CIP Science Goal: Biodiversity

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/113998

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Resiliencia y crisis: el nexo agrobiodiversidad-alimentación-nutrición en la pandemia del covid-19 entre comunidades campesinas del Perú y los Andes
(Book Chapter, 2024) Zimmerer, K.S.; Diez, A.; Tubbeh, R.; Jones, A.; Meza, K.; Haan, Stef de; Creed, H.; Tello, M.; Ochoa, J.
La biodiversidad en los sistemas agroalimentarios permite una lectura crítica sobre las posibilidades de una alimentación accesible y de alto valor nutritivo para el bienestar de las poblaciones rurales. Nuestro estudio analiza el nexo entre la agrobiodiversidad y la nutrición a partir de las respuestas frente al covid-19 durante y tras la pandemia, en comunidades campesinas en tres áreas de Huánuco. Aplicamos entrevistas y grupos focales entre los años 2021 y 2023. Identificamos cuatro resultados principales. Primero, se demostraron altos niveles de manejo de la utilización de agrobiodiversidad para alimentación y nutrición a nivel de individuos, hogares y comunidades como respuesta de supervivencia ante la pandemia. En segundo lugar, el uso de la biodiversidad muestra evidencia de resiliencia ante impactos, así como los roles del conocimiento local, la dinámica del desarrollo ambiental, la diversificación de los modos de vida, incluyendo la migración y el fenómeno de los retornantes, relaciones de género, el Estado y las historias y dinámicas agrarias actuales. En tercer lugar, destacan numerosos impactos graves que prevalecieron durante y después de la pandemia. Estos impactos ocurrieron en intersección con otras crisis agrarias, como las nuevas y poderosas versiones del «doble apretón reproductivo»1. En cuarto lugar, nuestros resultados ilustran las diferencias espaciales relacionadas con la urbanización y las dinámicas de diversificación de los medios de vida entre las tres áreas estudiadas: un espacio periurbano, una zona rural relativamente aislada y un área altamente conectada a la mercantilización de productos agrícolas para los mercados nacionales e internacionales. En conclusión: las comunidades se beneficiaron de ventajas notables de agrobiodiversidad y nutrición que ofrecieron una medida significativa de resiliencia a los choques de la pandemia.
Citizen Science for Youth Engagement guideline
(Manual, 2025-01) International Potato Center
This guide disseminates information concerning agrobiodiversity conservation by engaging children and youth in citizen science projects in rural schools in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Vietnam.
Spatiotemporal trends in Anopheles funestus breeding habitats
(Journal Article, 2025-01-11) Aduvukha, G.R.; Abdel-Rahman, E.M.; Mudereri, B.T.; Mutanga, O.; Odindi, J.; Tonnang, H.E.
Effective identification and control of malaria vector larval breeding habitats are crucial for the management and eradication of malaria. Despite its importance, the last decade has seen a decline in data availability and intervention efforts due to reduced attention and prioritization. This study addresses the geographic data scarcity concerning Anopheles funestus larval breeding habitats in a malaria-prone region of western Kenya. Employing a two-step methodological approach, we integrated multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and rule-based fuzzy logic analysis to evaluate the spatiotemporal similarity or divergence of these habitats. The analysis spanned a five-year interval, 2008, 2013, and 2018 with 2013 serving as the base year for both hindcast and forecast predictions. The MCDA utilized categorical land use/land cover (LULC) and edaphic variables to identify potential breeding habitats, while climatic and topographic variables and spectral indices were analysed using fuzzy logic to assess the similarity or divergence of these habitats over time. Validation of the MCDA and fuzzy logic models was performed using a flight buffer distance based on adult An. funestus presence points (n = 136), supplemented by a limited number of larval breeding locations (n = 12) respectively. Our findings identified 147 potential An. funestus larval breeding habitats across the study area. The fuzzy logic analysis predicted a high degree of similarity (85.03%) in potential breeding habitats between the study years compared to the base year, with a divergence of 14.97%. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using semi-automated methods to detect both permanent and impermanent An. funestus breeding habitats under conditions of limited data. The methodologies developed provide a timely, cost-effective tool for enhanced surveillance and management of An funestus mosquito larval breeding, offering valuable insights for stakeholders involved in malaria vector monitoring and control.
