Mapping brucellosis risk in Kenya and its implications for control strategies in sub-Saharan Africa

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cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and developing country instituteen_US
cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and advanced research instituteen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationInternational Livestock Research Instituteen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationZoonotic Disease Unit, Kenyaen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Nairobien_US
cg.contributor.affiliationFreie Universität Berlinen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationWorld Organisation for Animal Healthen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationKenya Medical Research Instituteen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationWildlife Research and Training Institute, Kenyaen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Embuen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationLos Alamos National Laboratoryen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Hohenheimen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationWashington State Universityen_US
cg.contributor.affiliationJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technologyen_US
cg.contributor.donorDefense Threat Reduction Agencyen_US
cg.contributor.donorCGIAR Trust Funden_US
cg.coverage.countryKenyaen_US
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2KEen_US
cg.coverage.regionAfricaen_US
cg.coverage.regionEastern Africaen_US
cg.coverage.regionSub-Saharan Africaen_US
cg.creator.identifierJames Akoko: 0000-0001-5730-4505en_US
cg.creator.identifierAthman Mwatondo: 0000-0002-3180-7013en_US
cg.creator.identifierLillian Wambua: 0000-0003-3632-7411en_US
cg.creator.identifierHussein Abkallo: 0000-0002-5594-4418en_US
cg.creator.identifierRichard Nyamota: 0000-0002-9569-1953en_US
cg.creator.identifierBernard Bett: 0000-0001-9376-2941en_US
cg.creator.identifierStephen Oloo: 0000-0002-8616-2822en_US
cg.howPublishedFormally Publisheden_US
cg.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-47628-1en_US
cg.isijournalISI Journalen_US
cg.issn2045-2322en_US
cg.issue1en_US
cg.journalScientific Reportsen_US
cg.reviewStatusPeer Reviewen_US
cg.subject.actionAreaResilient Agrifood Systemsen_US
cg.subject.ilriBRUCELLOSISen_US
cg.subject.ilriCATTLEen_US
cg.subject.ilriDISEASE CONTROLen_US
cg.subject.ilriZOONOTIC DISEASESen_US
cg.subject.impactAreaNutrition, health and food securityen_US
cg.subject.impactPlatformNutrition, Health and Food Securityen_US
cg.subject.sdgSDG 3 - Good health and well-beingen_US
cg.volume13en_US
dc.contributor.authorAkoko, James M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMwatondo, Athmanen_US
dc.contributor.authorMuturi, Mathewen_US
dc.contributor.authorWambua, Lillianen_US
dc.contributor.authorAbkallo, Hussein M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorNyamota, Richarden_US
dc.contributor.authorBosire, Carolineen_US
dc.contributor.authorOloo, Stephenen_US
dc.contributor.authorLimbaso, K.S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorGakuya, F.en_US
dc.contributor.authorNthiwa, D.en_US
dc.contributor.authorBartlow, A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMiddlebrook, E.en_US
dc.contributor.authorFair, J.en_US
dc.contributor.authorOgutu, J.O.en_US
dc.contributor.authorGachohi, J.en_US
dc.contributor.authorNjenga, K.en_US
dc.contributor.authorBett, Bernard K.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2023-11-22T13:10:50Zen_US
dc.date.available2023-11-22T13:10:50Zen_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/134632en_US
dc.titleMapping brucellosis risk in Kenya and its implications for control strategies in sub-Saharan Africaen_US
dcterms.abstractIn Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), effective brucellosis control is limited, in part, by the lack of long-term commitments by governments to control the disease and the absence of reliable national human and livestock population-based data to inform policies. Therefore, we conducted a study to establish the national prevalence and develop a risk map for Brucella spp. in cattle to contribute to plans to eliminate the disease in Kenya by the year 2040. We randomly generated 268 geolocations and distributed them across Kenya, proportionate to the area of each of the five agroecological zones and the associated cattle population. Cattle herds closest to each selected geolocation were identified for sampling. Up to 25 cattle were sampled per geolocation and a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to their owners. We tested 6,593 cattle samples for Brucella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We assessed potential risk factors and performed spatial analyses and prevalence mapping using approximate Bayesian inference implemented via the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) method. The national Brucella spp. prevalence was 6.8% (95% CI: 6.2–7.4%). Exposure levels varied significantly between agro-ecological zones, with a high of 8.5% in the very arid zone with the lowest agricultural potential relative to a low of 0.0% in the agro-alpine zone with the highest agricultural potential. Additionally, seroprevalence increased with herd size, and the odds of seropositivity were significantly higher for females and adult animals than for males or calves. Similarly, animals with a history of abortion, or with multiple reproductive syndromes had higher seropositivity than those without. At the herd level, the risk of Brucella spp. transmission was higher in larger herds, and herds with a history of reproductive problems such as abortion, giving birth to weak calves, or having swollen testes. Geographic localities with high Brucella seroprevalence occurred in northern, eastern, and southern regions of Kenya all primarily characterized by semi-arid or arid agro-ecological zones dominated by livestock pastoralism interspersed with vast areas with mixed livestock-wildlife systems. The large spatial extent of our survey provides compelling evidence for the widespread geographical distribution of brucellosis risk across Kenya in a manner easily understandable for policymakers. Our findings can provide a basis for risk-stratified pilot studies aiming to investigate the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of singular and combined preventive intervention strategies that seek to inform Kenya’s Brucellosis Control Policy.en_US
dcterms.accessRightsOpen Accessen_US
dcterms.audienceAcademicsen_US
dcterms.audienceScientistsen_US
dcterms.available2023-11-18en_US
dcterms.bibliographicCitationAkoko, J.M., Mwatondo, A., Muturi, M., Wambua, L., Abkallo, H.M., Nyamota, R., Bosire, C., Oloo, S., Limbaso, K.S., Gakuya, F., Nthiwa, D., Bartlow, A., Middlebrook, E., Fair, J., Ogutu, J.O., Gachohi, J., Njenga, K. and Bett, B. 2023. Mapping brucellosis risk in Kenya and its implications for control strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. Scientific Reports 13: 20192.en_US
dcterms.extent20192en_US
dcterms.issued2023-11-18en_US
dcterms.languageenen_US
dcterms.licenseCC-BY-4.0en_US
dcterms.publisherSpringer Science and Business Media LLCen_US
dcterms.subjectbrucellosisen_US
dcterms.subjectdisease controlen_US
dcterms.subjectzoonosesen_US
dcterms.subjectcattleen_US
dcterms.typeJournal Articleen_US

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