Safe food, fair food

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Assessment of health problems of sheep and goats based on ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection at Addis Ababa Abattoir, Ethiopia
(Journal Article, 2024-06-06) Bekele, Tizeta; Szonyi, Barbara; Haile, A.F.; Fries, R.; Baumann, M.P.O.; Grace, Delia
Introduction: Ethiopia has a rapidly growing small ruminant sector, which faces low productivity due to husbandry practices and poor health condition of the animals. A study was conducted in Ethiopia’s largest municipal abattoir with the objective to assess the health problems of sheep and goats presented for slaughter using standard ante-mortem and post-mortem methodology. Methods: A cross-sectional study using systematic random sampling was conducted on 384 sheep and 384 goats from January to July 2014. Results: Soiled skin (69.1%), poor body condition (24.3%), and nostril discharge (19.5%) were common among both species at ante-mortem examination. Gross lesions were frequent in livers (39.7%) and lungs (37.2%), while pneumonia (18.1%) and adhesions (13.8%) were frequent in the lungs of sheep and goats, indicating stress-related illness. Parasitic lesions, especially fasciolosis (19.3%) and hydatid cysts (8.1%) were significantly more common in sheep livers (p 0.05). The direct financial loss from lesions in both species was 1,077,015 ETB or 53,851 USD per year, most of which was estimated to occur from carcass bruising. Discussion: The findings indicate that reducing parasite burden and preventing carcass bruising through improved handling could significantly increase the profitability of the small ruminant meat sector in Ethiopia.
High prevalence of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection among abattoir workers in Kamuli District, Eastern Uganda
(Journal Article, 2021-02-27) Musewa, A.; Roesel, Kristina; Nakanjako, D.; Kawoya, I.; Ssenyonga, R.; Nangendo, J.; Sam, A.; Erume, J.; Grace, Delia
Introduction: Erysipelothrix (E.) rhusiopathiae is a ubiquitous gram-positive bacterium, which causes erysipelas in swine, mammals, birds and erysipeloid in humans. A previous study conducted in Kamuli district, identified serotypes 1 and 2 in pigs thus a follow up study in humans aimed at establishing prevalence and factors associated with E. rhusiopathiae infection. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional community-based epidemiological study using quantitative methods of data collection. The study enrolled 302 raw pork handlers (butchers, abattoir workers and cooks) in Kamuli district, Eastern Uganda. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection among the handlers was determined by collecting whole blood for culture. Bacteria were isolated and infection confirmed using biochemical tests and gram staining. In addition, a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to establish the risk factors of E. rhusiopathiae infection. Results: The overall prevalence of E. rhusiopathiae infection was 9.9 % (95% CI: 7.4-13). Being a raw pork handler and self-reported alcohol consumption increased the risk of acquiring the infection. Among butchers, the prevalence was 15% (95% CI: 5.9 - 25), abattoir workers 37% (95% CI: 21 - 52) and cooks 3.4% (95% CI: 1.0 - 5.9). Working in the abattoir and butchery made infection 26 times (OR = 26; 95% CI: 5.3 - 129) and 8 times (OR = 8.4; 95% CI: 1.8 - 39) more likely, respectively. Alcohol consumption was associated with E. rhusiopathiae infection (OR = 4.0; 95% CI: 1.1 - 15). Conclusion: E. rhusiopathiae infections exist in Kamuli district, Eastern Uganda affecting all categories of raw pork handlers. We recommend that the isolates be serotyped to identify the circulating serotypes and inform the appropriate control measures for the disease in humans.