Developing a Cryopreservation Protocol for Embryonic Axes of Six South American Peanut Genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.) Using Desiccation–Vitrification.
(Journal Article, 2024-12-23) Tacán, M.; Andrango, R.; Tapia, C.; Sørensen, M.; Vollmer, R.; Pérez, C.
The present study investigates the cryopreservation of embryonic axes from the peanut genotype ECU-12466, demonstrating a successful protocol involving a 1 h desiccation on silica gel followed by a 1 h cryoprotection with Plant Vitrificatin Solution 2 (PVS2). The average dimensions of the excised embryonic axes were 5.6 mm in length and 3.5 mm in width, with plumule lengths averaging 2.2 mm. Notably, germination rates for cryopreserved axes ranged from 71.4% to 85.7%, showing resilience to varying desiccation and PVS2 treatment times, particularly at 1 h. Shoot length was significantly enhanced by a 1 h PVS2 exposure, while longer durations resulted in phytotoxic effects. Rooting rates were higher for samples treated with shorter desiccation periods, with 54% rooting achieved at 1 h of PVS2 exposure, contrasting sharply with just 16% at 2 h. The moisture content of the embryonic axes remained stable between 9.3% and 9.5%, indicating no detrimental impact from the applied treatments. To evaluate the protocol’s broader applicability, five additional peanut genotypes (ECU-11401, ECU-11418, ECU-11448, ECU-11469, and ECU-11494) were tested. While cryopreserved samples demonstrated high germination rates of up to 95.4% after 15 days, the rooting success was significantly lower (25.2%) compared to the control group’s 90.9%. Following transplantation, the growth performance varied among genotypes, with a success rate of 93% for ECU-11494. Overall, this study elucidates the critical parameters for optimizing cryopreservation protocols in peanut embryonic axes, contributing to more effective long-term conservation strategies.
Mapping of suitable release areas for the parasitoid Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris (Marsh) for the classical biocontrol of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) using temperature-dependent phenology models
(Preprint, 2024-12) Mujica, N.; Carhuapoma, Pablo; Kroschel, Jürgen; Kreuze, Jan F.
The South American tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is a major invasive pest of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) worldwide. Among the different integrated pest management strategies, biological control is most promising. Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris (Marsh) is a larval endoparasitoid native to the Neotropics, where it is the dominant biological agent of T. absoluta along the Peruvian coast. The determination of the parasitoid’s temperature-dependent development is crucial for better predicting the potential of the parasitoid to establish in new regions and to control the target pest. Therefore, the effect of temperature on the development and reproduction of D. gelechiidivoris was studied at five constant temperatures ranging from 10 to 30°C in its main host T. absoluta. The Insect Life Cycle Modeling (ILCYM) software was used to fit nonlinear equations to collected life table data and to establish an overall phenology model to simulate life table parameters based on temperature. The parasitoid completed its life cycle at constant temperatures from 15 to 30°C; the temperature of 10°C was lethal to pupae. The theoretical lower threshold temperatures for the development of egg-larvae and pupae were 7.6°C and 10.9°C respectively. The egg-larval and pupae stages had the lowest mortality between the temperature range of 20-30°C. The lowest senescence rates for females and males were observed within the temperature range of 10–20°C. Oviposition time decreased significantly with increasing temperature from 16.7 days (10°C) to 1.6 days (35°C). Mean fecundity was highest at 20°C (74.4 eggs/female). Maximum population growth is expected around 24.3°C with a finite rate of increase, λ of 1.1088, which corresponds to a population doubling time of 6.7 days. The highest values for gross reproduction rate (GRR) and net reproduction rate (R0) were found between 20 and 21°C, and the shortest mean generation time (T) was observed at 30°C (19.9 d). Suitable release areas with a very high probability of establishment and potentially good control efficacy of the parasitoid are tropical and subtropical regions (e.g., countries in Southern Europe; Spain, Portugal). The potential use of the parasitoid in the context of classical biological control of T. absoluta is discussed.
