessons Learned on Participatory Action Research to Adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural Options with an Emphasis on Gender and Social Inclusion
(Working Paper, 2021-12-22) Beal, Catherine; Castellanos, Andrea Estefania; Martínez, Jesús David; Ouédraogo, Mathieu; Recha, John W.M.; Ambaw, Gebermedihin; Tesfaye, Abonesh; Läderach, Peter R.D.; Bonilla-Findji, Osana
Participatory action research (PAR) has been around for years, and can add significant value to agriculture research for development projects. The use of PAR in climate-smart villages (CSVs) is no different. This review aimed to assess the impact that PAR approaches had on the adoption of CSA practices and technologies, with an emphasis on gender and social inclusion. Through a portfolio review, interviews with regional CSV teams, and surveys sent to local partners, this report demonstrates the benefit of PAR use in the implementation of the CSV approach. Specifically, the working paper discusses how the use of PAR methods can facilitate social learning, increase adoption rates and improve access to climate information services (CIS) to inform better decision-making. It can also foster conversations around gender roles and dynamics, improve women and youth’s participation in CSA activities, and contribute to scaling. Additionally, PAR can provide communities with a sense of ownership over projects, which can make interventions more sustainable even after the project cycle has ended.
CCAFS Outcome Synthesis Report: Outcomes Achieved Within the Context of Climate-Smart Village Approach
(Working Paper, 2021-12-22) Beal, Catherine; Bernardo, Eisen; Castellanos, Andrea Estefania; Martínez, Jesús David; Ouédraogo, Mathieu; Recha, John W.M.; Radeny, Maren A.O.; Shirsath, Paresh B.; Läderach, Peter R.D.; Bonilla-Findji, Osana
This working paper aims to assess outcome cases related to the AR4D Climate-Smart Village (CSV) approach. It presents results from a review of annual outcome case studies reported under the CCAFS program between 2012-2020. This review focused on outcomes directly related to the implementation of the CSV approach as well as those that took place within the context of CSV work or were informed by evidence generated in the CSV specifically aimed to address the following key questions: 1. What types of outcomes based on CSV related work were achieved? What changed in the next user? 2. How were these outcomes achieved? What was crucial to the change in next users? What key partners were involved?
Gender-smart agriculture: An agenda for gender and socially inclusive climate-resilient agriculture
(Working Paper, 2021-12-31) Huyer, Sophia
The working paper reviews the evolution of the CCAFS gender and social inclusion agenda towards gender equality and empowerment in relation to climate resilient agriculture. Climate change research typically shows glaring gaps in understanding the different adaptive strategies and capacities of men and women, and the technologies, practices, and enabling environments that will empower women. CCAFS approach to gender, therefore, has been to understand the gender gap in agriculture under climate change (CCAFS Phase I) while also researching climate-smart solutions to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment (CCAFS Phase II). A decade of gender research in CCAFS has led to the generation of a ‘Gender-Smart Agriculture’ approach. Gender research in CCAFS Phase I attempted to explore men’s and women’s adaptation options and strategies (individual, household, or collective) and the differences in their capacity to adapt. Data collected through household and intra-household surveys across CCAFS Climate Smart Village sites, highlighted influential findings on gender and CSA research by CCAFS and partners to date. The CCAFS work in Phase II (2017-2021) on Gender and Social Inclusion (GSI) expanded on this research to develop an approach, strategies, and monitoring frameworks for a gender-responsive, or gender-smart CSA. CCAFS targeted research to inform, catalyse and target CSA solutions to women and other vulnerable groups, increase the control of disadvantaged groups over productive assets and resources (e.g., climate information, climate finance), and increase participation in decision-making (e.g., in local and national climate adaptation strategies). GSI has also provided technical and funding support on gender and youth to policy analyses, inputs, and submissions (including NDCs and national climate policy), as well as capacity development to policy makers on gender in global and national climate policy. In addition, keeping in mind the importance of equipping practitioners and policy makers with tools and knowledge of innovative gender-transformative practices and intervention approaches, CCAFS has worked with partners to develop guidelines and toolkits for supporting this work.