Impact of good hygiene management practices on the reduction in microbial contamination of roasted sheep meat sold at urban dibiteries in Senegal
(Journal Article, 2021-01-15) Traoré, S.G.; Ndour, A.P.N.; Ossebi, W.; Seko, M.O.; Fokou, G.; Alonso, Silvia; Koné, P.S.; Roesel, Kristina; Grace, Delia; Bonfoh, Bassirou
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Senegal in May 2015 on the microbial quality of roasted sheep meat in 40 selected dibiteries, which are informal and small fast-food restaurants offering roasted sheep meat to Senegalese consumers. An intervention was designed and implemented in these 40 dibiteries and coupled with an appraisal of the economic managerial performance of those restaurants to improve their hygiene management practices. The microbiological quality of roasted mutton was assessed 1 month before the intervention and then 2 and 10 months post-intervention. Three types of dibiteries were identified among the 40 units studied based on their production process: Senegalese (42.5%), Mauritanian (40%), and Nigerien (17.5%). Of all samples analyzed, 70% were considered satisfactory regarding the levels of contamination at baseline; satisfactory scores rose to 75% at 2 months post-intervention and 83% at 10 months post-intervention. However, those differences were not statistically significant. The financial appraisal revealed that the performance of dibiteries before and after the intervention remained the same with no significant difference in the gross margins. Further studies are needed to understand compliance behavior and incentives that enhance the sustainability of hygiene management practices in the informal retail food sector.
Assessment of small ruminant welfare in Ethiopia–An abattoir-based study
(Journal Article, 2020-07-02) Bekele, Tizeta; Szonyi, Barbara; Feleke, Aklilu; Grace, Delia
This paper presents the results of a cross-sectional study assessing the welfare of sheep and goats in a large abattoir in central Ethiopia, using qualitative and quantitative approaches. A total of 384 nonhuman animals (192 sheep and 192 goats) underwent clinical examination and behavioral observation in 2014. The study also included behavioral observation of 57 animal handlers, and a qualitative assessment of animal welfare conditions at the abattoir. Clinical examination revealed dirty wool/hair (54.9%), poor body condition (15.8%), and respiratory disorders (14.0%). The most commonly observed behaviors were refusing to move (17.1%), panting (15.8%) and reversing (10.4%). Significantly higher proportion of sheep exhibited resistance behaviors such as refusing to move (21.4% of sheep and 13.0% of goats; p < 0.030) and resistance to being pulled (12.5% of sheep and 6.3% of goats; p < 0.0036). Handlers frequently beat (87.7%), pushed (57.9%) and pulled (49.1%) the animals. Poor handling of animals was very common and could result in animal distress and falls. In collaboration with the abattoir workers, the authors developed simple good practice to improve welfare and reduce losses from poor welfare.
Serotyping and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella from pork outlets in Kampala
(Thesis, 2018-04-30) Ndoboli, D.
This study was done as part of the Safe Food, Fair Food project of the International Livestock Research Institute. The study followed two earlier studies; the first one by Kung et al who mapped all pork joints (small to medium size restaurants selling mainly ready to eat pork and raw pork prepared at home) in Kampala district and his study was followed by Martin Heilmann's study which studied food hygiene in pork restaurants in Kampala using Salmonella as an indicator pathogen. This study is a follow up study of the isolated salmonella to determinethe serotypes of salmonella isolates, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and presence of shared plasmid. A total 674 samples were collected from 77 pork restaurants mapped by Kungu et al, of these 55 (8%) were confirmed as Salmonella Enterica subspecies Enterica according to ISO 6579 by Martin et al. The 55 isolates were in this study serotyped using biochemical characterization and later using O and H antigen antisera’s. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by disc diffusion method according to Kirby buer utilizing 22 antibiotic antibiotic discs and plasmid profile analysis was done using Incompatibility typing method according to Carrotelli et al. Seven different serovars were identified: S Enterica. Enteritidis S.Enterica Offa. Arechavaleta, S. Gallinarum , S. Zanzibar , S. Kampala, and S. Saintpaul . Multidrug resistance (resistance to more than one antibiotic) was found in 54/55 (98%) in the strains collected. Six incompatibility plasmid profile groups (FIA, W, FIC, FIB, P, and Y) were identified in 54/55 98.2% of the samples. Seven Salmonella serovars (Enteritidis, Gallinarum, Arechavaleta, Zanzibar, Kampala, and Saintpaul) were identified in this study, majority of them were resistant to more than one antibiotics. A total of 6 shared plasmids were identified among the 55 Salmonella Enterica.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices of pork consumers in Uganda
(Journal Article, 2019-03) Roesel, Kristina; Ejobi, F.; Dione, Michel M.; Pezo, Danilo A.; Ouma, Emily A.; Kungu, J.; Clausen, Peter-Henning; Grace, Delia
Pig production is thriving in Uganda and the demand for pork is increasing, therefore offering potential for increased income from pig production and marketing. The consumers’ preferences determine and potentially drive this demand but are largely unknown in the context of Uganda. As part of a multi-disciplinary assessment of smallholder pig value chains we investigated these preferences in one of the four thematic subgroups with 292 smallholder pig farmers. In addition, 79 consumers in Kampala, the main pork market outlet in Uganda, were included. Using participatory methods and considering that pig keepers are also consumers, we describe drivers for and taboos around eating pork, the role of pork in peoples’ diets compared to other livestock-derived foods, important attributes when buying pork, the risk of pig feeds competing with human food as well as knowledge, attitudes and practices around pig zoonoses.