Towards understanding the effects of climate change on the sweetpotato insect pests Acraea acerata Hewiston and Cylas puncticollis Boheman and their management in Africa
(Thesis, 2024) Okonya, J.
In tropical Africa, the sweetpotato butterfly Acraea acerata, is a major endemic pest of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.). Outbreaks of A. acerata have been reported by farmers in Uganda to be more frequent than in the past 10 years. It is therefore speculated that global warming may be responsible for this increased risk of outbreaks and abundance (damage potential). The develop temperature-based phenology model of A. acerata developed in Chapter 5.1 using the Insect Life Cycle Modeling (ILYCM) software was implemented in the potential population distribution and risk mapping module to analyze and map the potential establishment, abundance and spread on global and regional scales using three indices (establishment risk index, ERI-, generation index GI, and activity index, AI). Interpolated WorldClim data and downscaled data of the SRES-A1B scenario were applied for the current (year 2000) and for future climates (year 2050) temperature conditions and scenarios, respectively. The establishment risk index (ERI) values predicted by the model under the current climatic conditions compare well to the current distribution of A. acerata (ERI=1.0) in Africa. For most of Africa, the simulated number of generations per year of 8-12 under climatic conditions of the year 2000 are in the range of those reported in literature. For some regions of West African countries, a slight reduced risk of establishment is predicted by the year 2050 while East and Central African countries will potentially have an increased risk of establishment by A. acerata. Under the 2050 scenario, an increase by 1-5 generations per year is predicted for most of the African countries where sweetpotato is cultivated. An increase in the number of generations implies an increase in the pest abundance resulting into higher infestations and crop losses. A. acerata is an increasing threat for sweetpotato production in Africa and therefore a risk for food security of sweetpotato producing households. It is therefore vital to inform policy makers about these potential changes and risks to prevent invasions and establish adaptation plans for effective pest management. This analysis confirms that higher temperatures due to global warming will contribute to more frequent A. acerata outbreaks and abundances in Africa but will also facilitate its distribution and establishment in many other sweetpotato growing countries. There is need to include pest risk mapping results in adaptation planning to manage future pest risks at global, regional, and country level.
Seek by i-Naturalist: A guide for teachers
(Report, 2024-12) International Potato Center
Seek by i-Naturalist: An easy-to-use guide for students
(Report, 2024-12) International Potato Center
Đa dạng nguồn gen bí đỏ, cải mèo, chuối và khoai sọ địa phương tại Sa Pa – Lào Cai / The rich biodiversity of pumpkin, H’Mong mustard greens, banana and taro in Sa Pa – Lao Cai
(Report, 2024-12) Vũ, Đ.; Vũ, Đ.T.; Trần, T.K.N.; Tạ, Đ.V.P.; Đỗ, N.T.A.; Naziri, D.; Haan, Stef de; Navarrete, I.; Võ, A.T.; Sardos, J.
Đa dạng nguồn gen bí đỏ, cải mèo, chuối và khoai sọ tại huyện Mai Sơn - Sơn La / The rich biodiversity of pumpkins, H’Mong mustard greens, bananas, and taro, in Mai Son District - Son La
(Report, 2024-12) Vũ, Đ.; Vũ, Đ.T.; Trần, T.K.N.; Tạ, Đ.V.P.; Đỗ, N.T.A.; Naziri, D.; Haan, Stef de; Navarrete, I.; Võ, A.T.; Sardos, J.
Sách nấu ăn của Sa Pa: Chế biến món ăn từ bí đỏ, cải mèo, chuối và khoai sọ của người Sa Pa - Lào Cai / Sa Pa Cookbook: From Sa Pa to your table: A collection of traditional recipes of Pumpkin, H’Mong mustard greens, Musa, and Taro
(Book, 2024-12) Vũ, Đ.; Vũ, Đ.T.; Tạ, Đ.V.P.; Đỗ, N.T.A.; Naziri, D.; Haan, Stef de; Navarrete, I.; Võ, A.T.