Gender and seed entrepreneurism: Case studies in Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya and Tanzania
(Working Paper, 2021-12-22) Gumucio, Tatiana; Kramer, Berber; Ragasa, Catherine; Pyburn, Rhiannon; Galie, Alessandra; Dejene Aredo, Samson; Jumba, Humphrey; Nimorme, Eva; Omondi, Immaculate A.; Sufian, Farha Deba
Our paper seeks to identify factors that inhibit and promote women’s success in seed businesses, through three case studies of women’s and men’s entrepreneurship across varying seed-related value chains and country contexts in Africa south of the Sahara. The cases include chicken seed dissemination in Ethiopia and Tanzania, tilapia seed production in Ghana, and marketing and trading of improved maize and sorghum seeds in Kenya. Applying a gender lens, we use qualitative methods to analyze women’s and men’s motivations to engage in seed businesses, the challenges they confront to start and succeed, and prospects for sustainability and continued success. We also use quantitative data to characterize the levels of empowerment of the entrepreneurs sampled. Results show that time flexibility and profitability of the business can be important considerations for women’s engagement in seed entrepreneurship, and the social normative context of the sector is also critical. Furthermore, outside support can be a key factor influencing women’s seed entrepreneurship, per the Kenya case.
Developing Public-Private Partnerships for effective access and use of climate information services by farmers and pastoralists in the Great Green Wall intervention zone of Mali
(Working Paper, 2021-12-22) Traoré, Bouba; Bouaré, Yaya; Nikoi, Gordon; Zougmoré, Robert B.
This report describes a methodological approach for the co-development of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) for effective access and use of climate information service by farmers and pastoralists in the Great Green Wall intervention zone of Mali. The implementation started with the characterisation of the strengths and weaknesses of potential public-private partners institutions including the National Agency of the Great Green Wall (ANGMVM), the National Meterological Agency (MALI-METEO), the Mobile phone company (Orange Mali) and the Institute of Rural Economy (IER). Then, a participatory and inclusive discussion was engaged for establishing partnership. The research activity pursues three specific objectives: i) Evaluate existing partnerships and mechanisms for mainstreaming CIS and agro-advisories into the activities conducted by the Great Green Wall National Agency of Mali; ii) Develop Public-Private Partnerships for the sustainable management of climate risks in the zone of the Great Green Wall; iii) Define activities, roles and responsibilities and possible contractual issues for the sharing of costs and benefits between the actors involved in Climate Information Service activities in Mali. We found that in the GGW zone, the main partners evolve individually according to their interest, and there is lack of coordination, indicating a need to setting partnerships for climate information services access and use. The development of PPP business models through this activity allowed participants to get to know better each other but also to engage in a win-win partnership under which each partner will play a key role based on their areas of expertise. Three comprehensive business models were elaborated: Business-to-Business-toClients (BBC) model without revenue sharing, Business-to-client (B2C) model and Business-to-businessto-client (BBC) with the revenue sharing for PPP in the GGW zone in Mali. The validated and consensual model for next steps was the BBC with revenue sharing part as it involved all the partners and provides sufficient room for sustainability. The Business to client model is more flexible and can be run nationwide in Mali.
Assessing feasibility and effects of personalized remote advisories based on smartphone pictures: A formative evaluation in India
(Working Paper, 2021-12-22) Ceballos, Francisco; Kannan, Samyuktha; Kramer, Berber
This paper provides a formative evaluation of picture-based advisories (PBA), using a cluster randomized trial in the states of Punjab and Haryana in northern India. The study randomly assigned 203 villages to one of three treatment arms: a control group, in which farmers received generic agricultural advisories; a PBA treatment arm, in which farmers received not only generic advisories but also PBA messages personalized based on smartphone images of their crops; and a treatment arm in which farmers received picture-based insurance (PBI) coverage for visible damage to insured crops in addition to the generic and PBA messages. We find high participation among all groups of farmers, regardless of potential digital divides, indicating feasibility of an inclusive PBA approach. Moreover, PBA improved farmers’ knowledge around good agricultural practices. Although this did not translate into increased adoption of recommended practices in the short run, farmers do report that the advisory service helps them reduce risk, providing a business case for bundling this service with insurance.