Assessing knowledge, beliefs and practices related to the consumption of sheep and goat meat in Senegal
(Journal Article, 2018-12) Traoré, Sylvain G.; Fokou, Gilbert; Ndour, Andrée P.N.; Yougbaré, B.; Koné, Philippe; Alonso, Silvia; Roesel, Kristina; Bakou, Serge N.; Dao, Daouda; Grace, Delia; Bonfoh, Bassirou
A Rapid Integrated Assessment (RIA) of nutrition and health risks and benefits was carried out in 2013 in sheep and goat agri-food systems in urban and rural Senegal. This included: i) testing small ruminants (n = 384) for brucellosis, ii) focus group discussions of mothers covering knowledge, attitude and practices related to preparation and consumption of animal source food. No antibodies to Brucella melitensis, the presumed priority zoonotic pathogen, were found. Comparing the more traditional, livestock-keeping community with the urban, less livestock-dependent community, we found: urban diets were more diverse, relied more on fish versus livestock products, and used modern products such as yoghurts. Attitudes and beliefs around nutrition and health, strongly shaped the consumption of animal source foods in these contexts.
Detection of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in naturally infected pigs in Kamuli District, Uganda
(Journal Article, 2018-09-09) Musewa, A.; Roesel, Kristina; Grace, Delia; Dione, Michel M.; Erume, J.
Swine erysipelas is an economically significant disease affecting all stages of pork production. The biggest losses may occur in growers-finishers because of sudden death or acute septicemia. Survivors often suffer from chronic lameness, arthritis and endocarditis leading to poor body growth. The causative agent is the ubiquitous bacterium Erysipelothrix (E.) rhusiopathiae, which is also able to enter the skin of people handling infected animals and meat and cause infection. In order to show the presence of E. rhusiopathiae in pigs, serum samples from 426 randomly selected pigs were collected in four subcounties (Bugulumbya, Butansi, Kitayunwa and Namwendwa) in Kamuli District in Uganda, as part of a multipathogen survey conducted by the International Livestock Research Institute in 2013. Subsequently, 100 samples of fresh pork were collected from all 67-pork slaughterhouses operating in the same subcounties for isolation and bacterial culture. Overall, 308/460 (67%) of the pig sera carried antibodies against E. rhusiopathiae and 45/100 (45%) of the fresh pork samples were contaminated with E. rhusiopathiae. This is the first ever report of E. rhusiopathiae in pigs and pork in Uganda.
Serotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in pork and related fresh-vegetable servings among pork outlets in Kampala, Uganda
(Journal Article, 2018-09-09) Ndoboli, D.; Roesel, Kristina; Heilmann, M.; Alter, T.; Clausen, Peter-Henning; Wampande, E.; Grace, Delia; Huehn, S.
