Current and projected changes in climate extremes and agro-climatic zones over East Africa

Demissie, T., Diro, G.T., Duku, C., Solomon, D., Jimma, T.B. 2025. Current and projected changes in climate extremes and agro-climatic zones over East Africa. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 156(3):1-9.

Given the sensitivity of the agricultural sector to climate variability and change, a comprehensive understanding of environmental factors to this sector and the extent to which climate change may alter such factors is critical for planning and adaptation strategies. This study aims to assess the extent of extreme climate conditions and livestock-relevant maps of agro-climatic zones across East Africa in current and future climates. Ensembles of seven global climate models selected from the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) are considered under SSP245 and SSP585 socio-economic pathways. The water extreme/stress indicators considered include indices to indicate drought and flood situations. The heat stress indicators are composed of the frequency of hot spells and the duration and intensity of heat waves. As expected, all heat stress indicators are projected to increase in future climates. The frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation events are also projected to increase with increased GHG emissions. The drought stress indicators follow the precipitation pattern and are projected to decline over most of the domain. A heterogeneous response of the agro-climate regime to climate changes is projected for eastern Africa, with some areas (e.g., southern Tanzania) experiencing alterations towards drier zones while others (e.g., northern Somalia, South Sudan) are experiencing a shift towards wetter zones. The increase in short-duration heavy precipitation events together with the enhanced pace of heat stress over the region, will have critical implications for agriculture in general and local livestock production in particular.