Mapping brucellosis risk in Kenya and its implications for control strategies in sub-Saharan Africa

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cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and developing country instituteen
cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and advanced research instituteen
cg.contributor.affiliationInternational Livestock Research Instituteen
cg.contributor.affiliationZoonotic Disease Unit, Kenyaen
cg.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Nairobien
cg.contributor.affiliationFreie Universität Berlinen
cg.contributor.affiliationWorld Organisation for Animal Healthen
cg.contributor.affiliationKenya Medical Research Instituteen
cg.contributor.affiliationWildlife Research and Training Institute, Kenyaen
cg.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Embuen
cg.contributor.affiliationLos Alamos National Laboratoryen
cg.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Hohenheimen
cg.contributor.affiliationWashington State Universityen
cg.contributor.affiliationJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technologyen
cg.contributor.donorDefense Threat Reduction Agencyen
cg.contributor.donorCGIAR Trust Funden
cg.coverage.countryKenya
cg.coverage.iso3166-alpha2KE
cg.coverage.regionAfrica
cg.coverage.regionEastern Africa
cg.coverage.regionSub-Saharan Africa
cg.creator.identifierJames Akoko: 0000-0001-5730-4505
cg.creator.identifierAthman Mwatondo: 0000-0002-3180-7013
cg.creator.identifierLillian Wambua: 0000-0003-3632-7411
cg.creator.identifierHussein Abkallo: 0000-0002-5594-4418
cg.creator.identifierRichard Nyamota: 0000-0002-9569-1953
cg.creator.identifierBernard Bett: 0000-0001-9376-2941
cg.creator.identifierStephen Oloo: 0000-0002-8616-2822
cg.howPublishedFormally Publisheden
cg.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-47628-1en
cg.isijournalISI Journalen
cg.issn2045-2322en
cg.issue1en
cg.journalScientific Reportsen
cg.reviewStatusPeer Reviewen
cg.subject.actionAreaResilient Agrifood Systems
cg.subject.ilriBRUCELLOSISen
cg.subject.ilriCATTLEen
cg.subject.ilriDISEASE CONTROLen
cg.subject.ilriZOONOTIC DISEASESen
cg.subject.impactAreaNutrition, health and food security
cg.subject.impactPlatformNutrition, Health and Food Security
cg.subject.sdgSDG 3 - Good health and well-beingen
cg.volume13en
dc.contributor.authorAkoko, James M.en
dc.contributor.authorMwatondo, Athmanen
dc.contributor.authorMuturi, Mathewen
dc.contributor.authorWambua, Lillianen
dc.contributor.authorAbkallo, Hussein M.en
dc.contributor.authorNyamota, Richarden
dc.contributor.authorBosire, Carolineen
dc.contributor.authorOloo, Stephenen
dc.contributor.authorLimbaso, K.S.en
dc.contributor.authorGakuya, F.en
dc.contributor.authorNthiwa, D.en
dc.contributor.authorBartlow, A.en
dc.contributor.authorMiddlebrook, E.en
dc.contributor.authorFair, J.en
dc.contributor.authorOgutu, J.O.en
dc.contributor.authorGachohi, J.en
dc.contributor.authorNjenga, K.en
dc.contributor.authorBett, Bernard K.en
dc.date.accessioned2023-11-22T13:10:50Zen
dc.date.available2023-11-22T13:10:50Zen
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/134632
dc.titleMapping brucellosis risk in Kenya and its implications for control strategies in sub-Saharan Africaen
dcterms.abstractIn Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), effective brucellosis control is limited, in part, by the lack of long-term commitments by governments to control the disease and the absence of reliable national human and livestock population-based data to inform policies. Therefore, we conducted a study to establish the national prevalence and develop a risk map for Brucella spp. in cattle to contribute to plans to eliminate the disease in Kenya by the year 2040. We randomly generated 268 geolocations and distributed them across Kenya, proportionate to the area of each of the five agroecological zones and the associated cattle population. Cattle herds closest to each selected geolocation were identified for sampling. Up to 25 cattle were sampled per geolocation and a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to their owners. We tested 6,593 cattle samples for Brucella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We assessed potential risk factors and performed spatial analyses and prevalence mapping using approximate Bayesian inference implemented via the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) method. The national Brucella spp. prevalence was 6.8% (95% CI: 6.2–7.4%). Exposure levels varied significantly between agro-ecological zones, with a high of 8.5% in the very arid zone with the lowest agricultural potential relative to a low of 0.0% in the agro-alpine zone with the highest agricultural potential. Additionally, seroprevalence increased with herd size, and the odds of seropositivity were significantly higher for females and adult animals than for males or calves. Similarly, animals with a history of abortion, or with multiple reproductive syndromes had higher seropositivity than those without. At the herd level, the risk of Brucella spp. transmission was higher in larger herds, and herds with a history of reproductive problems such as abortion, giving birth to weak calves, or having swollen testes. Geographic localities with high Brucella seroprevalence occurred in northern, eastern, and southern regions of Kenya all primarily characterized by semi-arid or arid agro-ecological zones dominated by livestock pastoralism interspersed with vast areas with mixed livestock-wildlife systems. The large spatial extent of our survey provides compelling evidence for the widespread geographical distribution of brucellosis risk across Kenya in a manner easily understandable for policymakers. Our findings can provide a basis for risk-stratified pilot studies aiming to investigate the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of singular and combined preventive intervention strategies that seek to inform Kenya’s Brucellosis Control Policy.en
dcterms.accessRightsOpen Access
dcterms.audienceAcademicsen
dcterms.audienceScientistsen
dcterms.available2023-11-18
dcterms.bibliographicCitationAkoko, J.M., Mwatondo, A., Muturi, M., Wambua, L., Abkallo, H.M., Nyamota, R., Bosire, C., Oloo, S., Limbaso, K.S., Gakuya, F., Nthiwa, D., Bartlow, A., Middlebrook, E., Fair, J., Ogutu, J.O., Gachohi, J., Njenga, K. and Bett, B. 2023. Mapping brucellosis risk in Kenya and its implications for control strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. Scientific Reports 13: 20192.en
dcterms.extent20192en
dcterms.issued2023-11-18
dcterms.languageen
dcterms.licenseCC-BY-4.0
dcterms.publisherSpringer Science and Business Media LLCen
dcterms.subjectbrucellosisen
dcterms.subjectdisease controlen
dcterms.subjectzoonosesen
dcterms.subjectcattleen
dcterms.typeJournal Article

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