The aim of this study was to characterize serotypes, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns, and plasmid profiles of 55 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates in different matrices from 77 pork outlets in Kampala, Uganda. Seven different serovars were identified, namely Enteritidis (60%), Offa (10.9%), Gallinarum (7.3%), Arechavaleta (monophasic) (7.3%), Zanzibar (7.3%), Kampala (5.4%), and Saintpaul (1.8%). Most isolates were obtained from raw pork (40.0%), followed by flies (27.3%), raw vegetables (18.2%), water (12.7%), and roasted pork (1.8%). All but one of the isolates (98%) showed resistance to at least one of the 22 antimicrobials tested, with highest levels of resistance expressed to cefazolin (95%), and cefotaxime (93%). Intermediate resistance was found to ciprofloxacin (58%), chloramphenicol (58%), and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (56%). Most isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin (75%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (80%), and ofloxacin (96%). Characterization of strains by PCR-based replicon typing detected the presence of FIA, FIB, FIC, HI1, HI2, I1-1ᵞ, L/M, N, P, W, T, A/C, K, B/O, X, Y, F and FIIA replicons. Six replicon groups (FIA, W, FIC, FIB, P, and Y) were identified in 53 of the 55 (96.4%) isolates with more than one group existing among 42 different isolates. Although the average number of replicon groups per strain was low (2.6), phenotypical resistance rates remained high implying that some strains seemed to encode resistances on the chromosome or undetected plasmids, respectively. Potential drivers in livestock production and human medicine, and sources of antimicrobial resistance need to be identified to protect public health in Uganda.
Risk assessment of campylobacteriosis due to consumption of roast beef served in beer bars in Arusha, Tanzania
(Journal Article, 2017) Makita, K.; Mahundi, E.; Toyomaki, H.; Ishihara, K.; Sanka, P.; Kaaya, E.J.; Grace, Delia; Kurwijila, Lusato R.
The objective of the study was to assess the risk of campylobacteriosis due to consumption of cross-contaminated nyama-choma (roast beef) sold in beer bars in Arusha Municipality, Tanzania. In 2010, thirty butchers and thirty beer bars serving roast beef, selected using stratified random sampling, were visited to estimate the prevalence and the most probable number (MPN) of thermophilic Campylobacter in raw and roast beef. Ten purposively selected bars serving roast chicken were also surveyed, to assess cross-contamination after cooking, as Campylobacter spp. are generally more prevalent in poultry. One meat sample was collected in each butcher and each bar, and sales and hygiene were assessed through questionnaires and direct observation. A risk model was developed in statistical software R, and Monte Carlo simulation was performed to estimate disease incidence among customers and the adult male population in Arusha. In the field survey, Campylobacter coli was recovered only from one chicken sample, of which bacterial concentration was 0.37 MPN/g (95% CI : 0.12-1.08). The daily incidence of campylobacteriosis among customers in Arusha was estimated to be 0.15 (95% CI : 0.02-0.95). Annual incidence rates among customers and in the adult male population in Arusha were 12.4 (95% CI : 1.2-83.6) per 1,000 and 0.6 (95% CI : 0.06-4.0) per 1,000, respectively. The most influential factor was the prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter in roast beef, followed by MPN. Most (26/40, 65%) bar owners sold meat from different species of animals, and cross-contamination could easily occur between poultry and beef. Nearly half (18/39, 46%) the bar owners used the same knife for raw and roast meat. Although half (20/40, 50%) had received hygiene training there was no statistical association between training and separate use of knives for raw and roast meats, considered to be the major source of contamination (x2＝0.22, df＝1, p＝0.64). The study concluded campylobacteriosis from roast beef was a low public health issue in Arusha. However, considering the risks from other types of bacteria, improvement of cooking hygiene training was recommended to further reduce the risk of food-borne diseases from food consumed in beer bars.