Recommendations for climate services good practice
(Working Paper, 2021-12) Born, Lorna
This working paper aims to provide recommendations and guidelines for climate services good practice. Building on CCAFS work and the broader academic literature, we distil knowledge and experience from interviews with project leaders and collaborators under Flagship 4, Climate Services and Safety Nets. Interviews provided information on designing, implementing and assessing climate services projects across the CCAFS regions; Asia, Africa and Latin America. Participants were encouraged to share challenges and opportunities from their experiences, particularly around dynamics of power and equity in the access and use of climate services. The resultant recommendations span across several different themes, scales and geographies, and are considered as most pertinent to the future of impactful climate services for smallholders, touching on potential future areas for investment.
Estimación del potencial de mitigación de las emisiones de GEI de las prácticas agroecológicas en Colombia, Ecuador y Perú
(Working Paper, 2021-12-17) Loaiza, Sandra
La agricultura agroecológica es un enfoque agrícola y social que relaciona de forma integral la producción de alimentos, la mitigación en la reducción de Gases de efecto Invernadero (GEI) y el movimiento social de los agricultores. Para corroborar los beneficios de la implementación de prácticas que buscan la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agropecuarios el Programa de Investigación del CGIAR sobre Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria (CCAFS) coordino y ejecuto el proyecto “Proyecto: “Fortaleciendo la evidencia para una agricultura a pequeña escala resiliente al clima y baja en carbono. Proyecto piloto en Colombia, Ecuador, y Perú. En este estudio evaluamos el potencial de mitigación de las prácticas adoptadas por los agricultores en tres países (Colombia, Perú y Ecuador) en gran diversidad de cultivos y sistema de producción pecuario (Colombia y Ecuador), utilizando la calculadora Cool Farm Tool para estimar las emisiones de GEI por unidad de área productiva. Los resultados mostraron que las prácticas comúnmente adoptadas (reducción de la labranza, rotación y asociación de cultivos) tuvieron importantes beneficios de mitigación con la captura de carbono. Los datos de las encuestas demuestran que la implementación de las prácticas por más de 10 años aumenta la reserva de carbono en un promedio de 100 Toneladas CO2 eq ha-1. No obstante, los agricultores no seleccionaron las prácticas por sus beneficios de mitigación, sino por las ventajas en la seguridad alimentaria y económicas. Estos resultados sugieren que los instrumentos de investigación, extensión y políticas pueden necesitar priorizar el desarrollo y divulgación de prácticas que permitan a los agricultores cumplir con su principal prioridad (seguridad alimentaria) y simultáneamente mitigar el cambio climático.
A web analytics approach to map the influence and reach of CCAFS: Latin America Focus
(Working Paper, 2021-12-16) Carneiro, Bia; Resce, Giuliano; Ruscica, Giosuè; Donati, Itzel; Pacillo, Grazia; Castellanos, Andrea; Martínez Barón, Deissy
Based on a Digital Methods framework developed to map the policy influence of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) globally (Carneiro et al 2020), this study adapted the approach to focus on the Latin America regional program (LAM). The influence of CCAFS in LAM was explored through data analytics, with the application of machine learning techniques primarily focused on text mining, network analysis and hyperlink analysis of web-based sources. The foundation of this research is to assess the process of knowledge dissemination and influence of CCAFS activity to stakeholders and local beneficiaries, by considering online networks and narratives as evidence of “offline” program influence. It found that CCAFS plays a key role in raising awareness, building capacity, and supporting policy development around Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA).
A synthesis of the work of CCAFS and partners on gender and social inclusion (GSI) and climate policy
(Working Paper, 2021-12-16) Chaves, Paola; Thornton, Philip K.; Cramer, Laura K.
Women and girls are disproportionately affected by global crises such as climate change and environmental degradation. Moreover, the key role of women in agriculture and in sustaining the livelihoods and food security of their households in low-income countries, emphasises the need to address the gender gap. Therefore, gender transformative research that informs policy makers and improves the design of innovative and equitable climate laws and policies and adaptation and mitigation strategies is needed. This document presents a synthesis of the work of CCAFS in integrating a gender perspective into climate change policies and agreements at global, national and subnational levels in the last ten years (2010-2020). A contribution analysis (CA) based on the Theory of Change (ToC) of the Gender and Social Inclusion (GSI) Strategy was carried out. We collected the evidence through deep dives in the Outcome Impact Case Reports (OICRs) and interviews with key stakeholders working in each region where CCAFS has developed activities related with gender and policies. Our preliminary results show that, by using a multilevel governance approach to policy processes, the CCAFS program has contributed to anticipated outcomes and that it has played a key role in raising awareness about GSI and gender-transformative approaches in agriculture and climate policy agenda. However, all the efforts have proved insufficient to achieve the transformation that women and girls throughout the world need to see in international and national debates, policies, and practices concerning climate crisis. Therefore, our suggestion is to involve civil organizations and invest more in strengthening institutions for gender-transformative societies.
