IFPRI Reports

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    2025 Global report on food crises
    (Report, 2025) Food Security Information Network; Global Network Against Food Crises
    The Global Report on Food Crises (GRFC) 2025 provides consensus-based analysis on acute food insecurity, acute malnutrition and population displacement in countries/territories identified as having food crises in 2024 . It is produced in collaboration with technical agencies and partners to provide a consensual analysis based on rigorous methodologies and the consolidation of data from various sources.
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    Pathways Linking Climate Change to Livestock Production and Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Protocol for a Systematic Review
    (Report, 2025-03-30) Tareke, Amare Abera; Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Hailesilassie, Wondimu Tadiwos; Bosire, Caroline; Mukherji, Aditi
    The sub-Saharan African (SSA) region has a large livestock population but low productivity and animal source foods consumption which contributed to nutritional problems. Climate change further reduces productivity, impacting the livelihoods of the rural poor who largely rely on livestock. The agri-food system of SSA is characterized by small holder traditional family farms, poor technological uptake, poor infrastructure, poor veterinary services, and weak adaptability to climate effects. Owing to the unique challenges in climate change and agri-food system interface in SSA, contextualized evidence is very important to design interventions. We aimed to synthesize evidence on the pathways linking climate to livestock production and animal source food consumption in SSA context. Understanding the pathways linking climate change to livestock production and consumption in SSA is essential for formulating strategies that enhance food security, improve nutrition, and support rural livelihoods while mitigating and adapting to the impacts of climate change. The incoming systematic review will be based on a previously developed systematic map. In the previous systematic map, we searched eight bibliographic databases, institutional website, conducted web-based search, and used citation snowballing to capture all relevant studies. The search was carried out in English and focused on SSA contexts wherever applicable. The search results were imported into Rayyan and screened for relevance based on title, abstract, and full text. At each stage of the screening process, the numbers of studies included and excluded were recorded. From the included studies of the systematic map, we will filter primary, empirical, quantitative articles conducted 2000 and onwards and use for this systematic review. We will extract the main findings of the articles along with key study characteristics and potential sources of heterogeneity. Included studies will be subjected to JBI’s quality appraisal checklists. A narrative synthesis of data from all studies included in the systematic review will be generated to describe the existing evidence along with study findings. Where data are suitably comparable, quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) will be performed.
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    Food security and nutrition in Cambodia: Pattern and pathways: A policy discussion paper
    (Report, 2011-03) Ecker, Olivier; Diao, Xinshen
    This paper provides an overview of the food security and nutrition situation in Cambodia. From a regional perspective and through comparison with its neighboring countries and other countries in Asia, the paper analyzes the patterns of the hunger and malnutrition problem in Cambodia and possible pathways the country could follow in the future. Between China and Vietnam on the one side and India on the other side, the relationship between economic growth and the process of nutrition improvement diff ers greatly. We expect that these comparisons will help Cambodia identify a development pathway to let economic growth better trickle down to the impoverished population and significantly reduce poverty, hunger and malnutrition in the growth process.
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    IFPRI strategy for engagement with CAADP 2026-2035: Supporting implementation at regional, sub-regional, and national levels
    (Report, 2025-04-08) International Food Policy Research Institute
    This document outlines a comprehensive strategy for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) to support implementation of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) 2026–2035. With its renewed focus on transforming Africa’s agrifood systems, CAADP provides a framework to address criti cal challenges captured in six strategic objectives that cover sustainable food production, agro-industrialization, investment mobilization, food and nutrition security, inclusivity, resilience, and governance. Building on its long history of support to the CAADP process, IFPRI’s engagement with CAADP 2026–2035 will focus on providing evi dence, strengthening policy processes, building capacity, and supporting investment mobilization to accelerate Africa’s agrifood system transformation. This strategy identifies specific entry points and pathways through which IFPRI can contribute to achieving CAADP’s six strategic objectives including: (1) research and knowledge genera tion; (2) technical assistance and policy support; (3) capacity development; (4) investment and financing support; (5) monitoring, evaluation, and learning; and (6) stakeholder engagement and convening. Working closely with other CGIAR centers and leveraging its country and regional offices, expertise, partnerships, and extensive expe rience in Africa, IFPRI aims to play a pivotal key role in enabling CAADP’s vision of agricultural transformation and inclusive growth, contributing to food security, economic development, and resilience across the continent. By working across regional, subregional, and national levels, IFPRI will engage with partners to help translate CAADP 2025’s ambitious goals into tangible outcomes for food security, resilience, and economic growth.