Assessment of the parasitic burden in the smallholder pig value chain and implications for public health in Uganda
(Thesis, 2017-11-30) Roesel, Kristina
The surging demand for pork in Uganda provides an opportunity to set poor farmers on pathways out of poverty by increasing production and market access. At the same time, markets have become more complex and threaten the continuous presence of smallholder farmers: pig diseases and other factors hinder a constant supply while foodborne diseases may impair the quality and safety of the farmers’ products. The intensification level may affect the parasitic burden of pigs and hence the profitability of pig farming as well as the risk to human health associated with pork borne parasites. Research on parasitic hazards in smallholder pig value chains in Uganda has so far been limited, and therefore, the present study aims, as described in chapter 1, to contribute to improving selected smallholder pig value chains in Uganda by increasing the evidence base on prevalent parasitic diseases. Chapter 2 outlines the history of pigs in Africa, describes the current smallholder pig production systems in sub-Saharan Africa, and reviews the current state of knowledge on parasitic pig diseases compromising farm productivity as well as parasitic diseases that are potentially transmitted to humans through pork consumption or for which pigs are known to be a natural disease reservoir. The review refers to previous research from sub-Saharan Africa, and particularly Uganda. Chapter 3 describes the context of the study and how it fits into overarching research for development on smallholder pig value chains in Uganda led by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). It further describes how 35 villages were selected to be included into the survey, how value chain systems were defined as a proxy for the level of intensification, and characteristics of the area under study. Chapter 4 shows that both endo- and ectoparasites are perceived as an important production constraint by smallholder pig farmers in Central and Eastern Uganda, second only to African swine fever. Herd dynamics and husbandry practices in the predominating production settings were established by means of participatory rural appraisals with 340 smallholder pig farmers in the selected sites. Consecutively, a cross-sectional parasitological study in 21 of the 35 selected villages established baseline information on the rate and determinants of infection with gastrointestinal helminths and coccidia in 932 randomly sampled pigs between 3 to 36 months of age. The majority of pigs (61.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 58.2-64.5%) tested positive for one or more gastrointestinal helminths, namely strongyles (57.1%; 95% CI: 53.8-60.3%), Metastrongylus spp. (7.6%; 95% CI: 6.1-9.6%), Ascaris suum (5.9%; 95% CI: 4.5-7.6%), Strongyloides ransomi (4.2%; 95% CI: 3.1-5.7%) and Trichuris suis (3.4%; 95% CI: 2.4-4.8%). Coccidia oocysts were found in 40.7% of all pigs sampled (95% CI: 37.5-44.0%). All animals tested negative for Fasciola spp. and Balantidium coli. There were no statistically significant differences in prevalence across value chain domains, and regression analysis showed that routine management factors had a greater impact on the prevalence of infection than regular preventive medical treatment or the level of confinement. Chapter 5 provides baseline information on two pork borne zoonoses of global importance, namely infection with Trichinella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii, in the same cohort of pigs. Trichinella-specific immunoglobulin G was found in 6.9% of the animals (95% CI: 5.6-8.6%) using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Confirmatory testing by Western blot implied an overall seroprevalence of 2.1% (95% CI: 1.4-3.2%), and attempts to isolate muscle larvae using artificial digestion were unsuccessful. Implications for diagnostics were discussed and the risk to pork consumers for developing trichinellosis was classified as low. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 28.7% of the animals (95% CI: 25.8-31.7%) at significantly higher levels in urban areas of production and consumption, and risk factors that potentially contribute to infection (e.g. biosecurity practices and access to cats) were identified. Chapter 6 outlines the findings on common preparation and consumption practices as well as sources of pork for consumption in the study area. These show that pork is very popular among pig farmers. In rural areas it is consumed mostly during seasonal festivities and whenever cash is available, in urban areas much more frequently. Pig feed production does not compete with human food production, and some festivals when pork is consumed even coincide with times when other food is scarce. The consumption of raw pork is considered unsafe, and at home meat is cooked for at least one hour. Chapter 7 discusses the findings, conclusions and limitations of the overall study and generates recommendations for potential interventions and further research. Parasitic infections in smallholder pig value chains in Uganda are common; and while no significant difference was observed in overall infection rates with gastrointestinal helminths, specific parasites were detected at significantly higher levels in urban (e.g. T. gondii) or rural value chain types (e.g. Trichinella spp.). Further in-depth research is needed to identify the circulating Trichinella spp. and T. gondii genotype, as well as more experimental and longitudinal studies to quantify economic losses of parasite infection, and to establish predominant transmission routes and thus control points for parasite control.