Methodology of the annual livestock assessment and development model (LEAD) for China: Calculation Rules and Farm Level Environmental Performance Parameters
(Working Paper, 2021-12-16) Hongmin, Dong; Wei, Sha
This report is an explanation of the computational methodology of the annual Livestock Environmental Assessment and Development (LEAD) model for China. The methodology developed using these conceptual calculation rules aims to introduce a harmonized scientific and reliable approach to the assessment of the nitrogen and phosphorus flows and environmental emissions of milk production on dairy farms. It aims to increase the understanding of milk supply chains and to help improve their environmental performance. The LEAD model will allow individual processing companies and farms in the dairy sector to assess the environmental impact associated with their production system or chain and aims to give suggestions on how to change their farm management to improve their dairy production system and environmental performance. The present methodology of the LEAD model is not intended to remain static. It will be updated and improved as the sector evolves and as new methodological frameworks and data become available. Keywords: Nutrient flow; nitrogen; phosphorus; environmental emissions; manure treatment
User Needs Assessment for Climate Services in Zambia
(Working Paper, 2021-12-16) Clarkson, Graham; Dorward, Peter; Poskitt, Samuel; Mambwe, Dina; Mtonga, Radhia K.; Below, Till
Between February and April 2021 research was conducted to assess the user needs of selected farmer groups in Zambia for farmer centric agrometeorological information services. Specifically, it aimed to: • Identify the types of weather information and agronomic advice that farmers currently receive, the sources that they use and how satisfied they are with the information they receive; • Better understand the effects of climate variability and change on different agricultural activities and the decisions farmers are able to make; and • Enable farmers to identify what weather and climate information, services and agronomic advice they need and how they would like to access it. The results were then presented to key stakeholders and used in an ideation process to help design potential climate services for implementation at scale. Key findings from the user research are that: • Respondents articulated a demand for information and advice on a range of different weather variables at a range of different timescales to aid both their long- term planning and more immediate decisions. • There is a gap between the climate and weather information and services that are produced (by Zambia Meteorological Department) and those that farmers are accessing. • The complexities of challenges facing respondents, and the variety of different decisions affected, means that addressing these challenges is not simply about the provision of climate information but supporting farmers to contextualise and use this information. Farmers outlined a range of existing practices that they use to address challenges that are related to weather and climate. Many of these practices address multiple challenges and are often proactive rather than reactive options for farmers. • Engaging farmers with climate services requires a range of different and complimentary approaches. Radio is the most commonly used and requested going forward. Extension staff, lead farmers and farmer groups are important sources of information and support in farmer decision making. Climate services products should be designed with the aim to address multiple farmer ‘problems’. For example, information on the amount of rainfall to expect in a season can aid decision making on choice of land preparation and cultivation methods, choice of crop variety, weeding, as well requirements for pest and disease management in cattle.
A decade of science for climate change adaptation and mitigation
(Working Paper, 2021-12-15) Nowak, Andreea C.; Poulos, Allison; Chan, Yuling; Miller, Vail; Cramer, Laura K.; Schuetz, Tonya; Thornton, Philip K.
This working paper synthesizes findings and reflections from an analysis of 300 CCAFS outcomes reported by project and program leaders between 2011 and 2020. The analysis, organized in the form of an outcome harvest, was aimed to distil typologies of outcomes achieved across geographies and groups of beneficiaries; the contributions of outcomes to program and institutional targets and sustainable development goals (SDGs) and targets; as well as key impact pathways derived from the activities, outputs and outcomes reported by CCAFS teams in relation to interventions targeting policy/investment and services/farm. The study also reveals examples of outcomes that progressed from one maturity level to the next, that expanded the scope of work, scaled to new geographies, or marked an increase in the number of innovations developed over the years, indicating a diversity of forms in which CCAFS outcome-oriented work has evolved towards increased impact.

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