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    Agroecological insights for Mandla, Madhya Pradesh, India: a contextual analysis for sustainable transformation
    (Report, 2024-12-30) Malaiappan, Sudharsan; Krishnan, S.; Gadewar, P.; Sharma, H.; Priyadarshini, P.; Thakur, A.; Ganvir, S.; Acharya, P.; Kumar, Gopal; Shijagurumayum, M. S.; Singh, Sonali; Samaddar, A.; Alvi, Muzna; Borah, Gulshan; Sikka, Alok
    This report examines the agroecological, environmental, economic and social dimensions of Mandla district in Madhya Pradesh, India. Agroecological dimensions include recycling, input reduction, soil health, animal health, biodiversity, synergy, economic diversification, co-creation of knowledge, social values and diets, fairness, connectivity, land and natural resource governance, and participation. The report also highlights the challenges and opportunities for sustainable agroecological transformation. Mandla, a tribal dominated district faces challenges such as land degradation, poor soil conditions, poor land productivity, biodiversity loss, and socio-economic disparities. To address these challenges, CGIAR initiative on Agroecology established Agroecological Living Landscapes (ALLs) in Mandla district. The initiative identified key challenges, captured the vision of local communities, assessed existing farming practices, and developed new agroecological practices to address some of the challenges. Local communities recycle resources such as crop residues, animal manure and invasive plant species to prepare compost, farmyard manure and biochar to a limited extent. There is significant increase in synthetic fertilizer use in the last few decades, however some farmers are applying some amount of locally prepared compost, and operating at low input-output conditions, leaving scope of improvement in production with input reduction. The district, predominantly characterized by black cotton soil, faces challenges like soil erosion, low organic content and nutrient deficiencies. Conservation practices such as green manuring, mulching, bunding, silt application, bio-fertilizer, compost application and crop rotation are practiced sporadically to maintain soil health. Cattle and livestock are integral to farming system. Department of Animal Husbandry and local animal health workers are primarily involved in maintaining animal health. Penning, timing open grazing, prohibition of grazing in some areas, and cattle shed flooring are recent introduction for sustainable feeding regimes. The district is rich in natural biodiversity with wide range of flora and fauna, however due to increasing chemical fertilizer use and unsustainable farming practices has led biodiversity loss. Synergy between various faming system, including crop-livestock, agroforestry, NTFP in the landscape need improvement through targeted interventions. Local communities depend on agriculture, NonTimber Forest Products (NTFP), and fisheries for livelihood, contributing to economic diversification, however dwindling natural resources poses risks to the community livelihood. Farmer to farmer interactions, traditional fairs, informal gatherings, seed festivals, farmers field schools, and formal institutions such as NGO’s, government institutions facilitate co-creation of knowledge. Local communities prioritize diverse, nutritious and traditional diets but shrinking production poses a serious threat to dietary diversity. Seasonal festivals and community gatherings also play a key role in maintaining social values and diets. Limited access to resources, market information, transportation, price disparities and monopoly markets are some of the value chain challenges faced by local communities. Community practices such as wage fixing, labour pooling and labour exchange help maintain fairness. However, Connectivity among various food system and value chain actors is weak and need strengthening. Land and natural resource governance is managed by district administration, state forest department, and local communities including gram sabhas and panchayat committees, which usually adhere to traditional tribal practices. Participation of community organizations such as NGO’s, tribal knowledge networks, state agricultural department, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, department of rural development, Farmers producers’ organization, self-help groups, and Joint Forest Management Committee is crucial for agroecological transition. The assessment reveals that while agroecological practices are being practiced in Mandla, they are fragmented and implemented at smaller scale but shows potential for scaling up. National and state policies, including Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, National Rural Livelihood Mission, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana, and local NGO’s can play a pivotal role in agroecological transition. Large scale adoption of agroecology can be achieved by establishing multistakeholder platform, farmers networks and knowledge sharing platforms, access to markets and value chains, capacity building programs, infrastructure and policy support, nature-based solutions, financial mechanisms and incentives, participatory research and trail establishment, inclusive governance structures.