Food safety research for development in sub-Saharan Africa: Tapping the expertise of German partners
(Poster, 2017-11-30) Roesel, Kristina; Makita, K.; Grace, Delia
According to recent estimates by the World Health Organization, the global burden of foodborne diseases is comparable to that of HIV/AIDS or tuberculosis or malaria. Up to 90% of foodborne disease is caused by microbes in perishable foods of which more than 80% are sold in the informal agri-food system. Informal markets, also referred to as wet or traditional markets, are characterized by local products, prices, and marketing channels where actors are often not trained, not licensed, and not paying taxes. However, these markets provide food and jobs to millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa. They are also the major markets for most smallholder producers of fresh foods. Lack of evidence on attribution data and limited understanding of risk-based approaches in food safety management only worsen the problem. The Safe Food, Fair Food project, funded by GIZ and led by the International Livestock Research Institute, aims to improve the livelihoods of poor producers and consumers by reducing the health risks and increasing the livelihood benefits associated with meat, milk and fish value chains in sub-Saharan Africa. From 2008-2015 the project was implemented in ten countries South of the Sahara with partners from Africa, Germany and Japan. Key findings include: • Informal markets are integral to food, nutrition and job security in sub-Saharan Africa; • Although hazards are often common in informal markets risk to human health is not necessarily high; • Risks in the informal food chains have been under-researched and need attention; • Risks vary and may not be as serious as perceived: food safety policy should be based on evidence not perceptions; • Participatory methods are useful in studying food safety risks in informal food chains; • Simple interventions could lead to substantial improvements: potable water, electricity, training, standards, appropriate hygienic supervision etc.; • Food safety needs a multi-disciplinary (One Health) and multi-sectoral approach; • Comprehensive, jointly developed and implemented policies are prerequisites for food safety assurance. German partner institutions engaged were the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Freie Universität Berlin, Friedrich-Löffler-Institute, and University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim. More than 30 food safety practitioners, students and scientists were trained in specific laboratory methods for hazard identification (i.e. Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Toxoplasma gondii or Trichinella spp.) at German partner institutes or in their home countries, and field isolates were archived at German partner institutes. More than 200 key stakeholders at over 35 institutions in 12 countries were trained on the concepts of risk-based approaches and (participatory) risk assessment. Joint risk assessments and pilot interventions for improving food safety have been disseminated in 15 peer-reviewed journal publications and more than 200 other outputs.
Metagenomics in food safety: What's the added value? Case studies from the livestock sector in Tanzania and Uganda
(Presentation, 2017-11-22) Alonso, Silvia; Roesel, Kristina; Opiyo, S.; Stomeo, Francesca; Grace, Delia
Assessment of hygiene practices of pork retail outlets in Kampala district, Uganda
(Journal Article, 2017-08-31) Kungu, Joseph M.; Dione, Michel M.; Roesel, Kristina; Ejobi, F.; Ocaido, M.; Grace, Delia
This study was conducted to map the distribution of pork retail outlets as well as assess their role in food borne disease transmission. Using a structured questionnaire, practices associated with hygiene related to infrastructure, workers, and equipment were assessed. Sources of pork were assessed to determine whether pork had undergone inspection, as were socio economic determinants of hygiene outcomes and risk factors for foodborne disease. There were 158 pork outlets in the five divisions of Kampala. Overall, 68% of the pork was from places where slaughtering was not authorized (ungazetted) and meat inspection not carried out. Worker hygiene score was highest (average 71%), followed by infrastructure (68.2%) and equipment (47.3%). There was a significant relation between good hygiene and the presence of a public health certificate. However only 42% of the outlets had a public health certificate. Holding a public health certificate is an important predictor of good practices.