Sách nấu ăn của Mai Sơn: Chế biến món ăn từ Bí Đỏ, Cải Mèo, Chuối và Khoai Sọ của người Mai Sơn – Sơn La / Mai Son Cookbook: From Mai Son to your table: A collection of traditional recipes of Pumpkin, H’Mong mustard greens, Musa, and Taro
(Book, 2024-12) Vũ, Đ.; Vũ, Đ.T.; Tạ, Đ.V.P.; Trần, T.K.N.; Naziri, D.; Haan, Stef de; Navarrete, I.; Võ, A.T.
Underlying drivers of deforestation in the Peruvian amazon and the highland region of the Andes
(Report, 2024-12) Juarez, H.; Pradel, W.; Navarrete, C.; Gutiérrez, D.; Hualla, V.; Vanegas, M.; Sylvester, J.; Castro, A.
Deforestation in Peru's Amazon and Andean regions is a critical environmental challenge with extensive economic, social, and ecological implications. The Amazon, known for its unparalleled biodiversity, has experienced the loss of approximately 100,000 hectares of forest over 34 years, primarily driven by small-scale agricultural practices and artisanal mining. In the Andean region, the imperative to reconcile rural development with environmental conservation has resulted in land-use practices that fail to meet sustainability criteria. This study examines the underlying drivers of deforestation in the Peruvian Amazon and Andean region during the 2000–2020 period, highlighting the importance of understanding how climatic, economic, landscape, and demographic influences interact with regional dynamics to shape deforestation patterns. The methodology integrates spatial analysis and advanced statistical modeling, leveraging a dataset encompassing demographic, climatic, economic, and ecological predictors. Results reveal that in the Amazon, the aggregation index (25.7%), population dynamics (21.9%), and temperature (16%) were key drivers of deforestation, with agricultural expansion and landscape fragmentation playing prominent roles. Conversely, in the Andes, rainfall (41.3%) and temperature (20.1%) constituted the predominant factors, whilst the incorporation of proximate causes, such as agricultural land use, enhanced the explanatory capacity of models across both regions. Furthermore, the aggregation index demonstrated heterogeneous impacts, with higher fragmentation facilitating deforestation in some districts while reducing it in others. Spatiotemporal analyses highlighted persistent and emerging deforestation hot spots, notably in Madre de Dios and San Martín, which corresponded to distinct drivers such as mining and agriculture. These findings underscore the necessity of tailored conservation policies and interventions that address the specific socio-economic and ecological contexts of the Amazon and Andes.
Intersecting Pathways: Biodiversity Loss, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities in Peru’s High Carbon Stock Regions
(Report, 2024-12) Pradel, W.; Juarez, H.; Gutierrez, D.; Casallas, I.; Sosa, C.
Peru's high carbon stock regions, encompassing some of the world’s most biodiverse ecosystems, face mounting pressures from deforestation, land use change, and socioeconomic vulnerabilities. This study explores the spatial overlap between biodiversity loss, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and socioeconomic challenges—including poverty, human development, and childhood stunting—across 252 districts in Peru's Amazon and Andean regions. Employing Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) and socioeconomic data from 2016–2019, the analysis reveals weak-to-moderate correlations between environmental degradation and socioeconomic factors. Despite limited global associations, the study identifies critical hotspots, particularly in San Martín, Ucayali, and Huánuco, where poverty, deforestation, and low human development index (HDI) intersect. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrated strategies to mitigate deforestation, promote socioeconomic development, and achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By prioritizing interventions in these areas, Peru can advance its commitments to climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation while addressing persistent social inequities.
Selectivity of new generation herbicide ‘Tembotrione’ under conservation agriculture-based maize (Zea mays) in maize-wheat-mungbean cropping system
(Journal Article, 2024-09) Roy, N.S.; Shekhawat, N.K.; Rathore, N.S.S.; Kumar, N.
