Safe food, fair food for Cambodia

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/83349

Funded through Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems - https://livestocklab.ifas.ufl.edu/

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Safer pork originated from traditional food markets for consumers in Vietnam and Cambodia
(Poster, 2023-10-30) Unger, Fred; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Hung Pham Van; Phuc Pham-Duc; Huyen Le Thi Thanh; Tum, S.; Chea, R.; Ty, C.; Grace, Delia
Safer pork originated from traditional food markets for consumers in Vietnam and Cambodia
(Poster, 2023-09-19) Unger, Fred; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Chea, R.; Ngo Hoang Tuan Hai; Grace, Delia
Traditional food markets—gains, threats, and ways to de-risk them: Intervention studies with focus on changing practice and behaviour
(Presentation, 2023-09-19) Unger, Fred; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Sinh Dang Xuan; Chea, R.; Ngo Hoang Tuan Hai; Grace, Delia
Safe pork from traditional markets for Vietnam and Cambodia through light-touch interventions
(Presentation, 2023-11-21) Unger, Fred; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Chea, R.; Tum, S.; Ngo Hoang Tuan Hai; Phuc Pham-Duc; Grace, Delia
Access to food markets, household wealth and child nutrition in rural Cambodia: Findings from nationally representative data
(Journal Article, 2023-10-18) Duong, C.; Patel, S.; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Chea, R.; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Tum, S.; Ramakrishnan, U.; Young, M.F.
Access to informal fresh food markets plays a vital role in household food security and dietary quality in transitioning rural economies. However, it is not well understood if market access also improves child nutrition and if the improvement applies to all socioeconomic groups. In this secondary research study, we combined a national listing of food markets (n = 503) with a national household survey to examine the associations of market access with diet and height across wealth groups in children aged 6 to 23 months in rural Cambodia. All children under two years of age with dietary data (n = 1537) or anthropometry data (n = 989) were selected from the household survey. Food markets were geocoded using Google Maps or villages’ geographical coordinates publicly available in the Open Development Mekong data platform. Regression calibration was then used to estimate household distance to the nearest market. Descriptive results indicated a highly uneven distribution of food markets with median household distance to the nearest markets ranging between 4 km (IQR: 3–8 km) in the lowland areas and 9 km (IQR: 4–17 km) in the highland areas. Results from the multivariate linear regressions showed that distance to the nearest market was modestly associated with child dietary diversity score (β: -0.17; 95% CI: -0.29, -0.05) but it was not related to child height-for-age z-score, and that household wealth did not modify the associations between distance to markets and child dietary diversity score. These findings suggest that improving access to food markets alone might not lead to meaningful improvement in child diet. Detailed surveys on household food acquisition are needed to clarify the role of food markets relative to other food sources such as subsistence fisheries, subsistence gardening and mobile food traders.
Food safety risk prioritization: Case studies from Asia
(Presentation, 2023-06-14) Hung Nguyen-Viet; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Grace, Delia
Safer food for traditional markets from a One health perspective
(Presentation, 2022-09-02) Unger, Fred; Phuc Pham-Duc; Pham Van Hung; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Le Thi Thanh Huyen; Tum, S.; Ty, C.; Toribio, Jenny-Ann; Ngo Hoang Tuan Hai; Nguyen Thi Duong Nga; Hung Nguyen-Viet
The first large scale randomized control trial in Cambodia animal sourced food systems: rationale and process
(Presentation, 2022-08-12) Unger, Fred; Tum, S.; Chea, Rortana; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Ty, C.; Grace, Delia
Objectives: The aim of the abstract is to share rationale, processes, experiences including challenges made during the implementation of a RCT to improve food safety in traditional pork retail in Cambodia. Material and methods: The RCT was part of an operational research conducted under the framework of the Safe Food Fair Food Cambodia Project implemented by the International Livestock Research Institute in partnership with Cambodian and international partners. It is considered as the first large scale RCT in Cambodia animal sourced food systems. The RCT was implemented across six provinces, each province two control and treatment markets and up to fifteen retailers per selected market. Results: The RCT was designed over a period of approximately six months. This included an in-depth participatory diagnostic with national partners on feasible intervention, selection of provinces and markets, required training and staff needed. In consecutive steps training materials were designed, low-cost equipment agreed and procured (value 25-30 USD). Implementers at provincial level included market managers and local veterinary services. In each of the six province 6-8 local staff was identified consisting of market manager and vets in addition to members of the research team. The RCT was conducted over a period of 6 weeks, this included training, observations of hygienic practice and use of hygienic indicators. Challenges included variations of markets in terms infrastructure, limited information of operating retailers per market and some delayed analysis of RCT results. Conclusions: Important for the success of the RCT (significant hygienic improvements) was the profound preparation (participatory diagnostic) and dedicated support of local authorities prior and throughout the trail. Intervention packages were taken up by national authorities in form of modified guidelines.