Food safety interventions: economic and health outcomes and impacts
(Presentation, 2017-05-24) Roesel, Kristina
Assessment of the occupational health and food safety risks associated with the traditional slaughter and consumption of goats in Gauteng, South Africa
(Journal Article, 2017-04-14) Qekwana, D.N.; McCrindle, C.M.E.; Oguttu, J.W.; Grace, Delia
Background: This study assessed the occupational health and food safety risks associated with the traditional slaughter of goats and the consumption of such meat in Tshwane, South Africa. Methods: A convenience sample of 105 respondents agreed to be interviewed using structured questionnaires. Results: A high proportion (62.64%) of practitioners admitted to not wearing protective clothing during slaughter. Slaughtering was mainly carried out by males (99%) with experience (62.2%). Forty-four percent of practitioners only changed the clothes they wore while slaughtering when they got home. During the actual slaughter, up to seven people may be involved. The majority (58.9%) of slaughters occurred early in the morning and none of the goats were stunned first. In 77.5% of cases, the health status of the persons who performed the slaughtering was not known. The majority (57.3%) of the slaughters were performed on a corrugated iron roof sheet (zinc plate). In 83.3% of the cases, the carcass was hung up to facilitate bleeding, flaying, and evisceration. Meat inspection was not practiced by any of the respondents. Throughout the slaughter process, the majority used the same knife (84.3) and 84.7% only cleaned the knife when it became soiled. A total of 52.0% of the respondents processed the carcass and cooked the meat immediately. The majority (80.0%) consumed the meat within 30 min of cooking. Conclusions: Men are at a higher risk of occupational health hazards associated with traditional slaughter, which can be transferred to their households. Unhygienic methods of processing and the lack of any form of post-mortem examination increase the risk of food-borne illness following the consumption of such meat.
The impact of insecticide-treated material to reduce flies among pork outlets in Kampala, Uganda
(Journal Article, 2017-06) Heilmann, Martin; Roesel, Kristina; Grace, Delia; Bauer, B.; Clausen, Peter-Henning
Synanthropic flies have adapted to the mass of decaying organic matter near human settlements. As such, they feed and breed on food, faeces and other organic material and are known vectors for various diseases. Many of these diseases are associated with food, and foodborne diseases are of growing concern in developing countries where human population and food consumption increase. This pilot study aims at investigating the impact of a novel application of insecticide-treated material (ZeroFly®) to reduce flies among pork outlets in Kampala, Uganda. A cross-sectional survey randomly selected 60 of 179 pork outlets in Kampala. A controlled longitudinal trial followed in which 23 out of the 60 pork outlets were recruited for an intervention with insecticide-treated material. The pork outlets were randomly allocated to a group of 18 netted pork outlets (intervention) and five non-netted pork outlets (control). Monitoring took place over 15 weeks including 2 weeks as the baseline survey. The units were monitored for fly abundance using non-attractant sticky traps, which were placed within the pork outlet once per week for 48 consecutive hours. Medians of fly numbers before and after the intervention indicated a decrease of fly numbers of 48% (p = 0.002). Fly bioassays showed that the insecticidal activity of the netting remained active over the entire intervention period and led to a total paralysis of flies within at least 6 h after exposure. Insecticide-treated material provides a practical and sustainable solution in controlling flies and is therefore recommended as a complementary strategy for an integrated vector control and hygiene management.
Better hygienic practices to improve small ruminant meat quality
(Brief, 2017-05) Roesel, Kristina; Grace, Delia; Wieland, Barbara; Rischkowsky, Barbara A.
Better hygienic milking practices to improve goat milk quality
(Brief, 2017-05-01) Roesel, Kristina; Hilali, M. El-Dine; Grace, Delia; Wieland, Barbara; Rischkowsky, Barbara A.; Haile, Aynalem
Deutsche Veterinärmedizin in Sub-Sahara Afrika: Wo kann unser Beitrag liegen? Beispiele aus der Praxis
(Presentation, 2017-04-12) Roesel, Kristina

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