An experiment was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute in New Delhi during the rainy (Kharif) seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23. The study aimed to evaluate the weed control efficiency of low dose new generation herbicide: tembotrione (34.4% SC) as a component of integrated weed management (IWM), on zero-till (ZT) and conventional till (CT) maize (Zea mays L.). The treatments were comprised of conventional tillage maize (M1: CT-M), conventional tillage maize with green manure from preceding green gram (M2: CT-M+GM), zero tillage maize with residue retention at 3 t/ha (M3: ZT-M+R), zero tillage maize with Sesbania co-culture as brown manuring (cover crop) (M4: ZT-M+BM) in the main plot and five weed control treatments, viz S1: Un- weeded check, S2: Pre +1 HW, S3: Pre + Post (tembotrione) @120g/ha, S4: Pre+ Post (Premix of Mesotrione+ Atrazine) @120 g/ha, S5: Weed free check (WFC) in the sub-plots were evaluated in split-plot design. It was ob- served that ZT-M+BM caused a considerable reduction in the population of broad-leaf weed, narrow leaf weed with sedges and total weeds (28.4% reduction at 60 days after sowing) compared to M1. The results also revealed that the sequential application of atrazine @750g/ha+pendimethalin @750g/ha(pre) followed by (fb.) tembotrione (34.4% SC) @120 g/ha (post) among the herbicide options reduced the weeds population (78.5%) and dry weight (81.3%) significantly than the un-weeded control (UWC). Maize yield attributes were higher in ZT with Sesbania co-culture (ZT-M+BM) than conventional-tilled treatments (CT-M). The application of atrazine @750g/ ha+pendimethalin @750g/ha (pre) fb. tembotrione @120 g/ha (post) combined with ZT-M+BM resulting in higher maize yield (6.88 t/ha) which was comparable with that in weed-free check (WFC). The post emergence (PoE) ap- plication of tembotrione (34.4% SC) @120 g/ha recorded highest weed control efficiency (86.2%), weed control in- dex (88.1%) and lowest value of weed index (7.04) when applied in the ZT-maize with sesbania as a cover crop. Therefore, combining zero tillage (ZT) with brown manure (Sesbania), along with atrazine and pendimethalin (@750g/ha each) as pre-emergence herbicides, and tembotrione (@120g/ha) as a post-emergence herbicide is recommended for effective weed control and high maize productivity in the North-Western Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP).
Estimation of Glacier Outline and Volume Changes in the Vilcanota Range Snow-Capped Mountains, Peru, Using Temporal Series of Landsat and a Combination of Satellite Radar and Aerial LIDAR Images
(Journal Article, 2024-10-20) Montoya-Jara, N.; Loayza, H.; Gutiérrez-Rosales, R.O.; Bueno, M.; Quiroz, R.
The Vilcanota is the second-largest snow-capped mountain range in Peru, featuring 380 individual glaciers, each with its own unique characteristics that must be studied independently. However, few studies have been conducted in the Vilcanota range to monitor and track the area and volume changes of the Suyuparina and Quisoquipina glaciers. Notably, there are only a few studies that have approached this issue using LIDAR technology. Our methodology is based on a combination of optical, radar and LIDAR data sources, which allowed for constructing coherent temporal series for the both the perimeter and volume changes of the Suyuparina and Quisoquipina glaciers while accounting for the uncertainty in the perimeter detection procedure. Our results indicated that, from 1990 to 2013, there was a reduction in snow cover of 12,694.35 m2 per year for Quisoquipina and 16,599.2 m2 per year for Suyuparina. This represents a loss of 12.18% for Quisoquipina and 22.45% for Suyuparina. From 2006 to 2013, the volume of the Quisoquipina glacier decreased from 11.73 km3 in 2006 to 11.04 km3 in 2010, while the Suyuparina glacier decreased from 6.26 km3 to 5.93 km3. Likewise, when analyzing the correlation between glacier area and precipitation, a moderate inverse correlation (R = −0.52, p < 0.05) was found for Quisoquipina. In contrast, the correlation for Suyuparina was low and nonsignificant, showing inconsistency in the effect of precipitation. Additionally, the correlation between the snow cover area and the annual mean air temperature (R = −0.34, p > 0.05) and annual minimum air temperature (R = −0.36, p > 0.05) was low, inverse, and not significant for Quisoquipina. Meanwhile, snow cover on Suyuparina had a low nonsignificant correlation (R = −0.31, p > 0.05) with the annual maximum air temperature, indicating a minimal influence of the measured climatic variables near this glacier on its retreat. In general, it was possible to establish a reduction in both the area and volume of the Suyuparina and Quisoquipina glaciers based on freely accessible remote sensing data.