Quantitative risk assessment of salmonellosis in Cambodian consumers through chicken and pork salad consumption
(Journal Article, 2022-12-22) Chea, Rortana; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Unger, Fred; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Tum, S.; Ty, C.; Grace, Delia; Osbjer, K.; Boqvist, Sofia
Salmonella is a globally important foodborne bacterial pathogen that poses a high risk to human health. This study aimed to estimate the risk to Cambodian consumers from acquiring salmonellosis after consuming chicken and pork salad, using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Chicken and pork salads are typical Cambodian dishes containing raw vegetables and boiled chicken meat or pork. As previously described, chicken meat and pork samples (n = 204 of each) were collected from traditional markets in 25 Cambodian provinces to generate data on Salmonella contamination. Salad preparation and consumption practices were surveyed in 93 Cambodian households and this information was used to design an experiment to assess Salmonella cross-contamination from raw meat to ready-to-eat salad. In the part of the study reported here, data on consumption, Salmonella in salad, dose-response, and predicted salmonellosis were modeled using Monte Carlo simulations at 10,000 iterations. The prevalence of Salmonella in chicken meat and pork were set to 42.6 and 45.1%, respectively, with average most probable number (MPN) per gram of Salmonella in chicken meat was 10.6 and in pork 11.1 MPN/g, based on an earlier study. Half of the interviewed households cooked meat for the salad directly after purchase. The QMRA model showed that the modeled annual risk of salmonellosis from consuming chicken salad, pork salad and both chicken and pork salad were 11.1% probability of illness per person per year (90% CI 0.0–35.1), 4.0% (90% CI 0.0–21.3), and 14.5% (90% CI 0.0–33.5), respectively. The factors most influencing the estimate were cross-contamination while preparing the salad, followed by the prevalence of Salmonella in chicken meat and pork at the market. The wide confidence interval for the incidence was mainly due to the variability in reducing bacteria concentration by cooking and salad consumption. The predicted risk of salmonellosis due to chicken and pork salad consumption is high, and the study provides evidence supporting control measures of improving the safety of retailed chicken and pork obtained from markets to households and improving food preparation methods in the household.