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    Strategic modeling for future agriculture in Asia
    (Report, 2025) Cenacchi, Nicola; Sulser, Timothy B.
    This APO report pinpoints the declining agricultural productivity situation in APO economies since 2019 and explores how key measures could accelerate progress achieving food security and mitigating undernourishment by improving calorie availability per person. Key challenges include slowed agricultural productivity, climate change, land degradation, insufficient R&D investment, water scarcity, and inefficiencies in markets. The report examines measures such as policy interventions and investments in R&D, irrigation, and water use efficiency to enhance productivity, food security, and sustainable resource use. Such measures could accelerate progress toward achieving food security and mitigating undernourishment by improving calorie availability per person.
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    Cost effectiveness of anticipatory action: Lesotho, Madagascar, and Mozambique
    (Report, 2025-02-24) de Brauw, Alan
    An important question when conducting anticipatory action programs relates to its cost-effectiveness. By cost effectiveness, we refer to the relative costs and benefits of anticipatory action in general relative to a more standard approach to post-shock aid. In this context, we largely want to know what would happen to potential beneficiary households in two different scenarios: 1) if they receive anticipatory action transfers, and 2) if they instead receive unconditional post-shock transfers of the same size. The idea is that we assume there is a fixed budget envelope, and the same amount of assistance could be provided as either anticipatory action or as post-shock transfers. The resulting measurement estimates the difference in benefits and losses to providing anticipatory action relative to post-shock assistance, providing a conclusion on the overall net benefits or losses of this approach. Since we assume a fixed budget envelope, we invert the process of measuring cost effectiveness by measuring the net benefits of anticipatory action relative to post-shock transfers. This analysis uses the conceptual framework developed by de Brauw and Bloem (2024) to identify classes of potential benefits and costs for anticipatory action relative to unconditional post-shock transfers. The model suggests the main benefit to anticipatory action is that households can better protect their productive asset holdings, whether livestock or other farm implements, which implies their future incomes will be higher than they would be otherwise. There are also potential gains for households during the negative shock, implying those households may be less food insecure, for example, while the shock is occurring.1 On the other hand, the framework suggests that a specific cost to anticipatory action is the cost of getting it wrong (i.e., giving people benefits when the shock does not materialize for those people).
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    Nature-Positive Solutions Initiative baseline evaluation survey report: India
    (Report, 2024-12-31) Geoffrey, Baragu; Azzarri, Carlo; Boukaka, Sedi Anne; de Falcis, Eleonora; Ferguson, Nathaniel
    The pressing need to achieve sustainable agriculture and mitigate climate change has led to a growing recognition of the importance of nature-based solutions (NBS). Defined as interventions that leverage the protective, restorative, and regulatory functions of ecosystems (Cohen-Shacham et al., 2016), NBS offers a holistic approach to addressing a range of environmental and societal challenges. This framework positions humans as active stewards of ecosystems rather than passive beneficiaries. Industrial agriculture, in prioritizing mass-scale food production, has exacted a heavy toll on both the environment and human well-being. Miralles-Wilhelm and Iseman (2021) report that 52 percent of global agricultural lands suffer from moderate to severe degradation due to unsustainable practices, contributing to 25 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, industrial agriculture drives 80 percent of deforestation, threatens 86 percent of the 28,000 species currently at risk of extinction (through habitat conversion and pollution), and accelerates soil and water degradation. The use of chemical inputs, monocropping, and poor waste management further compromise nutrition, reduce crop resilience, and depress farming incomes. These challenges highlight the urgent need to transition toward resilient, nature positive agricultural systems capable of sustaining smallholder farmers and ensuring that agriculture becomes a net contributor to environmental restoration. In response, the One CGIAR initiative, "Nature-positive solutions for shifting agri-food systems to more resilient and sustainable pathways" (NATURE+), seeks to enhance the adoption of nature-positive solutions (NPS) to promote sustainable agricultural productivity. NATURE+ addresses key systemic barriers in three areas: (1) land degradation and resource depletion, (2) limited evidence and knowledge gaps within the agricultural research for development (AR4D) community, and (3) the lack of viable business models to drive public-private partnerships in sustainable agriculture. While the harmful impacts of industrial agriculture are well documented, the AR4D community lacks robust evidence and tailored tools to support NPS planning. The 2021 UN Food Systems Summit and the COVID-19 pandemic have further underscored the need for systemic transformation. The 2020 World Economic Forum report, "The Future of Nature and Business," estimates that NPS could create 395 million jobs by 2030, but achieving this potential requires substantial investment in evidence-based innovation and decision-support tools for biodiversity enhancement, soil management, waste management, and water conservation.