A digital ecosystem to collect, store, and visualize crop varietal data
(Blog Post, 2024) International Potato Center
Caracterizar la agrobiodiversidad es clave para adaptar los sistemas agrícolas andinos a la sequía y las plagas
(Brief, 2024) Navarrete, I.; Borja, R.; Oyarzún, P.; Amagua, J.; Sánchez, V.; Cuesta, X.; Ochoa, J.; Ccanto, R.; Ruiz, V.; Heider, B.
Host tree-based scenario modelling for predicting a key edible insect, mopane worm Gonimbrasia belina (Westwood, 1894) distribution in Southern Africa
(Journal Article, 2024-09-15) Meltus, Q.; Mudereri, B.; Mutamiswa, R.; Abdel-Rahman, E.; Matunhu, J.; Musundire, R.; Niassy, S.; Tonnang, H.
Gonimbrasia belina, known as the mopane worm, is a large edible caterpillar in tropical and subtropical regions. However, little is known about the bioecology of this species as influenced by its host trees. This study evaluated the importance of different potential host trees in understanding mopane worms’ behaviour and spatial distribution. To assess their relative importance, the study compared models incorporating various mopane worm host trees and predictor variables. Using the species distribution modelling (SDM) package in R, an ensemble of random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and boosted regression tree (BRT) algorithms were used to assess the spatial extent of mopane worm distribution in Southern Africa. Four host tree-based scenarios were developed to assess their contribution to the relative distribution of the mopane worm i.e. (1) by excluding all the potential host trees as explanatory variables and considering only the environmental variables, (2) focusing on the primary host tree, Colophospermum mopane as an explanatory variable together with the other environmental variables, (3) incorporating all the host trees, including C. mopane and (4) examining all other host trees excluding C. mopane. Results demonstrated that incorporating all host trees enhanced the models’ predictive abilities (mean AUC = 0.87) underscoring the significant impact of the alternative host trees on the mopane worm distribution patterns beyond just the C. mopane. This study highlights the significance of host trees in predicting the behaviour and distribution of mopane worm populations, providing valuable insights and decision-making for mopane worm use as an alternative protein source, conservation efforts, and land management practices.
An assessment of recent peat forest disturbances and their drivers in the Cuvette Centrale, Africa
(Journal Item, 2024-09-13) Nesha, K.; Herold, M.; Reiche, J.; Masolele, R.; Hergoualc’h, K.; Swails, E.; Murdiyarso, D.; Ewango, C.E.N.
The largest tropical peatland complex in the Cuvette Centrale is marked by persistent knowledge gaps. We assessed recent peat forest disturbances and their direct drivers from 2019 to 2021 in Cuvette Centrale, spanning the Republic of Congo (ROC) and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Utilizing peatland maps and Radar for Detecting Deforestation alert data, we analyzed spatial and temporal patterns of disturbances. Further, we examined 2267 randomly sampled peat forest disturbance events through visual interpretation of monthly Planet and Sentinel 2A data to identify direct drivers. Our findings revealed that between 2019 and 2021, about 91% of disturbances occurred in DRC, with hotspots concentrated in the northwest Sud-Ubangi district. Disturbances predominantly followed a sharp seasonal pattern, recurring during the first half of each year with temporal hotspots emerging between February and May, closely associated with smallholder agriculture activities. Smallholder agriculture accounted for over 88% of disturbances in Cuvette Centrale, representing a leading role both in ROC (similar to 77%) and DRC (similar to 89%). While small-scale logging contributed 7% to the disturbances in the region, it constituted an important driver (18%) in the ROC. Other drivers included floods, roads, and settlements. Approximately 77% of disturbances occurred outside managed forest concessions in Cuvette Centrale, with 40% extending into protected areas. About 90% of disturbances were concentrated within 1 km of peat forest edges and similar to 76% of the disturbances occurred within 5 km of road or river networks. The insights underscore the crucial need for effective peat forest conservation strategies in Cuvette Centrale and can inform national policies targeting peatland protection, aligning with commitments in the Brazzaville Declaration and the Paris Agreement. Further, our findings on direct driver assessment could serve as a reference dataset for machine learning models to automate the visual interpretation and upscale the assessment across the entire region

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