Quantitative microbial risk assessment of salmonellosis from chicken and pork salad consumption in Cambodian households
(Presentation, 2022-07-31) Chea, Rortana; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Grace, Delia; Unger, Fred; Tum, S.; Ty, C.; Boqvist, Sofia
Introduction: Salmonella is an important foodborne bacterial pathogen that causes high risk to human health globally. Purpose: This study aimed to estimate the risk of Cambodian consumers of acquiring salmonellosis after consuming contaminated chicken and pork salad using a quantitative microbial risk assessment. Methods: Chicken meat and pork samples (n=204 each) were collected from traditional markets in 25 provinces for Salmonella analyses. Practices of cooking chicken and pork salad from 93 Cambodian households were surveyed and used to design an experiment to assess Salmonella cross-contamination from raw meat to ready-to-eat salad. Data on Salmonella contamination, salad consumption and dose response (alpha=0.00853 and beta=3.14) were modelled using Monte Carlo simulations with @Risk at 10,000 iterations. Results: The prevalence of Salmonella in chicken meat and pork were 42.6% (87/204) and 45.1% (92/204) respectively. The average concentration of Salmonella in chicken meat was 10.6 MPN/g, and in pork 11.1 MPN/g. Half of the interviewed households processed and cooked meat for salad directly after purchasing. The QMRA model showed that the annual risk of salmonellosis estimated from consuming chicken salad, pork salad and mixtures of chicken and pork salads were 11.2% (90%CI 0.0 – 35.1), 4.0% (90%CI 0.0 – 21.3), and 14.5% (90%CI 0.0 – 33.5), respectively. The factors with the highest influence on the estimate were cross-contamination while preparing salad, followed by the prevalence of Salmonella on chicken meat and pork at the market. A wide confidence interval in the estimated incidence was mainly due to the variability in the degree of reduction in bacteria concentration by cooking, and salad consumption pattern. Significance: The risk of salmonellosis due to chicken and pork salad consumption appears to be high. Control measures may include improving the safety of retailed chicken and pork at markets and improving hygiene practices and equipment during salad preparation at household.
Experimental cross-contamination of chicken salad with Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and London during food preparation in Cambodian households
(Journal Article, 2022-08-01) Chea, Rortana; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Tum, S.; Unger, Fred; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Grace, Delia; Ty, C.; Koam, S.; Sina, V.; Sokchea, H.; Pov, S.; Heng, T.; Phirum, O.; Sinh Dang-Xuan
Non-typhoidal Salmonellae are common foodborne pathogens that can cause gastroenteritis and other illnesses in people. This is the first study to assess the transfer of Salmonella enterica from raw chicken carcasses to ready-to-eat chicken salad in Cambodia. Twelve focus group discussions in four Cambodian provinces collected information on typical household ways of preparing salad. The results informed four laboratory experiments that mimicked household practices, using chicken carcasses inoculated with Salmonella. We developed four scenarios encompassing the range of practices, varying by order of washing (chicken or vegetables first) and change of chopping utensils (same utensils or different). Even though raw carcasses were washed twice, Salmonella was isolated from 32 out of 36 chicken samples (88.9%, 95% CI: 73.0–96.4) and two out of 18 vegetable samples (11.1%, 95% CI: 1.9–36.1). Salmonella was detected on cutting boards (66.7%), knives (50.0%) and hands (22.2%) after one wash; cross-contamination was significantly higher on cutting boards than on knives or hands (p-value < 0.05). The ready-to-eat chicken salad was contaminated in scenario 1 (wash vegetables first, use same utensils), 2 (wash vegetables first, use different utensils) and 3 (wash chicken first, use same utensils) but not 4 (wash chicken first, use different utensils) (77.8%, 11.1%, 22.2% and 0%, respectively). There was significantly higher Salmonella cross-contamination in scenario 1 (wash vegetables first, use same utensils) than in the other three scenarios. These results show how different hygiene practices influence the risk of pathogens contaminating chicken salad. This information could decrease the risk of foodborne disease in Cambodia and provides inputs to a quantitative risk assessment model.
Understanding how food safety risk perception influences dietary decision making among women in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: A qualitative study
(Journal Article, 2022-03) Brown, S.M.; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Grace, Delia; Ty, C.; Samkol, P.; Sokchea, H.; Pov, S.; Young, M.F.