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    Key stakeholders, platforms, and networks in Bangladesh’s food systems transformation process, 2022–2024
    (Report, 2024-12-31) Abedin, Jainal; Herens, Marion; Brouwer, Inge D.
    In 2022, the CGIAR Research Initiative on Sustainable Healthy Diets through Food Systems Transformation (SHiFT) conducted a stakeholder identification and analysis activity to develop its strategy for stakeholder engagement. As part of SHiFT’s Work Package 5, Catalyzing Food Systems Transformation, this analysis was used to prepare a stakeholder engagement strategy for Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Viet Nam, SHiFT’s three countries of work. The stakeholder identification and mapping, as well as a report on the country’s food system transformation process and issues, constitute a database that enables rapid selection of potential stakeholders for engagement, capacity sharing, and collaboration, among other purposes. The stakeholder identification process is repeated, typically on a quarterly basis, to update the database. This summary report is based on information first collected in 2022 and updated as of December 2024. Building understanding, engagement, and capacity with diverse food system stakeholders will help to foster collaboration and coordination across varied perspectives, and to drive transformative actions across the food system for positive outcomes on the environment, food security and nutrition, and livelihoods and inclusion. SHiFT’s approach is to engage with and provide technical support to relevant stakeholders, networks, and platforms whose objectives are aligned with the Initiative’s goals. This approach aims to contribute to local and national food systems transformation for sustainable healthy diets, rather than facilitating the formation of new networks or platforms that would require more time to build engagement and capacity, and might not be sustainable. The Initiative’s efforts are also meant to avoid overlapping with those of the country’s government and other development partners. Instead, SHiFT aims to create synergies through coordinated actions to achieve national food systems transformation and sustainable healthy diets, as well as broader national goals on food systems.
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    International prices and food security: An analysis of food and fertilizer price transmission in Central America
    (Report, 2024-06-06) Perego, Viviana M.E.; Brown, Melissa; Ceballos, Francisco; Hernandez, Manuel A.; Berrospi, Maria Lucia; Pereira, Luis Días; Salcedo, Salomon; Benjamin, McDonald P.; Flores, Luis; Mora, Elena
    This report explores the dynamics between domestic food security in Central America and global price inflation. The report analyzes the extent to which international food and fertilizer prices have been passed through to Central American countries, their impacts in terms of household expenditure and income, and the effectiveness of government’s domestic policy responses in the face of high food prices. The report also explores the historic evolution of agriculture and food public policies in Central America during previous instances of international food price hikes, so as to derive lessons for Central American policymakers on the adequacy of the policy ecosystem to prevent the emergence of, and respond to, food security crises.
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    The state of the field for research on agrifood systems
    (Report, 2024-06-19) Porciello, Jaron; Skidan, Volha; Ambikapathi, Ramya; Boonabaana, Brenda; Guerra, Jill; Lidder, Preetmoninder; Piñeiro, Valeria; Phillips, Lauren; Savilaakso, Sini; Schuster, Monica; Sheikh, Hafsa; Tufan, Hale; Witkowski, Kelly
    ‘The State of the Field for Research on Agrifood Systems’ uses artificial intelligence (AI) to analyse global research distribution from the past 13 years. This report provides a macro-level review of more than six million summaries of scientific papers and reports. It offers a snapshot across agrifood systems research, highlighting where progress has occurred, and where significant gaps remain. Despite 60% growth in research publications across agrifood systems in the past 13 years, there are extremely low levels of scientific research targeting the poorest, hungriest, and most vulnerable to climate change countries. Resolving this requires a systems approach and challenging long-standing norms regarding power dynamics across science and policy, including publication and funding norms.
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    The cluster panacea? An evaluation of three interventions in shrimp value chains in Bangladesh
    (Report, 2024-12-24) Narayanan, Sudha; Belton, Ben; Kabir, Razin; Sakil, Abdul Zabbar; Khan, Asraul Hoque; Hernandez, Ricardo
    Clustering farming has often been proposed as an effective way to overcome the significant transactions costs faced by downstream buyers in interacting and negotiating with many small farmers, while making it easier for extension workers and governments to dispense advice, provide upstream services and inputs. In this study, we evaluate the impact of a set of three initiatives in Bangladesh, implemented by a government department, a private sector processing firm and a not-for-profit industrial advocacy body, all involving clustering contiguous shrimp farm ponds to enable group certification necessary for global market access. We implement a canonical difference-in-differences model using two rounds of surveys of a sample of over 1,222 farmers in 2023 and 2024 to assess the impacts on pond management practices, net profits and any unintended impacts on food security and dietary diversity. Our results suggest that the cluster interventions had impressive impacts on adoption of better farm management practices. However, these do not appear to translate into significant gains in net profits, perhaps because these interventions are still relatively new. Further, it appears that cluster farmers pay a penalty on account of a shift to more intensive cultivation, represented by a loss in species diversity and lower incomes from fish and vegetables. We find that there are no significant spillover effects as yet on shrimp farmers in the same village as the clusters. This study reflects critically on the efficacy of clustering that is presumed to enhance access to global markets.
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    Elaboration d’un cadre de suivi-evaluation local de la pauvrete au Niger
    (Report, 2008) Noma, Dourhamane Adamou; Ndjeunga, Jupiter; Pender, John
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    Le rôle de la gestion durable des terres dans l’adaptation au changement climatique et la réduction des émissions en Afrique sub-saharienne
    (Report, 2009) Pender, John; Ringler, Claudia; Magalhaes, Marilia; Place, Frank
    Le changement climatique et la dégradation des terres constituent de très fortes menaces pour la survie de millions de personnes en Afrique sub-saharienne. Pourtant, il est d’ores et déjà réellement possible de contribuer à améliorer les conditions de vie des petits exploitants agricoles africains, éleveurs de bétail et autres utilisateurs de ressources naturelles tout en atténuant l’émission de gaz à effet de serre, en réduisant la dégradation des terres et en s’efforçant de corriger les impacts des changements et variations climatiques dans le cadre d’interventions locales, nationales et internationales. Le présent document prend en compte ces menaces et suggère des exemples d’actions destinées à informer les décideurs, les praticiens du développement et autres parties prenantes sur les liens existant entre le changement climatique et la gestion durable des terres (GDT), sur les perspectives et contraintes inhérentes à la promotion de l’atténuation des impacts du changement climatique au moyen de la GDT, ainsi que sur les options politiques et institutionnelles disponibles pour surmonter les obstacles et concrétiser les potentialités actuelles.
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    Nature-Positive Solutions Initiative survey report: Colombia
    (Report, 2024-12-31) Lopera, Diana Carolina; Ordoñez, Juan Camilo; Azzarri, Carlo; Davis, Kristin E.; De Falcis, Eleonora
    This study is part of the CGIAR Research Initiative on Nature-Positive Solutions for shifting agrifood systems to more resilient and sustainable pathways" (NATURE+), which aims to promote sustainable agricultural productivity through nature-positive solutions (NPS) by addressing three critical challenges: Land Degradation: Industrial agriculture, while ensuring large-scale food production, has caused severe environmental harm, including 80% of global deforestation, threats to 86% of endangered species, significant biodiversity loss, and up to 37% of global greenhouse gas emissions. It also depletes water and soil health, reducing crop resilience and lowering farming incomes and nutrition outcomes. To mitigate these impacts, a shift toward resilient farming systems that support smallholder farmers and enhance agriculture's role as a positive force for nature is essential. Limited Evidence and Knowledge to Support NPS: Awareness of the environmental costs of industrial agriculture has highlighted the need for sustainable farming practices, especially after the 2021 UN Food System Summit and the COVID-19 pandemic. NPS has significant potential, including creating 395 million jobs by 2030 (as per the 2020 World Economic Forum). However, gaps in evidence and tools for decision-making hinder scaling efforts. Research in biodiversity, soil health, and waste management is crucial to develop scalable innovations and support agricultural research for community development. Lack of Business Models for Public-Private Partnerships: The private sector plays a vital role in scaling impact oriented solutions, requiring supportive policies and incentives to encourage investments in sustainable pathways. Developing business models that combine scientific innovation with ecological, social, and livelihood benefits is necessary to foster collaboration and drive smallholder farming toward nature-positive practices.