Objectives To determine women’s perception of the risk of food safety and how it relates to diet, health and decision making as part of formative research for a market-based intervention that aims to improve the safety of animal-source foods sold in informal markets. Design Qualitative study including in-depth personal interviews with 24 caregivers were conducted and complemented with a second follow-up PhotoVoice interview, which allowed the women to photograph their meals and perceptions of food safety and nutrition. Interview data were analysed using thematic analysis in MAXQDA. Participants were purposively sampled from a larger Safe Food, Fair Food for Cambodia study, conducted from May to August 2018. Setting Urban and periurban neighborhoods of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Participants 24 female caregivers (mothers and grandmothers) of children under age 5, each interviewed twice. Findings A primary food safety concern expressed was that chemicals (pesticides and other agricultural additives) in animal-source foods, fruits and vegetables may impact the health of their families by causing diarrhoea and problems during pregnancy. This fear created a lack of trust in markets, which influenced their food purchasing behaviours and strategies for making the food safer for their families. These mitigation strategies, including food selection and cleaning, vary among the women but are perceived as important to be able to provide their families with what they define as safe meals. Conclusions Interventions that wish to decrease rates of foodborne illness and increase animal source food consumption should also address the belief that the food system has been compromised by the addition of pesticides and agricultural additives.
Proceedings of the Safe Food, Fair Food for Cambodia final workshop held 21-22 June 2021
(Conference Proceedings, 2021-06-22) International Livestock Research Institute
Safe Food, Fair Food for Cambodia
(Video, 2019-10-24) International Livestock Research Institute
Safe Food, Fair Food for Cambodia: Project final workshop report
(Report, 2021-06-22) International Livestock Research Institute
Perceived neighborhood food access is associated with consumption of animal-flesh food, fruits and vegetables among mothers and young children in peri-urban Cambodia
(Journal Article, 2022-03) Duong, M.-C.; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Grace, Delia; Ty, C.; Sokchea, H.; Sina, V.; Young, M.F.
Objective: To examine whether mothers' perceived neighborhood food access is associated with their own and their young children's consumption of animal-flesh food, fruits and vegetables in peri-urban areas of Cambodia. Design: A cross-sectional survey measured food consumption frequency and perceived neighborhood food access, the latter including six dimensions of food availability, affordability, convenience, quality, safety and desirability. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between food access and food consumption. Setting: Peri-urban districts of Phnom Penh and Siem Reap, Cambodia. Participants: 198 mothers of children between 6 to 24 months old. Results: Over 25% of the mothers and 40% of the children had low consumption (< once a day) of either animal-flesh food or fruits and vegetables. Compared with perceived high food access, perceived low food access was associated with an adjusted 5.6-fold and 4.3-fold greater odds of low animal-flesh food consumption among mothers (95% CI 2.54, 12.46) and children (95% CI 2.20, 8.60) respectively. Similarly, relative to perceived high access, perceived low food access was associated with 7.6-times and 5.1-times higher adjusted odds of low fruits and vegetables consumption among mothers (95% CI 3.22, 18.02) and children (95% CI 2.69, 9.83) respectively. Conclusions: Mothers' perceived neighborhood food access was an important predictor of their own and their young children's nutrient-rich food consumption in peri-urban Cambodia. Future work is needed to confirm our findings in other urban settings and examine the role of neighborhood food environment on the consumption of both nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor food.
Safe Food, Fair Food for Cambodia task force: Research to policy and practice
(Presentation, 2021-06-21) Hung Nguyen-Viet; Tum, S.; Ty, C.; Young, M.; Grace, Delia
Safe Food, Fair Food for Cambodia Cross-cutting activities: Gender, capacity building and task force
(Presentation, 2021-06-21) Hung Nguyen-Viet; Tum, S.; Ty, C.; Young, M.; Grace, Delia
Using a theory of change to support evaluation planning for a food safety intervention in Cambodia
(Presentation, 2021-06-21) Lam, S.; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Unger, Fred
Safe Food, Fair Food for Cambodia: Scaling opportunities
(Presentation, 2021-06-21) Hung Nguyen-Viet; Tum, S.; Ty, C.; Young, M.; Grace, Delia

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